Edgar Filing: YINGLI GREEN ENERGY HOLDING CO LTD

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 20-F

(Mark One)

¨	REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

x	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015

OR

¨	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

OR

¨	SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Commission file number 001-33469

Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Cayman Islands

(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

No. 3399 Chaoyang North Street, Baoding 071051, People’s Republic of China

(Address of principal executive offices)

Yiyu Wang, Chief Financial Officer

Telephone: (86 312) 8929-787

Facsimile: (86 312) 8929-800

No. 3399 Chaoyang North Street

Baoding 071051, People’s Republic of China

(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class		Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary Shares, par value US$0.01 per share		New York Stock Exchange
American Depositary Shares, each representing ten Ordinary Shares

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Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report:

181,763,770 Ordinary Shares

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

¨ Yes x No

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

¨ Yes x No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.

x Yes ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).

x Yes ¨ No

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

¨ Large accelerated filer

x Accelerated filer

¨ Non-accelerated filer

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:

x U.S. GAAP

¨ International Financial Reporting Standards as issued

by the International Accounting Standards Board

¨ Other

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.

¨ Item 17 ¨ Item 18

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934).

¨ Yes x No

(APPLICABLE ONLY TO ISSUERS INVOLVED IN BANKRUPTCY PROCEEDINGS DURING THE PAST FIVE YEARS)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed all documents and reports required to be filed by Sections 12, 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 subsequent to the distribution of securities under a plan confirmed by a court.

¨ Yes ¨ No

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YINGLI GREEN ENERGY HOLDING COMPANY LIMITED

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 20-F

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		Page

PART I

Item 1.	Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers	3
Item 2.	Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable	3
Item 3.	Key Information	3
Item 4.	Information on the Company	53
Item 4A.	Unresolved Staff Comments	84
Item 5.	Operating and Financial Review and Prospects	84
Item 6.	Directors, Senior Management and Employees	118
Item 7.	Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions	126
Item 8.	Financial Information	128
Item 9.	The Offer and Listing	130
Item 10.	Additional Information	131
Item 11.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk	137
Item 12.	Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities	138

PART II

Item 13.	Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies	140
Item 14.	Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds	140
Item 15.	Controls and Procedures	141
ITEM 16A.	Audit Committee Financial Expert	142
ITEM 16B.	Code of Ethics	142
ITEM 16C.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	142
ITEM 16D.	Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees	143
ITEM 16E.	Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers	143
ITEM 16F.	Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant	144
ITEM 16G.	Corporate Governance	144
ITEM 16H.	Mine Safety Disclosure	145

PART III

Item 17.	Financial Statements	145
Item 18.	Financial Statements	145
Item 19.	Exhibits	146

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CONVENTIONS THAT APPLY TO THIS ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 20-F

Unless otherwise indicated, references in this annual report to:

“€” and “Euro” are to the legal currency of the member states of the European Union that adopted such currency as their single currency in accordance with the Treaty Establishing the European Community (signed in Rome on March 25, 1957), as amended by the Treaty on European Union (signed in Maastricht on February 7, 1992);

“US$” and “U.S. dollars” are to the legal currency of the United States;

“ADRs” are to the American depositary receipts, which, if issued, evidence the ADSs;

“ADSs” are to the American depositary shares, each representing ten ordinary shares, par value US$0.01 per share, of Yingli Green Energy;

“China” and the “PRC” are to the People’s Republic of China, excluding, for the purpose of this annual report only, Taiwan and the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau;

“convertible senior notes” are to our zero coupon convertible senior notes due 2012;

“RMB” and “Renminbi” are to the legal currency of the PRC;

“shares” and “ordinary shares” are to our ordinary shares, par value US$0.01 per share;

“we,” “us” “our” and “our company” refer to Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited, a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, all direct and indirect consolidated subsidiaries of Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited, and our predecessor, Baoding Tianwei Yingli New Energy Resources Co., Ltd., or Tianwei Yingli, and its consolidated subsidiary, unless the context otherwise requires or as otherwise indicates; and

“Yingli Green Energy” refers to Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited, a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands.

On December 28, 2015, we effected a change of the ratio of our ADSs to ordinary shares from one (1) ADS representing one (1) ordinary share to one (1) ADS representing ten (10) ordinary shares. Unless otherwise indicated, ADSs and per ADS amount in this annual report have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the change in ratio for all periods presented.

PART I

ITEM 1. IDENTITY OF DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND ADVISERS

Not Applicable.

ITEM 2. OFFER STATISTICS AND EXPECTED TIMETABLE

Not Applicable.

ITEM 3. KEY INFORMATION

Selected Financial Data

The following tables present our selected consolidated financial information. You should read this information together with the consolidated financial statements and related notes and information under “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included elsewhere in this annual report. The historical results are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected in any future periods.

The following selected consolidated statement of comprehensive loss data and other consolidated financial data for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 and the following selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report. The following selected consolidated statement of comprehensive loss data for the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012 and the following selected balance sheet data as of December 31, 2011, 2012 and 2013 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements not included in this annual report.

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Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or U.S. GAAP. All ADS data have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the current ADS-to-ordinary share ratio for all periods presented.

	Yingli Green Energy
	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2011			2012			2013			2014			2015
	(In thousands, except share, ADS, per share and per ADS data)
	RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Loss Data
Net revenues		14,667,965			11,391,928			13,418,093			12,927,377			9,965,786			1,538,453
Gross profit (loss)		2,449,679			(368,801	)		1,458,854			2,238,245			1,187,330			183,292
Impairment of goodwill		(273,382	)		—			—			—			—			—
Impairment of long-lived assets		(2,275,024	)		(200,497	)		—			—			(3,804,116	)		(587,254	)
Provision for reserve for inventory purchase commitments		(851,694	)		—			(393,048	)		—			(77,705	)		(11,996	)
Provision for prepayment in relation to inventory purchase commitments		—			—			(87,134	)		—			(522,050	)		(80,591	)
Gains from disposal of long lived assets and land use rights		—			—			—			—			1,167,317			180,203
Loss from operations		(2,695,068	)		(2,523,316	)		(1,118,382	)		(215,194	)		(4,228,025	)		(652,695	)
Interest expense		(626,737	)		(897,124	)		(971,597	)		(1,015,871	)		(977,176	)		(150,850	)
Foreign currency exchange losses		(190,475	)		(78,599	)		(32,230	)		(243,386	)		(132,709	)		(20,487	)
Income tax benefit (expense)		133,413			205,742			(31,025	)		(89,723	)		(731,191	)		(112,876	)
Loss attributable to the non-controlling interests		56,866			127,475			110,473			101,526			298,310			46,051
Net loss attributable to Yingli Green Energy		(3,208,911	)		(3,064,412	)		(1,944,425	)		(1,299,809	)		(5,600,526	)		(864,572	)
Basic and diluted loss per ADS (1)		(204.6	)		(195.9	)		(124.1	)		(74.9	)		(308.1	)		(47.6	)
Basic and diluted loss per ordinary share		(20.46	)		(19.59	)		(12.41	)		(7.49	)		(30.81	)		(4.76	)
Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding
Basic		156,805,040			156,425,307			156,619,791			173,613,085			181,763,770			181,763,770
Diluted		156,805,040			156,425,307			156,619,791			173,613,085			181,763,770			181,763,770

	Yingli Green Energy
	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2011			2012			2013			2014			2015
	(In percentages)
Other Consolidated Financial Data
Gross profit (loss) margin(2)		16.7	%		(3.2	)%		10.9	%		17.3	%		11.9	%
Operating loss margin(2)		(18.4	)%		(22.2	)%		(8.3	)%		(1.7	)%		(42.4	)%
Net loss margin(2)		(21.9	)%		(26.9	)%		(14.5	)%		(10.1	)%		(56.2	)%

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	As of December 31,
	2011		2012		2013		2014		2015
	(In thousands)
	RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB			US$
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data
Cash and cash equivalents		4,181,038		2,084,865		1,105,478		1,069,054		1,240,749			191,539
Accounts receivable, net		2,130,377		3,634,151		4,223,730		4,069,027		2,475,386			382,134
Inventories		2,670,919		2,523,550		2,164,902		2,099,082		1,484,314			229,139
Prepayments to suppliers		386,939		239,912		640,597		926,165		426,718			65,874
Total current assets		12,738,295		11,112,874		11,356,528		11,324,297		8,403,382			1,297,259
Long-term prepayments to suppliers		1,322,714		1,280,131		884,562		721,651		555,520			85,758
Land, Property, plants and equipment, net		12,389,184		13,218,200		13,128,479		12,110,794		6,846,482			1,056,915
Total assets		27,483,413		27,153,586		27,449,544		27,108,450		17,640,282			2,723,190
Short-term borrowings, including current portion of medium-term notes and long-term debt (3)		8,225,076		7,526,015		6,715,877		10,112,055		9,124,183			1,408,531
Convertible senior notes		9,218		—		—		—		—			—
Total current liabilities		12,949,612		12,940,969		14,302,552		18,076,726		15,660,717			2,417,598
Long-term debt, excluding current portion		3,451,899		4,076,456		4,108,283		2,858,153		2,405,898			371,407
Reserve for inventory purchase commitments		771,102		851,694		1,100,661		1,231,701		1,322,448			204,151
Total liabilities		20,429,752		22,936,815		25,322,479		25,806,769		22,352,433			3,450,621
Shareholders’ equity: ordinary shares		12,011		12,241		12,252		13,791		13,791			2,129
Non-controlling interests		1,892,464		1,846,905		1,619,045		1,519,045		1,227,533			189,498
Total shareholders’ equity/(deficit)		7,053,661		4,216,771		2,127,065		1,301,681		(4,712,151	)		(727,431	)

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2011		2012		2013		2014		2015
Consolidated Operating Data
PV modules shipment (in megawatts)(4)		1,603.8		2,297.1		3,234.3		3,361.3		2,447.0

(1) One (1) ADS represents ten (10) ordinary shares.

The (increase)/decrease in net loss attributable to Yingli Green Energy and (increase)/decrease in basic and diluted loss per share without the tax holidays for the years ended December 31, 2011, 2012, 2013; and the (increase)/decrease in net loss attributable to Yingli Green Energy and (increase)/decrease in basic and diluted loss per share without the tax holidays and preference rates for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015 are as follows:

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	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2011			2012		2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB		RMB			RMB			RMB		US$

Net loss attributable to Yingli Green Energy		(52,951	)		—		(15,030	)		(12,483	)		-		-
Basic loss per share		(0.34	)		—		(0.10	)		(0.07	)		-		-
Diluted loss per share		(0.34	)		—		(0.10	)		(0.07	)		-		-

(2) Gross profit (loss) margin, operating loss margin and net loss margin represent gross profit (loss), loss from operations and net loss attributable to Yingli Green Energy, respectively, divided by net revenues.

(3) Includes loans guaranteed or entrusted by related parties, which amounted to RMB3,197.8 million, RMB3,448.5 million, RMB3,602.9 million, RMB4,671.5 million and RMB3,871.2 million (US$597.6 million), as of December 31, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.

(4) PV modules shipment for a given period represents the total PV modules, as measured in megawatts, delivered during such period, including shipments for PV systems used for our own downstream power plants in China.

Exchange Rate Information

Translations of Renminbi into U.S. dollars in this annual report are based on the noon buying rate in The City of New York for cable transfers of Renminbi per U.S. dollar as set forth in the H.10 weekly statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board. Unless otherwise noted, all translations from Renminbi to U.S. dollars in this annual report were made at a rate of RMB6.4778 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate in effect as of December 31, 2015. We make no representation that any Renminbi or U.S. dollar amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars or Renminbi, as the case may be, at any particular rate, the rates stated below, or at all. The PRC government imposes control over its foreign currency reserves in part through direct regulation of the conversion of Renminbi into foreign exchange and through restrictions on foreign trade. On May 6, 2016, the noon buying rate as set forth in the H.10 weekly statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board was RMB6.4970 to US$1.00.

The following table sets forth information concerning exchange rates between RMB and U.S. dollar for the periods indicated.

	Noon Buying Rate(1)
Period	Period End		Average(2)		High		Low
	(RMB per US$1.00)

2011		6.2939		6.4630		6.2939		6.6364
2012		6.2301		6.3093		6.2221		6.3879
2013		6.0537		6.1478		6.0537		6.2438
2014		6.2046		6.1620		6.0402		6.2591
2015		6.4778		6.2827		6.1870		6.4896
October		6.3180		6.3505		6.3180		6.3591
November		6.3883		6.3640		6.3180		6.3945
December		6.4778		6.4491		6.3883		6.4896
2016
January		6.5752		6.5726		6.5219		6.5932
February		6.5525		6.5501		6.5154		6.5795
March		6.4480		6.5027		6.4480		6.5500
April		6.4738		6.4754		6.4571		6.5004
May (through May 6, 2016)		6.4970		6.4917		6.4738		6.5032

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(1) Source: H.10 weekly statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board.

(2) Annual averages are calculated by averaging exchange rate on the last business day of each month or the elapsed portion thereof during the relevant period. Monthly averages are calculated using the average of the daily rates during the relevant period.

Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not Applicable.

Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not Applicable.

Risk Factors

Risks Related to Us and the PV Industry

Adverse economic conditions in our target markets as well as an increased supply of PV modules have had and may continue to have a material adverse effect on our profitability and results of operations.

Demand for our products substantially depends on general economic conditions in our target markets. The economies of many countries around the world, including those in our target markets, experienced a period of slow economic growth and adverse credit market conditions as a result of the global financial crisis in 2008 and 2009 and the subsequent sovereign debt crisis in Europe. As PV projects generally require significant upfront capital expenditures, our customers historically have relied on financing for the purchase of our products. As a result of weakened macroeconomic conditions and in particular adverse credit market conditions, our customers experienced difficulty in obtaining financing on attractive terms or at all. As a result, growth rate of demand for PV modules has declined significantly since the fourth quarter of 2008. Although credit market conditions have improved since the second quarter of 2009, which contributed to an increase in demand for our products, demand for our products slowed again in the first and fourth quarters of 2011, the third quarter of 2012, the first quarter of 2013, the first quarter of 2014 and the first quarter of 2015. This slowed demand was primarily caused by seasonal factors, including challenging weather conditions and holidays, as well as the adjustments to subsidies and economic incentives for PV installations as part of government austerity measures in many countries. In addition, overall supply of PV modules has increased due to production capacity expansion by PV module manufacturers worldwide in recent years which, together with slower growth in demand for PV modules and increasingly severe market competition, resulted in lower prices for PV modules beginning in the fourth quarter of 2008. The decrease in the average selling price of our PV modules caused our gross profit margin to decrease significantly from 16.7% for 2011 to negative 3.2% for 2012. While we achieved gross profit of 10.9% for 2013, 17.3% for 2014, and 11.9% for 2015, we continued to incur operating and net losses in 2013, 2014 and 2015. There can be no assurance that the demand for our products will increase or remain at the current level or such demand will not decline again in the near future, or our cost saving efforts will improve our profitability or prevent our profit margin from declining further. While the average selling price of our PV modules has stabilized somewhat since the second quarter of 2013, it decreased again in 2015 and there can be no assurance that we will not experience further decreases in the average selling price of our PV modules in the future or further declines in demand for our products, which may materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

There is substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern.

In the past we have relied primarily on borrowings from commercial banks to fund a significant portion of our capital expenditures and working capital needs, and we expect to continue doing so in the future. Substantial doubt exists as to our ability to continue as a going concern. We have incurred significant net losses in recent years. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, our net loss was RMB2.1 billion, RMB1.4 billion, and RMB5.9 billion (US$910.6 million), respectively. As of December 31, 2015, we had a total deficit attributable to Yingli Green Energy of RMB5.9 billion (US$916.9 million) and a deficit in working capital of RMB7.3 billion (US$1.1 billion). As of December 31, 2015, we had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of RMB1.6 billion (US$245.1 million) and short-term borrowings, including the current portion of medium-term notes described below and long-term debt, of RMB9.1 billion (US$1.4 billion). The medium-term notes were issued by our major manufacturing subsidiaries, Baoding Tianwei Yingli New Energy Resources Co., Ltd., or Tianwei Yingli, and Yingli Energy (China) Company Ltd., or Yingli China. As of December 31, 2015 and the date of this annual report, we have medium-term notes of RMB2,057 million outstanding, including (i) RMB357 million of the RMB-denominated unsecured five-year medium-term notes issued by Tianwei Yingli in 2010 (the “2010 MTNs”), which became due on October 13, 2015, (ii) RMB1.4 billion of the RMB-denominated unsecured five-year medium-term notes issued by Tianwei Yingli in 2011 (the “2011 MTNs”), which became due on May 12, 2016, and (iii) RMB300 million of RMB-denominated five-year medium-term notes issued by Yingli China in 2012 (the “2012 MTNs”), which will become due on May 3, 2017. We have had meetings with holders of the medium-term notes several times and have been negotiating with them about the repayment schedule of the medium-term notes. We proposed to holders of the 2010 MTNs and 2011 MTNs not to require Tianwei Yingli to repay the 2010 MTNs and 2011 MTNs before we obtain sufficient financial resources for such repayment while maintaining our operations. We have been negotiating with holders of the 2010 MTNs and 2011 MTNs and different funding sources about alternative financing plans that may enable Tianwei Yingli to repay these notes, such as 1) introduction of strategic investors to invest into Yingli Green Energy and our subsidiaries, 2) introduction of new creditors to grant new borrowings to Yingli Green Energy or our subsidiaries, and 3) sales of certain long-lived assets including land use rights to obtain additional funds. The plan for the sales of long-lived assets, if executed, will take more than one year to complete. As of the date of this annual report, these negotiations are still in progress and holders of the 2010 MTNs and 2011 MTNs have not demanded repayment of the 2010 MTNs or the 2011 MTNs. See Item 5.B. “Liquidity and Capital Resources—Liquidity and Going Concern”. We cannot assure you, however, that these negotiations will result in any agreement with holders of the 2010 MTNs or 2011 MTNs, and we cannot assure you that holders of the 2010 MTNs and 2011 MTNs will not demand Tianwei Yingli to repay these notes, which are already due, or take other actions against Tianwei Yingli in the future. As Tianwei Yingli is one of our major operating subsidiaries, its substantial indebtedness that are already due and its noteholders’ rights to enforce such debts, as well as our other substantial indebtedness and our net losses, may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as our ability to meet our payment obligations.

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Our ability to continue as a going concern is dependent upon our continued operations, which in turn is dependent upon our ability to meet our financial requirements, raise additional capital, and the success of our future operations, which in turn, are subject to various risks discussed herein including, among others, risks relating to economic conditions in our target markets as well as the supply and prices of PV modules in the market, our ability to reach agreements with our creditors to extend the repayment dates of our debts or renew such debts as necessary until we have the financial resources for their repayment, our ability to obtain additional capital or other funding to repay our debts, our ability to restructure some of our existing debts if needed, the ability of guarantors of our debt to maintain their financial condition, and our ability to comply with all covenants of our loan agreements or to obtain waivers if needed. The audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F were prepared on the basis of our continuing as a going concern. Facts and circumstances including recurring losses, negative working capital, net cash outflows, and uncertainties as to the repayment of debts raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. Likewise, the report of our independent registered public accounting firm includes a qualification that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The audited financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of these uncertainties. If we become unable to continue as a going concern, we may have to liquidate our assets, and the value we receive for our assets in liquidation or dissolution could be significantly lower than the values reflected in our audited consolidated financial statements. Our lack of cash resources and our potential inability to continue as a going concern may materially and adversely affect the price of our ADSs and our ability to raise new capital or to continue our operations.

We require a significant amount of cash to fund our operations as well as meet our debt repayment obligations. If we cannot obtain additional financing and liquidity, our business, financial condition and results of operation will be materially and adversely affected. Certain financing activities may also dilute your equity interests in us and cause other material adverse effects on our financial condition and results of operations.

We require a significant amount of cash to fund our operations. In 2015, due to our tight operating cash flow, we had to reduce the utilization rate of our production facilities, which caused substantial decrease in our PV module shipments (excluding PV module shipments to the Company's own downstream PV projects in China) from 3,101 MW in 2014 to 2,382 MW in 2015 and contributed to the substantial decrease in our net revenues from RMB12.9 billion in 2014 to RMB10.0 billion in 2015. This in turn had a material adverse effect on our gross profit, which decreased from RMB2.2 billion in 2014 to RMB1.2 billion in 2015. We also recorded an impairment loss of approximately RMB3.8 billion in 2015 for property, plant and equipment with respect to the production facilities based on the difference between carrying value and fair value of such long-lived assets, which had a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Our ability to increase or maintain the utilization rate of our production capacity, net revenues and gross profits and prevent any further impairment loss for our production facilities will depend to a significant degree on our ability to obtain sufficient amount of additional cash and liquidity to fund our operations. We also require a significant amount of cash to meet our debt repayment obligations. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Us and the PV Industry -There is substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern”.

Our ability to obtain additional financing and liquidity in the future is subject to various uncertainties, including (i) our ability to improve our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, (ii) our ability to reach agreements with our existing creditors that would allow us more time to repay our existing debts, (iii) our ability to identify additional suitable long-lived assets for disposition and dispose of such assets at optimal prices, (iv) our ability to secure strategic investors in Yingli Green Energy or our subsidiaries, (v) general market conditions for financing activities by manufacturers of PV and related products, and (vi) economic, political and other conditions in China and elsewhere. As a result of weakened macroeconomic conditions including adverse credit market conditions and our weakened financial position in recent years, we have experienced and may continue to experience increased difficulty in obtaining financing on acceptable terms or at all. We cannot assure you that financing will be available in amounts or on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If we are unable to obtain sufficient financing in a timely manner or on commercially acceptable terms or at all, our business, financial condition and results of operations will be materially and adversely affected.

Furthermore, the issuance or sale of additional equity or equity-linked securities by Yingli Green Energy may result in substantial dilution to our shareholders, and the issuance or sale of additional equity or equity-linked securities by our subsidiaries may result in us losing control over such subsidiaries and ceasing to consolidate such subsidiaries in our financial statements, which will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operation. The incurrence of indebtedness by Yingli Green Energy or our subsidiaries has resulted and may continue to result in increased fixed obligations, and has led and could continue to lead to the imposition of financial or other restrictive covenants that would restrict our operations.

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Our substantial indebtedness has had and may continue to have material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as our ability to meet our payment obligations under our debt instruments.

We have relied primarily on borrowings from commercial banks in China to fund a significant portion of our capital expenditures and working capital needs, and we expect to continue doing so in the future. We have a significant amount of debts and debt service requirements. As of December 31, 2015, we had RMB9,124.2 million (US$1,408.5 million) in outstanding short-term borrowings (including the current portion of long-term debt, RMB357 million of the 2010 MTNs that became due on October 13, 2015 and RMB1.4 billion of the 2011 MTNs that became due on May 12, 2016), RMB300.0 million (US$46.3 million) of the 2012 MTNs that will become due on May 3, 2017, and RMB2,405.9 million (US$371.4 million) in outstanding long-term debt (excluding the current portion). This level of debt has had and may continue to have material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, including:

making it more difficult for us to meet our payment and other obligations in respect of our outstanding and future debts;

resulting in an event of default if we fail to make principle or interest payment when due or comply with any of the financial and other restrictive covenants specified by our debt agreements, which could result in cross-defaults in other debt obligations which would lead to such other debt becoming immediately due and payable;

reducing the availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions and other general corporate purposes as a result of interest payments, and limiting our ability to obtain additional financing for these purposes;

limiting our ability to obtain additional financing;

subjecting us to the risk of increased sensitivity to interest rate increases on our indebtedness with variable interest rates;

limiting our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, and increasing our vulnerability to, changes in our business, the industry in which we operate and the general economy; and

placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared to our competitors that have less debt or are otherwise less leveraged.

Any of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations as well as our ability to meet our payment obligations under our debt instruments.

We have significant amount of short-term loans from commercial banks in China outstanding, and we may not be able to renew our short-term loans when they mature.

As of December 31, 2015, we had outstanding short-term loans from commercial banks in China of RMB9,124.2 million (US$1,408.5 million). Generally, these loans contain no specific renewal terms, although traditionally we have negotiated renewing certain of these loans shortly before they were to mature. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to renew similar loans in the future as they mature. If we are unable to renew any future loans or obtain sufficient funding from alternative sources and on reasonable terms, we will have to repay these borrowings with cash generated by our future operations, if any, or other sources, which could cause our liquidity and financial condition to deteriorate.

Tianwei Yingli is currently in payment default of the 2010 MTNs and 2011 MTNs, and we have breached in the past, and may breach in the future, certain financial and restrictive covenants of our loan agreements, which may result in lenders accelerating repayment of the affected loans and trigger cross-default provisions of other loans and borrowings, and we used to be overdue, and are still overdue, in some of our payment obligations under other financing arrangements, all of which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our creditworthiness to borrow or obtain other financings in the future.

Tianwei Yingli failed to repay RMB357 million of the 2010 MTNs when they became due on October 13, 2015 and failed to repay RMB1.4 billion of the 2011 MTNs when they became due on May 12, 2016. As such, Tianwei Yingli is currently in payment default of the 2010 MTNs and 2011 MTNs.

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Our loan agreements with commercial banks in China generally contain financial covenants, which require us to maintain certain financial ratios, such as debt-to-asset ratios and coverage ratios. Other restrictive covenants in our loan agreements require us to obtain written consents from the commercial banks before we conclude certain transactions, such as providing guarantees to third parties or disposing of material assets. These covenants could limit our ability to plan for or react to market conditions or to meet our capital needs in a timely manner and we may have to curtail some of our operations and growth plans to comply with these covenants. In addition, we have incurred and may continue to incur significant losses and liabilities, which have had and may continue to adversely impact our ability to comply with the covenants of our outstanding loans. Such breach may constitute an event of default, and if the relevant lenders do not grant us a waiver for any breach of a covenant, the breach may trigger an acceleration of the amounts due under the relevant loan agreements. Some of our loan agreements also contain cross-default provisions enabling lenders under such loan agreements to declare an event of default and/or accelerate repayment when there is an event of default under the terms of another debt instrument. If a covenant under another loan is breached, these cross-default provisions may be triggered if a waiver of the breach cannot be obtained in a timely manner.

We had been in breach of certain financial covenants, such as debt-to-asset ratios, under certain of our loan agreements with commercial banks in China, which would have triggered cross-default provisions of most of other relevant loan agreements. As of May 16, 2016, we have obtained written waivers from all of the relevant banks with respect to the loan agreements affected, waiving such past breaches and/or cross-defaults. While we have been in compliance with the financial covenants under all of our other loan agreements, our continued compliance depends upon our future business, financial condition and results of operations. We may not be able to continue to comply with such financial covenants in the future. In the event of a future breach, we may not be able to cure the breach or to obtain a waiver on a timely basis or at all, which could result in an event of default. An event of default under any agreement governing our existing or future debt, if not cured by us or otherwise waived by our creditors, could result in an acceleration of the repayment of all or a portion of the outstanding loan amount.

In addition, we have obtained financing through other arrangements, such as sale and lease back of certain machinery and equipment and sale and repurchase of certain equity interest in our subsidiary. We have failed to fulfill our payment obligations under some of these arrangements in the past. As of December 31, 2015, we had RMB 175 million of payment obligation overdue under our agreement with a leasing company for sale and lease back of certain machinery and equipment and RMB 100 million of payment obligation overdue under our agreement with a third party for sale and repurchase of 5.50% equity interest of Hainan Yingli. As of December 31, 2015, we recorded the RMB 175 million and RMB 100 million of payment obligation overdue as borrowings and payables, respectively. While we are still in negotiation with these third parties about the extension of our payment schedules under the relevant agreements, we cannot assure you that the negotiation will lead to results satisfactory to us or these third parties will not take any action against us to enforce our payment obligations. We may not be able to enter into similar arrangements to obtain additional financing in the future either.

If we were required to repay all or a significant portion of the outstanding 2010 MTNs or 2011 MTNs or our loans from commercial banks, we would not have sufficient financial resources to do so, which would materially and adversely affect our liquidity position. Moreover, our failure to repay the 2010 MTNs and 2011 MTNs and any failure to comply with restrictive covenants in existing loan agreements or fulfill our obligations under other financing arrangements will materially and adversely affect our ability to obtain bank loans and other financing in the future and could have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition and business prospects.

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The high cost or inaccessibility of financing for solar energy projects has adversely affected and may continue to adversely affect demand for our products and materially reduce our revenue and profits.

If financing for solar energy projects continues to become more costly or inaccessible, the growth of the market for solar energy applications may be materially and adversely affected which could adversely affect demand for our products and materially reduce our revenue and profits. The demand for our products, as reflected by the average selling price of our PV modules, has decreased significantly since the fourth quarter of 2008, due partly to tightened credit for financing PV system projects as the result of the global financial crisis in 2008 and 2009 and the subsequent sovereign debt crisis in Europe. In addition, rising interest rates could render existing financings more expensive, as well as hinder potential financings that otherwise would spur the growth of the PV industry. Furthermore, some countries, government agencies and the private sector have, from time to time, provided subsidies or financing on preferred terms for rural electrification programs. Some of our products are used in “off-grid” solar energy applications, where solar energy is provided to end users independent of an electricity transmission grid. We believe that the availability of financing could have a significant effect on sales of off-grid solar energy applications, particularly in developing countries where users otherwise may not have sufficient resources or credit to acquire PV systems. If these existing financing programs are reduced or eliminated, or if financing for solar energy projects continues to be in short supply or become more expensive, demand for our products would be materially and adversely affected and our revenue and profits could decline as a result.

A significant reduction in or discontinuation of government subsidies and economic incentives may have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations.

Demand for our products substantially depends on government incentives aimed at promoting greater use of solar power. In many countries where we are currently active or intend to become active, PV markets generally — and the market for “on-grid” PV systems in particular — would not be viable commercially without government incentives. This is because the costs of generating electricity from solar power currently exceed the costs of generating electricity from conventional or non-solar sources of renewable energy.

The scope of government incentives for solar power depends largely on political and policy developments in a given country related to environmental, economic or other concerns, which could lead to a significant reduction in or a discontinuation of the support for renewable energy sources in such country. For example, subsidies have been reduced or eliminated in some countries such as Germany, Italy, Spain, the United Kingdom and China. In June 2012, the German government passed the PV amendment to its renewable energy law (EEG) 2012, which changed the 52 gigawatts capacity threshold, reduced the available PV rate, revised the volume-based degression schedule, and limited the amount of electricity that PV generators can export to the grid. On July 5, 2013, the Italian government discontinued feed-in tariff payments, and feed-in tariffs for new solar PV projects have not been available since July 2013. In August 2013, the National Development and Reform Commission, or the NDRC, of China adjusted feed-in tariffs for utility scale PV projects from the nationwide benchmark price of RMB1.00 per kWh to three regional variations of RMB0.90 per kWh, RMB0.95 per kWh and RMB1.00 per kWh, based on solar resources and construction costs in the relevant regions. The feed-in tariff policy applied to all PV plants approved after September 1, 2013, and those approved before that date but not commissioned until on or after January 1, 2014. In December 2015, the NDRC issued a statement that the feed-in tariff would be further reduced by RMB0.02 to RMB0.10 per kWh for on-grid utility scale PV projects in 2016. In addition, in certain countries, including countries to which we export PV products, government financial support of PV products has been, and may continue to be, challenged as being unconstitutional or otherwise unlawful. A significant reduction in the scope or discontinuation of government incentive programs, especially in our target markets, would have a material and adverse effect on the demand for our PV modules as well as our results of operations.

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We face risks associated with the marketing and sale of our PV products internationally, and if we are unable to effectively manage these risks, our ability to expand our business abroad will be limited.

In 2013, 2014 and 2015, 66.1%, 64.8% and 59.1%, respectively, of our total net revenues derived from our sales to customers outside of China, including customers in Japan, the United States, Chile, Algeria, France, Germany, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and South Africa. We intend to grow further our business activities in China’s domestic market and various international markets, in particular those in Japan, the United States and selected countries in South America, Southeast Asia, Africa and the Middle East where we believe the PV market is likely to grow significantly in the near term. The marketing and sale of our PV products to international markets expose us to a number of risks, including, but not limited, to:

fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates;

increased costs associated with maintaining the ability to understand local markets and follow their trends, as well as develop and maintain effective marketing and distributing presences across various countries;

the availability of advance payments made by our customers;

difficulty in providing customer service and support in these markets;

difficulty in staffing and managing overseas operations;

failure to develop appropriate risk management and internal control structures tailored to overseas operations;

difficulty and costs relating to compliance with different commercial and legal requirements of overseas markets;

failure to obtain or maintain certifications for our products or services in these markets;

inability to obtain, maintain or enforce intellectual property rights;

unanticipated changes in prevailing economic conditions and regulatory requirements; and

trade barriers such as export requirements, tariffs, taxes and other restrictions and expenses.

Our business in foreign markets requires us to respond timely and effectively to rapid changes in market conditions in relevant countries. Our overall success as a global business depends, in part, on our ability to succeed under different legal, regulatory, economic, social and political conditions. We may not be able to develop and implement policies and strategies that will be effective in each location where we do business. To the extent that we conduct business in foreign countries by means of participations or joint ventures, there are additional risks. See “— We may undertake acquisitions, investments, joint ventures or other strategic alliances, which may have a material adverse effect on our ability to manage our business, and such undertakings may be unsuccessful”. A change in one or more of the factors described above may have a material and adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

We are subject to risks relating to adverse trade policies imposed against exports from China in certain important markets for our products.

Although our sales to markets in Europe have significantly declined due to continuous reductions in incentives in the European market and the disturbance of trade measures initiated by the European Commission against Chinese solar companies, we still export a small number of our products to Europe. In 2015, our sales to Europe accounted for 14.5% of our total revenue, compared to 30.1% in 2013 and 19.0% in 2014.

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On September 5 and November 8, 2012, respectively, the European Commission initiated anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations into crystalline silicon photovoltaic, or CSPV, wafers, cells, and modules from China. On June 4, 2013, the European Commission issued its provisional anti-dumping determination and on August 2, 2013, the European Commission accepted an undertaking, or the Undertaking, made by a group of Chinese PV products exporters (including us) jointly with the China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Machinery and Electronic Products, or CCCME. Pursuant to the Undertaking, certain Chinese exporters would limit their exports of solar panels to the EU to a certain quota and set prices above a minimum price, in exchange for the EU agreeing to forgo the imposition of anti-dumping duties on these solar panels from China. CCCME was responsible for allocating the quota among these exporters, and we were allocated a portion of the quota. On December 5, 2013, the Council of the European Union adopted the final findings of the European Commission and imposed anti-dumping and anti-subsidy duties on CSPV modules and key components (i.e. cells) originating in or consigned from the PRC. Wafers were excluded from the scope of products subject to these final findings. The anti-dumping duty rates ranged from 27.3% to 64.9%, while the anti-subsidy duty rates ranged from 0% to 11.5%. The anti-dumping duty and anti-subsidy duty rates applicable to us are 35.5% and 6.3%, respectively. The definitive duties are being imposed for a two-year period starting from December 6, 2013. At the same time, the Council of the European Union also confirmed the European Commission’s acceptance of the Undertaking. While we were exempted from paying any anti-dumping and anti-subsidy duties to the EU starting from August 6, 2013, increased sale prices and reduced consumption in the European market under the Undertaking may bring significant uncertainties to our business in the European market. For example, increased price for our modules sold in EU has made returns for some ground-mounted solar projects of our customers less attractive and demand in large-utility projects have declined in Europe compared with the period before the effectiveness of the Undertaking. We also face competitions from modules manufactured in third countries at a lower price than ours. In addition, if we breach or withdraw from the Undertaking, or the European Commission withdraws its acceptance of the Undertaking, the anti-dumping and anti-subsidy duties previously applicable to us would automatically apply to us at the prior rates. Thus, there can be no assurance that our entry into and performance of the Undertaking will entirely protect our business in Europe and results of operations from and against any and all potential material and adverse effects of anti-dumping and anti-subsidy duties.

We also export a substantial amount of our products to the United States. In 2015, our sales to the United States accounted for 12.5% of our total revenue, compared to 2.0% in 2009, 14.6% in 2011 and 21.7% in 2013. On November 7, 2012, the U.S. International Trade Commission, or the ITC, determined that CSPV modules produced from Chinese cells were materially injuring the U.S. CSPV cells and modules industry. On October 10, 2012, the U.S. Department of Commerce, or the DOC, had issued its final determinations on rates of anti-dumping, or AD, and countervailing duties, or CVD, to be applied to CSPV cells and modules imported from China. As a result of these final determinations, we, as a voluntary respondent, became subject to an average aggregated AD/CVD rate of 29.18%. However, this average aggregated AD/CVD rate is subject to change due to the administrative review process initiated by the DOC in early 2014. We were a mandatory respondent in the first administrative review on the AD investigation and had obtained a much lower preliminary AD rate than in the original investigations. In July 2015, the DOC issued the final results of the first administrative review of the AD and CVD orders regarding the import of solar PV panels assembled in China using components from China. According to these final results, our manufacturing affiliates received the lowest combined tariff rate of their peers, amounting to 21.73%, which is lower than the previous combined AD/CVD rate of 29.18% that had been applicable to us since 2012.

On January 23, 2014, the DOC initiated a parallel AD investigation into CSPV products from Mainland China and Taiwan and a CVD investigation into CSPV products from Mainland China. The products concerned were CSPV cells, modules, laminates and/or panels consisting of CSPV cells, whether or not partially or fully assembled into other products, including building integrated materials. Subject merchandise also included modules, laminates and/or panels assembled in Mainland China and Taiwan consisting of CSPV cells that were completed or partially manufactured within a customs territory other than Mainland China and Taiwan, using ingots, wafers that were manufactured in Mainland China and Taiwan, or cells where the manufacturing process began in Mainland China and Taiwan and was completed in other countries. On December 23, 2014, the DOC published its confirmative final determination in respect of these investigations by imposing punitive AD tariffs ranging from 26.71% to 165.04% and CVD tariffs ranging from 27.64% to 49.21%.

As a separate rate company in these investigations, the AD and CVD tariffs applicable to the Company were 52.31% and 38.43%, respectively. On February 10, 2015, the ITC issued its final injury determinations by confirming injury inflicted upon the US CSPV module industry by Chinese CSPV module manufacturers. As a result of the respective determinations of the DOC and the ITC, Chinese modules integrating cells from third countries will be subject to the new AD and CVD tariffs when exported to the US. Although our US sales of modules incorporating third country cells are very limited, the DOC’s and ITC’s determinations could materially and adversely affect our flexibility and our business in the US market.

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In December 2014, the DOC published its formal notice for the second administrative review (“Solar1 AD/CVD AR2”) for Anti-dumping Duty (AD) and Countervailing Duty (CVD). We were selected mandatory respondent in the AD review. The deadline to issue the final results in the AD review is currently set for June 1, 2016. For the CVD review through the year 2013, on January 8, 2016, the DOC published the preliminary result, and the final result for the Solar1 CVD AR2 is expected to be published no later than July 12, 2016. On February 3, 2016, the DOC initiated the third administrative review of antidumping duty (“Solar 1 AD AR3”) on CSPC whether or not assembled into modules (certain solar cells and panels) from the PRC covering the period of December 1, 2014 to November 30, 2015. Subject merchandise includes crystalline silicon PV, modules or panels, whether or not partially or fully assembled into other products, including, but not limited to modules, laminates, and building integrated materials. On February 4, 2016, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, or US CBP, released data concerning the imports of solar cells and modules from the PRC. On the same day, we, as a listed party, were required by the DOC to file a Quantity & Value, or Q&V, questionnaire which affords interested parties an opportunity to request an administrative review or to avoid being selected as a mandatory respondent by providing responses to the questionnaire by February 24, 2016. We have filed the Q&V and provided all required documents by the DOC. On March 31, 2016, the DOC informed us that we are not selected as mandatory respondent in this third AD review. The deadline to withdraw Yingli’s review request for Solar 1 AD AR3 is May 9, 2016, and we have filed a letter with the DOC withdrawing Yingli’s request for a review in Solar 1 AD AR3 on May 4, 2016, In this situation, we will be assigned the average of the margins calculated for Trina and Canadian Solar in the final results of Solar 1 AD AR3 if only Yingli withdraws. If both Yingli and Solar World withdraw the review requests, we would no longer be under review and the entries of subject merchandise into the United States during the AR3 review period (December 1, 2014 – November 30, 2015) would be liquidated at the AD rates applicable at the time of entry (i.e., 13.94% for entries between December 1, 2014 and July 13, 2015, and 0.79% for entries between July 14, 2015 and November 30, 2015). On February 4, 2016, the US CBP released data concerning the imports of solar cells and modules from the PRC related to an anti-subsidy investigation of Chinese companies (“Solar 1 CVD AR3”). We were selected as a mandatory party by the DOC on March 10, 2016. The deadline for us to withdraw Solar 1 CVD AR3 is May 9, 2016. However, we have already withdrawn the review on March 17, 2016, and in this situation, the rate 20.94% in Solar 1CVD AR1 shall still apply to us. We will continue to defend ourselves vigorously in these administrative reviews.

On November 23, 2012, the Department of Commerce of the Government of India initiated its anti-dumping investigations concerning into imports of photovoltaic products originating in or exported from Malaysia, China, Taiwan and the United States. Both crystalline silicon and thin-film products are were under investigation. Relevant investigatory authorities in India issued recommended tariffs ranging from US$0.11/watt to US$0.81/watt. However, since these recommendations were not supported by India’s ministry of finance, the punitive tariffs were not levied against Chinese modules exported into the Indian market.

On May 14, 2014, the Antidumping Commission of Australian Customs and Border Protection Services, or the Anti-dumping Commission, initiated an anti-dumping investigation into certain PV modules or panels exported to Australia from China. Subject merchandise includes certain crystalline silicon PV modules or panels, whether exported assembled or unassembled, and whether or not they have an inverter capable of producing any power. On April 6, 2015, the Anti-dumping Commission determined that the injury caused by Chinese solar-panels exports to the Australian industry is negligible. Although this finding is preliminary and subject to change upon evaluation of submissions by interested parties, the Anti-dumping Commission will terminate this investigation if no meaningful submissions are made by interested parties.

There can be no assurance that any governmental or international trade body in the future will not institute trade policies or remedies that are adverse to exports from China. Any significant changes in international trade policies, practices or trade remedies, especially those instituted in our target markets or markets where our major customers are located, could potentially increase the price of our products relative to our competitors or decrease our customers’ demand for our products, which in turn may materially and adversely affect our business prospects and results of operations.

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Our polysilicon costs may be higher than those of other market players due to our long-term commitment to purchase polysilicon at fixed prices, and we have failed to perform certain of our obligations under these long-term polysilicon supply contracts according to their original terms.

In response to the industry-wide shortage of polysilicon in recent years until the third quarter of 2008, we had entered into short-, medium- and long-term supply contracts with fixed or adjustable prices guided by set formulas to secure our supply of polysilicon. Since the fourth quarter of 2008, the price of polysilicon has decreased significantly as a result of increased industry-wide polysilicon manufacturing capacity and downward price pressure exerted by decreasing average selling prices of PV modules. To address this significant decrease in polysilicon prices, we have renegotiated, and are still negotiating, with our polysilicon suppliers to reduce purchase prices for a substantial amount of polysilicon supplied under certain of our polysilicon supply contracts. In 2013, we achieved significant progress in these negotiations, and purchase prices under certain of our long-term polysilicon supply contracts were close to the market price of polysilicon. In 2011, we recognized a total non-cash provision of RMB851.7 million on our inventory purchase commitments under long-term polysilicon supply contracts as a result of lower polysilicon prices. We periodically reassess the purchase commitments under those supply contracts to make sure if additional provision should be recognized, the assessment is made applying a methodology similar to that used in the lower of cost or market evaluation with respect to inventory, using our best estimates of future purchase prices over the remaining terms of the contracts and applying such estimated purchase prices in the lower of cost or market evaluation. In estimating the renegotiated purchase prices, we considered the pertinent terms of each of the long-term supply contracts, the history and progress of renegotiation with the relevant vendors and the actual price concessions granted, the polysilicon market development based on available industry research data and the likelihood of achieving different levels of renegotiated prices for future periods. We did not recognize such a provision in 2012 and 2014. In 2013, we recognized additional provisions of RMB393.0 million. In 2015, we did not recognize additional contingency losses for inventory firm purchase commitment. However, due to significant fluctuation in the foreign exchange rates between Renminbi and U.S. dollars and given that the inventory purchase commitment is dominated in U.S. dollars, which is different from the functional currency of our related subsidiaries, we recognized a foreign exchange re-measurement loss of RMB 77.7 million. We determined that such provision was not needed in 2014 since the foreign exchange rate was stable and the provision caused by the foreign exchange rate fluctuation was immaterial. Our management has been negotiating with our other suppliers on adjusting the prices under these long-term contracts. In 2013 and 2015, we failed to purchase contractual volume as stated in the long-term contract with another supplier. Unlike the take or pay obligation for the previous vendor mentioned above, under the agreement with the latter vendor mentioned above, if we fail to take the full amount of the agreed annual quantity in any calendar year, we are not required to pay for the remaining annual commitment, but rather only forfeit the unutilized portion of the prepayment we made related to that year. Further, we don’t have the right to utilize this prepayment for deliveries in the following years. This supplier claimed that certain advance payments had been forfeited according to the contractual terms. In 2013 and 2015, we recognized provisions of RMB87.1 million and RMB 71.3 million against the forfeited advance payments. We also recognized a provision of RMB 450.8 million in 2015 on the prepayment in relation to our inventory purchase commitments under the long-term contract with this supplier for the remaining contract period as we estimated that we will also fail to purchase contractual volume as stated in the long-term contract in the remaining contract period in the future. Should the results of these ongoing negotiations differ from the assessment based on which we recognized such provisions in 2011, 2013 and 2015, these provisions would need to be adjusted accordingly to reflect such a new assessment. If the prices under our current contracts remain higher than prices for polysilicon available in the market, we may incur higher polysilicon costs relative to other competitors who purchase their polysilicon from the spot market.

We have not fully performed our long-term polysilicon supply contracts on their original terms due to continuously declining market prices of polysilicon. We have successfully renegotiated pricing terms with some of our long-term polysilicon suppliers. Although we received various requests from some of our other suppliers to perform such contracts in accordance with their original terms, and notices of breach of contract, as of the date of this annual report, two of these long-term polysilicon suppliers have agreed to supply us with polysilicon at prices comparable to spot market prices under tentative arrangements and on a monthly or quarterly basis. Although we continue to negotiate with these suppliers on amending the original pricing and supply terms under these contracts, our negotiation efforts may not be successful and these suppliers may require us to perform our obligations pursuant to the contracts’ original terms and conditions. For example, two of these suppliers have sent us invoices or demand letters for failing to perform certain obligations under these long-term supply contracts. Currently, we are still in discussion with the supplier to find an amicable solution to resolve the issues under the long-term supply contracts. In addition, certain suppliers may bring lawsuits against us for damages they may have suffered from our failure to perform these contracts. If we are required to perform these long-term supply contracts according to their original pricing terms, or are ordered to pay substantial amounts of damages to these suppliers, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

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Our dependence on a limited number of suppliers for a substantial majority of our polysilicon could prevent us from delivering our products in a timely manner to our customers in the required quantities, which could result in cancellations of orders, decreased revenue and loss of market share.

In 2013, 2014 and 2015, our five largest suppliers in the aggregate supplied approximately 83.4%, 80.3% and 90.9%, respectively, of our total polysilicon purchases. In 2015, we purchased the majority of our polysilicon from two vendors with which we have entered into long-term polysilicon supply contracts at prices adjusted on a monthly or quarterly basis. If we fail to develop or maintain our relationships with these or our other suppliers, we may not be able to manufacture our products, our products may only be available at a higher cost or after a long delay, or we could be prevented from delivering our products to our customers in the required quantities, at competitive prices and on acceptable terms of delivery. Problems of this kind could cause us to experience cancellations of our orders, decreased revenue and loss of our market share. In general, the failure of a supplier to supply materials and components that meet our quality, quantity and cost requirements in a timely manner due to lack of supplies or other reasons could impair our ability to manufacture our products or could increase our costs, particularly if we are unable to obtain these materials and components from alternative sources in a timely manner or on commercially reasonable terms. Some of our suppliers have a limited operating history and limited financial resources, and some contracts which we have entered into with these suppliers do not clearly provide for remedies to us in the event any of these suppliers is not able to, or otherwise does not, deliver to us, in a timely manner or at all, any materials that it is contractually obligated to deliver. We expect to continue to rely on third-party polysilicon suppliers for our polysilicon needs. Accordingly, any disruption in their supplies of polysilicon to us may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Historically, due to a shortage of raw materials for producing PV modules, increased market demand for polysilicon raw materials, the failure by some polysilicon suppliers to achieve expected production volumes and certain other factors, a few of our polysilicon suppliers failed to perform fully their commitments to us under our polysilicon supply contracts, and consequently we did not receive from these suppliers a portion of the quantities of polysilicon raw materials that had been agreed upon in those contracts. While we were able to replace such expected deliveries of polysilicon through purchases from the spot market and new supply contracts, we cannot assure you that any future failure of our suppliers to deliver agreed quantities of polysilicon will be substantially replaced in a timely manner, or at all, or that the prices of such purchases or the terms of such contracts will be favorable to us.

Our failure to obtain polysilicon in sufficient quantities, of appropriate quality and in a timely manner, could disrupt our operations and reduce and limit the growth of our manufacturing output and revenue.

Polysilicon is the most important raw material used in the production of our PV products. To maintain competitive manufacturing operations, we depend on our suppliers’ timely deliveries of polysilicon in sufficient quantities and of appropriate quality. Until the third quarter of 2008, there had been an industry-wide shortage of polysilicon. As a result, historically we faced the prospects of a polysilicon shortage and late or failed delivery of polysilicon from suppliers. In the future we may experience actual shortages, or late or failed deliveries, of polysilicon for various reasons. Our failure to obtain the amounts and quality of polysilicon we need, on time and at affordable prices, could seriously hamper our ability to meet our contractual obligations to deliver PV products to our customers. Any failure by us to meet such obligations could have a material and adverse effect on our reputation, retention of customers, market share, business and results of operations, and may subject us to claims from our customers and cause other disputes. In addition, our failure to obtain sufficient amounts of polysilicon of the appropriate quality could result in underutilization of our existing and new production facilities, an increase in our marginal production costs, and may prevent us from implementing future capacity expansion plans, if any. Any of the above events could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Volatility in polysilicon prices may materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

Until the third quarter of 2008, there had been an industry-wide shortage of polysilicon, primarily due to growing demand for PV products and limited supply of polysilicon, which resulted in increasing prices of polysilicon under both long-term supply contracts and on the spot market. From the fourth quarter of 2008 until the second quarter of 2009, as a result of increased industry-wide polysilicon manufacturing capacity and a decrease in demand for polysilicon due to the global financial crisis in 2008 and 2009, polysilicon prices decreased significantly. Although polysilicon prices rebounded between the third quarter of 2010 and the first quarter of 2011 due in part to stronger demand for PV products in certain markets, polysilicon prices again decreased significantly since the second quarter of 2011 as a result of increased polysilicon manufacturing capacity and downward price pressure exerted by lower average selling prices for PV modules. In 2012, polysilicon prices continued to decline and reached approximately US$14 per kilogram in November 2012. Since June 2013, polysilicon prices began to increase and reached approximately US$22 per kilogram until the first half of 2014. From the second half of 2014, polysilicon price began to decrease slightly and the spot market price fluctuated under US$20 per kilogram as of May 16, 2016.

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In 2012, the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, or MOFCOM, initiated anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations into imports of solar-grade polysilicon originating from the United States, South Korea and the European Union. On January 20, 2014, MOFCOM issued its final determination to impose anti-dumping and anti-subsidy duties for five years on imports of solar-grade polysilicon originating from the United States and South Korea at aggregated rates ranging from 2.4% to 59.1%. On January 24, 2014, MOFCOM issued a preliminary ruling that imports of solar-grade polysilicon originating from the European Union had been subsidized at a rate of 10.7% and were sold at dumping price margins from 21.8% to 68.9%. On March 20, 2014, MOFCOM announced that it had accepted an undertaking proposal submitted by Wacker Chemie AG, an EU-based supplier of solar-grade polysilicon. According to Wacker, this undertaking agreement will be effective from May 1, 2014 until the end of April 2016. The undertaking agreement specifies that MOFCOM will refrain from applying anti-dumping and anti-subsidy duties on Wacker’s products in exchange for Wacker’s undertaking that it will not sell polysilicon produced at its European plants below a specific minimum price in China. Polysilicon is one of the major raw materials we need for the production of wafers, which also affects the production of PV cells and modules. A large portion of the polysilicon we use is sourced from countries that are subject to the investigations mentioned above. Therefore, any such anti-dumping or anti-subsidy duties (whether provisional or final) imposed by MOFCOM may increase our cost to produce solar modules. Due in part to China’s anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations into polysilicon manufacturers from the United States, the European Union and South Korea, together with an overall increase in demand, polysilicon prices have increased since June 2013 and reached approximately US$22 per kilogram until the first half of 2014. From the second half of 2014, polysilicon price began to decrease slightly and the spot market price fluctuated under US$20 per kilogram as of May 16, 2016. There can be no assurance that polysilicon prices in the future will not increase significantly. To the extent that we are not able to pass on any increased costs to our customers, we may be placed at a competitive disadvantage relative to our competitors, and our business, cash flows, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

We depend, and expect to continue to depend, on a limited number of customers for a significant percentage of our revenues. The loss of, or a significant reduction in orders from, any of these customers would significantly reduce our revenues and harm our results of operations. In addition, a significant portion of our outstanding accounts receivable is derived from sales to a limited number of customers. Failure of any of these customers to meet their payment obligations would materially and adversely affect our financial position, liquidity and results of operations.

We currently expect that our results of operations will, for the foreseeable future, continue to depend on sales of our PV modules to a relatively small number of customers until we become successful in significantly expanding our customer base or diversifying our product offerings. In 2013, 2014 and 2015, sales to our five largest customers accounted for approximately 15.2%, 13.9%, and 19.4% of our net revenues respectively. We cannot assure you that we will continue to generate significant revenues from these customers or that we will be able to maintain these customer relationships. In addition, our business and continued sales depend on the ability of our major customers to compete effectively and sell their products in the market. Any decline in our customers’ businesses could reduce their purchases of our products. The loss of any sales in respect of these customers also could have a material and adverse effect on our business, prospects and results of operations.

In addition, a significant portion of our outstanding accounts receivable derive from sales to a limited number of customers. As of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, our five largest accounts receivable balances outstanding (net of provisions) accounted for approximately 20.1%, 27.2%, and 27.6%, respectively, of our total outstanding accounts receivable. We are exposed to the credit risks of these customers, some of which are new customers with whom we have not historically had extensive business dealings. Any failure by these customers to meet their payment obligations to us would materially and adversely affect our financial position, liquidity and results of operations.

As a measure to reduce our operating cash requirements in 2015 and 2016, we have contracted with third parties to allow them operate more than half of our polysilicon ingot and wafer production facilities and we agree to purchase wafers so produced from the third parties. If these third parties breach their contracts with us or terminate their business relationships with us, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially and adversely impacted.

As a measure to reduce our operating cash requirements in 2015 and 2016, we have contracted with third parties to allow them operate more than half of our polysilicon ingot and wafer production facilities. These third parties pay us a monthly fee to operate these production facilities, pay the salaries of our staff members employed and utility expenses incurred at such facilities, produce fixed volumes of polysilicon ingots and wafers on a monthly basis, and cover all other manner of operating, ancillary, and raw material expenses of such production. As part of the arrangement, we agree to purchase all of the wafers so produced by said third parties at designated prices, subject to certain adjustments under the relevant agreements.

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As these third parties would provide all the working capital required for production of the polysilicon ingots and wafers, these arrangements effectively help us finance our production value chain, reduce our working capital requirements, and increase the utilization of our polysilicon ingot and wafer production facilities. Our agreements with these third parties typically have a term of one year. We cannot assure you that we will be able to renew these agreements when they expire or that these third parties will not breach or early terminate the agreements. If any of these third parties breaches the agreement or elects to terminate their business relationships with us, we may need to resume production at these facilities with our own working capital, which will significantly increase our working capital requirements, or if we do not resume production at these facilities, the utilization rates of these production facilities may decrease. Consequently, we may not have sufficient working capital to continue in-house production of polysilicon ingots and wafers at these facilities, and we may need to recognize impairment losses on our fixed assets, including factories and equipment in such facilities. Without sufficient volumes of self-produced polysilicon wafers, we may be forced to buy wafers from third parties at expensive prices and with insufficient control over such wafers’ quality, and our unit costs for cells and PV modules could thereby increase, or else we may be forced to reduce our production volumes of cells and PV modules. The occurrence of any of these issues could materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We process cells and PV modules as an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and are thereby subject to risks associated with product liability and supply. These risks and any product liability claims may adversely impact our reputation, results of operations, financial performance and business.

Since the middle of 2015, we have experienced lower-than-expected utilization of our production capacity, which in turn has led to an increase in our unit manufacturing cost and to decreases in our in-house PV module shipments and total net revenues. To increase the utilization of our production capacity, we have entered into several agreements, or the OEM agreements, with third parties, or OEM customers, to process cells and PV modules as an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). In 2015, we generated RMB389.5 million, or 3.9% of our total revenue, from our cells and PV module processing services.

These OEM agreements involve risks that we may: (i) have economic or business interests or goals that are inconsistent with those of our OEM customers; (ii) be unable to fulfill our obligations to such customers under the OEM agreements, including obligations to meet their production deadlines, quality standards and product specifications; (iii) have unexpected financial or operational difficulties; (iv) encounter shortages of or significant increases in the price for polysilicon, the key raw material used in our production process, that may impact and impair our operating margins; and (v) be unable to recover payments from our OEM customers on accounts receivable under the OEM agreements on a timely basis, if at all. The occurrence of any of these issues could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial performance.

In addition, if we experience significant fluctuations in demand from our OEM customers, there can be no assurance that we will be able to meet their requirements in the event increased orders for cells and PV modules, or that we will be able to find new and replacement customers in the event such orders decrease. Furthermore, we may need to deliver cells and PV modules to our OEM customers by third-party carriers over long distances. Delays in the shipment or delivery of our cells and PV modules due to transportation shortages, work stoppages, port strikes, infrastructure congestion or other factors could adversely impact our financial performance. Manufacturing delays or unexpected demand for our products may require us to use faster, but more expensive, transportation methods such as aircraft, which could adversely affect our operating margins and profitability.

Although we have quality assurance procedures and programs in place that are intended to identify and address any problems related to the quality of our products, including cells and PV modules, we may not have effective or sufficient control over the quality of these products so as to avoid any claim or liability for products processed and delivered under the OEM agreements. We do not maintain product liability insurance for the products processed and sold by us to our OEM customers. As such, any loss we suffer or compensation which we are otherwise required to pay in the event of a material product liability claim will be directly borne by us at our own expense. Accordingly, any successful product liability claim brought against us may materially and adversely affect our business and financial results. In addition, we may incur significant resources and time to defend ourselves if legal proceedings are brought against us. If any such claims are made, our reputation, results of operations, financial performance and business may be materially and adversely affected.

We face intense competition in the PV modules and PV system markets. Our PV products compete with different types of solar power systems, as well as with other sources of renewable energy in the alternative energy market. We cannot guarantee that we will continue to compete effectively in the markets in which we operate. Our failure to adapt to changing market conditions and to compete successfully with existing or future competitors would have a material and adverse effect on our business, prospects and results of operations.

The PV market is intensely competitive and rapidly evolving. The number of PV product manufacturers has rapidly increased due to growth in actual and forecasted demand for PV products and relatively low barriers to entry. If we fail to attract and retain customers in our target markets for our current and future core products, namely PV modules and PV systems, we will not be able to increase our revenues and market share.

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We compete with both local and international producers of solar products, including PV module manufacturers such as SunPower Corporation, thin film solar module manufacturers such as First Solar, Inc. and integrated PV product manufacturers such as SolarWorld AG, Renewable Energy Corporation and Trina Solar Limited. Unlike other companies based overseas, the Company is located in China, where PV remains a policy-driven market. The introduction, modification or phasing-out of national support schemes will heavily impact the development of the PV market and related industries, and also could significantly influence the Company’s operations. Furthermore, the entire PV industry also faces competition from providers of energy from conventional and non-solar renewable sources.

Many of our existing and potential competitors may have substantially greater financial, technical, manufacturing and other resources than we do. Some of our competitors also have better brand name recognition, more established distribution networks, larger bases of customers, or more in-depth knowledge of certain important and target markets. As a result, they may be able to devote greater resources to the research, development, promotion and sale of their products and respond more quickly than we can to evolving industry standards and changes in market conditions. Our failure to adapt to changing market conditions and to compete successfully with existing or future competitors would have a material and adverse effect on our business, prospects and results of operations.

We may not be able to establish a successful solar project development and operations business on a large scale and on a timely basis, or at all.

Since 2012, we have engaged in the solar project development and operations business on a small scale in China and planned on leveraging our experiences with PV system installation to build up rapidly our capacity to develop and operate solar projects. As of September 2015, we had engaged the construction of approximately 600 megawatts of PV projects in China and connected approximately 200 megawatts of said projects to the grid.

However, the operation of large ground-mounted PV stations over the long term requires significant capital. With due consideration of China’s nationwide delay in allocating subsidies as well as our cash flow challenges, we decided to suspend new downstream development business in China from September 2015 until we regain a healthier financial position. Accordingly, we continued to accelerate the disposition of our downstream PV projects in China in order to liquidate these assets and generate more working capital from our downstream business. In 2016, we will likely continue selling PV projects in various stages of development. If appropriate market conditions arise in the future, we may consider resuming the development of new PV projects in China and may operate the PV projects that we develop.

The solar project business involves a high degree of risk and uncertainty. We do not have a long track record of, or substantial prior experience with, solar project development and operations. Our expansion into this business area is faced with significant challenges.

Developing and operating solar projects requires significant upfront investments in land use rights and power grid connection rights, preliminary engineering, permitting, legal and other expenses before we can determine whether a project is feasible from an economic, technological or other perspective. There generally are many months or even years between the time when significant initial upfront investments are made in solar projects, and the time when those projects begin to generate revenue. Such delays between upfront investments and generating revenue may adversely affect our cash flow, our other businesses and our overall results of operations. In addition, we will need to rely on long-term financing, including equity and debt financing, to fund this solar projects business. We may not be able to obtain necessary financing in sufficient amounts, on favorable terms or in a timely manner, if at all.

Solar projects require certain conditions of sunlight and solar energy that can only be found in a limited number of geographic regions. We may not be able to identify suitable sites in a timely manner or at all. Even if we do identify suitable sites, our ability to obtain requisite land use rights in respect of a site is subject to growing competition from other solar power producers that may have better access to local government support, financial or other resources. If we are unable to identify suitable sites or obtain land use rights for such sites, our ability to develop new solar projects on a timely basis, if at all, will be significantly and adversely affected.

Solar projects often are awarded through competitive bidding processes. It is difficult to predict whether and when we will be awarded a new solar project. These bidding and selection processes generally are affected by a number of factors, including factors beyond our control, such as market conditions or government incentive programs. Any increase in competition during the bidding process could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to secure solar projects and to satisfy the financial terms and conditions of those projects.

In addition to risks and uncertainties generally applicable to all other project development and operation businesses, we face many risks and uncertainties specific to solar projects that relate to our abilities to, among other things, negotiate satisfactory engineering, procurement and construction agreements; obtain required land use rights and construction permits and approvals; obtain rights to connect the project to the power grid or to transmit the electricity which it generates; pay grid connection and other deposits, some of which are non-refundable; make arrangements to finance the purchase of electricity generated by our project; purchase and install appropriate equipment in a timely manner and on favorable terms; implement and complete the construction in a timely manner; handle potential challenges from project stakeholders, such as local residents, environmental organizations, and others who may not support the project; and address unforeseen engineering problems.

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The development and operation of solar projects also may be adversely affected by many other factors outside of our control, such as inclement weather, acts of God, and delays in regulatory approvals or in third parties’ delivery of equipment or other materials. Shortages of skilled labor also could significantly delay a project or otherwise increase our costs. Changes in project plans or defective execution of those plans may increase our costs and reduce our margins. The solar project business also may significantly divert our resources and the attention of our management, which may affect the performance of our other business segments.

If we fail to address the above risks and uncertainties, our ability to establish a large-scale solar project development and operation business in a timely manner will be harmed, and our financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects may be materially and adversely affected.

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Existing regulations and policies governing the electric utility industry, as well as changes to these regulations and policies, may adversely affect demand for our products and materially reduce our revenue and profits.

The electric utility industry is subject to extensive regulation, and the market for PV products is heavily influenced by these regulations as well as the policies promulgated relating to electric utilities. These regulations and policies often affect electricity pricing and technical connections of end-user power generators to power grids. As the market for solar and other alternative, renewable energy sources continues to evolve, these regulations and policies are subject to change and may continue to be modified. Customer purchases of, or further investment in the research and development of, solar and other alternative energy sources may be significantly affected by these regulations and policies, which potentially could significantly reduce demand for our products and materially reduce our revenue and profits.

Moreover, we expect that our PV products and their installation will be subject to oversight and regulation in accordance with international, national and local ordinances relating to building codes, safety, environmental protection, utility power grid connections and metering and related matters in various countries and regions. We also have to comply with the requirements of individual localities, and design equipment to comply with different standards applicable in the various jurisdictions where we conduct our business. Any new government regulations or utility policies pertaining to our PV products may result in significant additional expenses to us, our distributors and our end users. Accordingly, such new regulations or policies could cause a significant reduction in demand for our PV products, as well as materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Advance payment arrangements between us and some of our polysilicon suppliers and many of our equipment suppliers expose us to the credit risks of such suppliers and may increase our costs and expenses, which has had and may continue to have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition and results of operation.

We made advance payments to some of our polysilicon suppliers under long-term supply contracts we signed with them. As of December 31, 2015, we had long-term prepayment balances for polysilicon totaling RMB555.5 million (US$85.8 million) under such long-term contracts. We continue to renegotiate with some of our polysilicon suppliers on the purchase price of a substantial amount of polysilicon to be supplied under certain of these long-term contracts. See “—Our polysilicon costs may be higher than those of other market players due to our long-term commitment to purchase polysilicon at fixed prices, and we have failed to perform certain of our obligations under these long-term polysilicon supply contracts according to their original terms” above. If we fail to reach agreements with such suppliers on the quantities and prices of polysilicon to be supplied under those contracts, the suppliers may hold the advance payment and issue claims for further damages. As of December 31, 2015, total amount we prepaid to one supplier was RMB 224.0 million under the long-term fixed price supply contract entered into in 2011, which is effective from 2013 to 2020. Due to the anti-dumping duty and anti-subsidy investigation against Solar-Grade Polysilicon launched by the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, we had not made any purchase from this supplier. We received invoices from this supplier under our take-or-pay obligation for failing to take the shipments in 2013 to 2015. Currently, we are in negotiation with this supplier to seek an acceptable solution to both parties. We believe that under the “take or pay” obligation, which required us to pay full amount to this supplier according to the purchase and payment schedule listed in the agreements, regardless of whether we actually purchase raw materials from the supplier or not, it is probable for us to continue performance of the agreements when we could get an acceptable solution from this supplier. We also believe that it is reasonably assured that i) these prepayments are not legally forfeited; ii) these prepayments could be utilized for deliveries once we start purchasing from this supplier. Except for the supplier mentioned above, we also had made significant amount of prepayments to another supplier. In 2013 and 2015, we failed to purchase contractual volume as stated in the long-term contract with the latter supplier mentioned above under the supplier’s agreement. If we fail to take the full amount of the agreed annual quantity in any calendar year, we do not have to pay for the remaining annual commitment, but rather only forfeits the unutilized portion of the prepayment related to that year. This supplier claimed that certain advance payments had been forfeited according to the original terms in 2013 and 2015. (In 2014, we purchased the required amounts of polysilicon from this supplier and utilized the portion of prepayments related to 2014). Therefore, in 2013 and 2015, we recognized incremental provisions of RMB87.1 million and RMB71.3 million, respectively, on the prepayment in relation to our inventory purchase commitments under the long-term contract with this supplier. We also recognized a provision of RMB 450.8 million in 2015 on the prepayment in relation to our inventory purchase commitments under the long-term contract with this supplier for the remaining contract period as we estimated that we will also fail to purchase contractual volume as stated in the long-term contract in the remaining contract period in the future. As of December 31,2015, carry value of prepayments to this supplier is RMB277.4 million. In addition, under existing contracts with many of our equipment suppliers, consistent with industry practice, we make advance payments to our suppliers prior to the scheduled dates on which certain equipment will be delivered. In many such cases, we make advance payments without receiving collateral for such payments. As a result, our claims in respect of such payments would rank as unsecured claims, which in turn would expose us to the credit risks of our suppliers in the event of their bankruptcy or insolvency. Under such circumstances, our claims against defaulting suppliers would rank below those of secured creditors, which would undermine our chances of recovering advance payments for which we did not receive any value. Accordingly, any of the above scenarios may have a material and adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

The growth of our business may require substantial capital expenditures, significant engineering efforts, timely delivery of manufacturing equipment, dedicated attention of management, and recruiting and training new employees. Our failure to complete our future expansion plans or otherwise effectively manage our growth could have a material and adverse effect on the growth of our sales and earnings.

While we are currently facing challenges relating to over-capacity, the growth of our success in the future may depend in part on our ability to expand our manufacturing capacity to meet market demand for our products promptly and in a cost-efficient manner. If we are not able to do so, we will not be able to attain the desired level of economies of scale in our operations or lower our marginal production costs to the level necessary to maintain effectively our pricing and other competitive advantages. In 2015, our total annual PV module shipment reached the equivalent of 2,447.0 megawatts. As of the date of this annual report, we believe that our actual annual manufacturing capacity can reach a maximum of 3,000 megawatts for ingots and wafers, 3,200 megawatts for PV cells and 4,000 megawatts for PV modules. Our growth has required and may continue to require substantial capital expenditures, significant engineering efforts, timely delivery of manufacturing equipment, dedicated attention of management and the recruitment and training of new employees. Our growth therefore is subject to significant risks and uncertainties, including:

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we may need to continue to contribute significant additional capital to our subsidiaries through the issuance of equity or debt securities or by entering into new credit facilities or other arrangements in order to finance the costs of developing new manufacturing facilities, which may not be conducted on reasonable terms or at all, and which could be dilutive to our existing shareholders; such capital contributions, if contributed from outside the PRC, also require PRC regulatory approvals in order for such funds to be transferred to our subsidiaries within the PRC, which approvals may not be granted in a timely manner, or at all;

we will be required to obtain governmental approvals, permits or documents of a similar nature with respect to any new expansion projects, but it is uncertain whether such approvals, permits or documents will be obtained in a timely manner, or at all;

we may experience cost overruns, construction delays, equipment problems, including delays in deliveries of manufacturing equipment or deliveries of equipment that is damaged or does not meet our specifications, and other operating difficulties;

we are using, and expect to continue to use, new equipment and technology to lower our unit capital and operating costs, but we cannot assure you that such efforts will be successful; and

we may not have sufficient management resources to properly oversee future expansion of our manufacturing capacity.

Any of these or similar difficulties could adversely affect our ability to manage the growth of our operations. Any significant delays or constraints to our future plans to expand our manufacturing capacity, if any, could limit our ability to increase sales, reduce marginal manufacturing costs or otherwise improve our prospects and profitability. In addition, we may have over-capacity as a result of expanding our future manufacturing capacity if we do not sufficiently increase our sales.

We may undertake acquisitions, investments, joint ventures or other strategic alliances, which may have a material and adverse effect on our ability to manage our business, and such undertakings may be unsuccessful.

We may undertake acquisitions, participation in joint ventures, and other strategic alliances with companies in China and overseas. Acquisitions, investments, joint ventures and other strategic alliances may expose us to new operational, regulatory, market and geographical risks as well as risks associated with additional capital requirements, including:

our inability to integrate new businesses, operations, personnel, products, services and technologies;

unforeseen or hidden liabilities, including exposure to administrative or legal proceedings associated with newly acquired companies;

the diversion of resources from our existing businesses;

disagreements with joint venture or strategic alliance partners;

contravention of regulations governing cross-border investment;

failure to comply with laws and regulations as well as industry or technical standards of the overseas markets into which we expand;

our inability to generate revenues sufficient to offset the costs and expenses of acquisitions, strategic investments, joint venture formations or other strategic alliances;

our inability to achieve the intended cost efficiency, level of profitability or other intended strategic goals for the acquisitions, strategic investments, joint ventures or other strategic alliances; and

potential loss of, or harm to, employees or customer relationships.

Any of these events could disrupt our ability to manage our business, which in turn could have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Such risks also could result in our failure to generate the intended benefits of the acquisitions, strategic investments, joint ventures or other strategic alliances and we may be unable to recover our investment in such initiatives.

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We may not be able to resume our in-house production of polysilicon as cost-effectively as we had expected, or at all.

In January 2009, we acquired Cyber Power Group Limited, or Cyber Power, a development stage enterprise designed to produce polysilicon, and its principal operating subsidiary in China, Fine Silicon Co., Ltd., or Fine Silicon, with an intention to establish our own polysilicon production operations. Fine Silicon started trial production in late 2009 and was initially expected to reach its full production capacity of 3,000 tons of polysilicon per year. However, as market prices for polysilicon have decreased sharply in recent years, Fine Silicon’s designed production capacity was no longer cost-effective. Currently, Fine Silicon is not manufacturing any meaningful amount of polysilicon. We recorded a non-cash impairment of the long-lived assets of Fine Silicon in amounts of RMB2,275.0 million and RMB200.5 million for 2011 and 2012, respectively, which in the aggregate was equivalent to our writing-down the total value of Fine Silicon’s equipment. In April 2015, Fine Silicon also sold its land use rights to the land underlying its manufacturing facilities as well as the attachments thereon to a government entity in Baoding. Although we still may resume the in-house production of polysilicon through cooperation with third parties in order to utilize the remaining equipment of Fine Silicon, we do not have any concrete plan yet and do not expect that such cooperation will happen in the near future. Even if such cooperation could happen in the future, we cannot assure you that it will be successful, or that such cooperation could result in any meaningful in-house production of polysilicon at costs comparable to or lower than prevailing market prices. If we fail to do so, we will not be able to realize the expected positive effect on our results of operations, and the cost of our polysilicon supply will remain uncertain and vulnerable to market fluctuations.

Ingot production is energy intensive and if our energy costs rise or if our energy supplies are disrupted, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

The ingot production process is highly dependent on a constant supply of electricity to maintain the optimal conditions for production. If these levels are not maintained, we may experience significant delays in the production of ingots. With the rapid development of the Chinese economy, demand for electricity has continued to increase. There have been shortages in electricity supply in various regions across China, especially during peak seasons such as summer. In the event that electricity and other energy supplies to our manufacturing facilities are disrupted, our business, results of operations and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. In addition to shortages, we are vulnerable to potential interruptions in our energy supply due to equipment failure, weather events or other causes. There can be no assurance that we will not face power-related problems in the future. Even if we had access to reliable electricity sources, since our manufacturing processes consume substantial amounts of electricity, any significant increase in the price we pay for electricity could adversely affect our profitability. If electricity and other energy costs were to increase, our business, financial condition, results of operations or liquidity position could be materially and adversely affected.

If PV technology is not suitable for widespread adoption, or sufficient demand for PV products does not develop or takes longer to develop than we anticipated, our sales may not continue to increase or may even decline, and we may not be able to sustain profitability.

The PV market is in the relatively early stages of its development and the extent to which PV products will be widely adopted is uncertain. The PV industry also may be particularly susceptible to economic downturns. Market data for the PV industry are not as readily available as data in other more established industries, where trends can be assessed more reliably from data gathered over a longer period of time. If PV technology proves unsuitable for widespread adoption, or if demand for PV products fails to develop sufficiently, we may not be able to grow our business or generate sufficient revenues to sustain our profitability. In addition, demand for PV products in our targeted markets, including China, may not develop or may develop to a lesser extent than we had anticipated. Many factors may affect the viability of widespread adoption of PV technology and demand for PV products, including (i) cost-effectiveness of PV products as compared with conventional and other non-solar energy sources and products; (ii) performance and reliability of PV products as compared with conventional and other non-solar energy sources and products; (iii) availability of government subsidies and incentives to support the development of the PV industry; (iv) success of other alternative energy generation technologies, such as fuel cells, wind power and biomass; (v) fluctuations in economic and market conditions that affect the viability of conventional and non-solar alternative energy sources, such as increases or decreases in the prices of oil and other fossil fuels; (vi) capital expenditures by end users of PV products, which tend to decrease when the economy slows down; and (vii) deregulation of the electric utility industry and broader energy industry.

Fluctuations in exchange rates in the past have adversely affected, and in the future may continue to adversely affect, our results of operations.

Currently most of our sales are denominated in U.S. dollar, Renminbi, Japanese Yen and Euro, while a substantial portion of our costs and expenses is denominated in Renminbi, Japanese Yen and U.S. dollar. In addition, we must constantly convert one currency into another in order to make payments. Therefore, fluctuations in currency exchange rates could have a significant effect on our results of operations due to mismatches among various foreign currency-denominated transactions, including sales of PV modules in overseas markets and purchases of silicon raw materials and equipment in China, and the gap in time between the signing of related contracts and receipts of cash and disbursements related to those contracts. In 2015, we recognized a net foreign currency exchange loss of RMB132.7 million (US$20.5 million) due primarily to the appreciation of the USD against the Renminbi. We have entered into hedging and foreign currency forward arrangements to limit our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. However, we will continue to be exposed to foreign currency exchange risk to the extent that our hedging and foreign currency forward arrangements do not cover all of our expected revenues denominated in foreign currencies. We cannot predict the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on our foreign currency exchange gains or losses in the future. We may continue to reduce the effect of such exposure through hedging or other similar arrangements. However, due to the limited availability of such hedging instruments in China, we cannot assure you that we always will find a hedging arrangement suitable for us, or that such derivatives will be effective in managing our foreign exchange risk, if at all.

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In addition, Renminbi is the functional currency for our PRC subsidiaries. Sales generated by our PRC subsidiaries which are denominated in foreign currencies need to be translated into Renminbi when they are recorded as our revenues. Therefore, any depreciation in the foreign currencies in which our sales are denominated, such as the Euro, Japanese Yen and U.S. dollar, against Renminbi will cause our reported revenues to appear lower than they otherwise would. In 2013 and 2014, the depreciation of Euro, U.S. dollar and Japanese Yen against Renminbi adversely affected our total net revenues, as a majority of our PV module shipments were delivered under Euro, U.S. dollar and Japanese Yen-denominated contracts. In 2015, the depreciation of Renminbi against Euro, U.S. dollar and Japanese Yen resulted in the decrease of our foreign currency exchange loss. However, we cannot predict the trend of future exchange rate fluctuations of Renminbi against other currencies and any further depreciation in foreign currencies in which our sales are denominated against Renminbi may continue to materially and adversely affect our revenues and results of operations.

Our product development initiatives and other research and development efforts may fail to improve manufacturing efficiency or yield commercially viable new products.

We are making efforts to improve our manufacturing processes and to improve the quality of our PV products. We believe that the efficient use of polysilicon is essential to reducing our manufacturing costs. We have been exploring several measures to enhance the efficient use of polysilicon in our manufacturing processes, including reducing the thickness of silicon wafers. However, the use of thinner silicon wafers may have unforeseen negative consequences, such as increased breakage and reduced reliability and conversion efficiency of our PV cells and modules. As a result, reducing the thickness of silicon wafers may not lead to the cost reductions we expect to achieve, while at the same time it may reduce customer satisfaction with our products, which in turn could have a material and adverse effect on our customer relationships, reputation and results of operations.

We also are exploring ways to improve our PV module products. Additional research and development efforts will be needed before our products in development may be manufactured and sold at a commercially viable level. We cannot assure you that such efforts will improve the efficiency of manufacturing processes or yield new products that are commercially viable. In addition, any failure to realize the intended benefits of our product development initiatives could limit our ability to keep pace with rapid technological changes in the industry, which in turn would hurt our business and prospects. For example, in order to meet increasing demand for our products and further drive down costs through increased cell conversion efficiency and manufacturing on a larger scale, we started to implement Project PANDA, a research and development project for next-generation high efficiency monocrystalline PV cells, in June 2009. By the end of 2015, we achieved an average cell conversion efficiency rate of 20.5% on the PANDA commercial production lines and achieved a record high cell conversion efficiency rate of 21.5% in the lab. However, as we are new to monocrystalline technology, we may not be able to overcome all of the technical challenges involved in the process of commercializing new technologies developed from Project PANDA. We also may not be able to maintain or further improve the cell conversion efficiency rate that we have already achieved. In addition, we have limited experience with customer demands in the monocrystalline PV market and may not be able to adapt to the conditions in this market. Established and more experienced competitors in the monocrystalline PV market may possess superior technology and have brand names that are better known than ours. If we fail to continue commercializing our monocrystalline PV technology successfully, or are unable to operate competitively in the monocrystalline market, we may not be able to recover the cost of our investments, which may have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Our operating results may fluctuate from period to period.

Our results of operations are subject to many factors beyond our control, which include, among others, changes in costs of raw materials, delays in equipment delivery, suppliers’ failure to perform their delivery obligations, cancellation or delay of customers’ orders, interruptions in supplies of utilities and other key production inputs, general economic conditions and changes in government policies or incentive schemes, and uncertainties relating to, or accounting changes caused by, any of these factors. Any one, or a combination, of these factors may cause our results of operations to fluctuate significantly from period to period or to deviate from the expectations of the investment community or our own projections. As a result, comparing our results of operations on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful, and you should not rely on our past results or projections as an indication of our future performance.

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Failure to achieve satisfactory output of our PV modules and PV systems for any reason could result in a decline in sales and material and adverse effect on our profitability.

The manufacture of PV modules and PV systems is a highly complex process. Disruptions or deviations in one or more components of the manufacturing process can cause a substantial decrease in output and, in some cases, disrupt production significantly or result in no output. Historically, we from time to time experienced lower-than-anticipated manufacturing output during the ramp-up period of our production lines. This often occurred during the production of new products, the installation of new equipment or the implementation of new process technologies. In addition, we may not able to achieve full utilization of our production facilities due to market and other financial reasons. For example, in the fourth quarter of 2012, due to challenging conditions in the solar market and a continuing decline in average selling prices of PV modules, we recognized an impairment of long-lived assets of Fine Silicon in an amount of RMB200.5 million and a loss of RMB61.7 million related to disposal of certain equipment. In 2015, we recognized a non-cash impairment charge on our long-lived assets totaling RMB3,804.1 million (US$587.3 million), which was primarily due to lower-than-expected utilization of certain production facilities during certain quarters of 2015. These non-cash charges significantly and adversely affected our results of operations in the relevant periods. If we bring additional lines or facilities into production in the future, we may operate at less than optimal capacity during the ramp-up period and produce less output than expected. Any of these would result in higher marginal production costs which could have a material and adverse effect on our profitability.

Unsatisfactory performance of or defects in our products may cause us to incur additional warranty expenses, damage our reputation and cause our sales to decline.

Before September 30, 2011, our PV modules typically were sold with a two- or five-year limited warranty for defects in materials and workmanship, and a 10-year and 25-year warranty guaranteeing 90% and 80% of initial power generation capacity, respectively. Starting from October 1, 2011, we implemented a new and improved warranty term that guarantees 91.2% of nominal power output for 10 years, and 80.7% of nominal power output for 25 years for multicrystalline PV modules, and to guarantee 98.0% of nominal power output for the first year, 92.0% of nominal power output for 10 years, and 82.0% of nominal power output for 25 years for monocrystalline Panda PV modules. On September 1, 2014, we updated our warranty terms to guarantee 91.2% of nominal power output for 10 years and 80.7% of nominal power output for 25 years for multicrystalline PV modules, and to guarantee 98.0% of nominal power output for the first year, 92.2% of nominal power output for 10 years, and 82.4% of nominal power output for 25 years for monocrystalline Panda PV modules. In addition, we also provided our multicrystalline PV modules and monocrystalline Panda PV modules with a linear-based warranty that guarantees each year’s power output during the twenty-five-year warranty period. In 2012, we entered into a module performance warranty insurance agreement with Munich Re’s specialty primary insurers. According to the agreement, both we and Munich Re could provide additional economic security for large-scale commercial and utility project developers, investors and debt providers during the period from October 1, 2012 to September 30, 2013 in connection with our multicrystalline PV modules. In December 2013, we entered into a similar module performance warranty insurance agreement with another insurance company for the same scope of beneficiaries for 2014, and renewed the agreement in March 2015 and in January 2016 for the same scope of beneficiaries for 2015 and 2016, respectively. Nevertheless, we bear the risk of warranty claims long after we have sold our products and recognized revenues. We have only sold PV modules since January 2003, and none of our PV modules has been in use for the entire duration of its warranty period. As of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, our accrued warranty costs amounted to RMB666.9 million, RMB748.4 million, and RMB792.1 million (US$122.3 million), respectively. Moreover, because our products have only been in use for a relatively short period of time, our assumptions regarding the durability and reliability of our products may not be accurate. Since our products have relatively long warranty periods, we cannot assure you that the amount of accrued warranty for our products will be adequate in light of our products’ actual performance. If we experience a significant increase in warranty claims, we may incur significant repair and replacement costs associated with such claims. Furthermore, widespread product underperformances or failures will damage our reputation and customer relationships and may cause our sales to decline, which in turn could have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to achieve and maintain effective internal control in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 could have a material adverse effect on our business and ADS price.

We are subject to reporting obligations under the United States federal securities laws. The SEC, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, requires that we establish and maintain an effective internal control structure and procedures for financial reporting and include a report of management on our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report. Our annual report on Form 20-F must contain an assessment by management of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and must include disclosure of any material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting that we have identified. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting.

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We identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 and concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2015. The material weakness was that we lacked sufficient accounting and financial reporting personnel to formalize and carry out key controls over the reporting process with respect to certain significant and complex accounting assessments and preparation of our financial statements based on U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements. While we plan to remediate this material weakness (please refer to “Item 15. Controls and Procedures”), we cannot assure you that we will be able to achieve and maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting in a timely manner or at all.

The requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act are ongoing and also apply to future years. Although we are committed to continue to improve our internal control processes and we will continue to diligently and vigorously review our internal control over financial reporting in order to ensure compliance with the Section 404 requirements, any control system, regardless of how well designed, operated and evaluated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that its objectives will be met. Effective internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to produce reliable financial reports and is important to help prevent fraud. As a result, our failure to achieve and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in the loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which in turn could harm our business and negatively impact the trading price of our ADSs. Furthermore, we anticipate that we will incur additional costs and use significant management time and other resources in an effort to achieve and maintain the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Regardless of the efforts we make, we cannot be certain that in the future additional material weaknesses or significant deficiencies will not exist or otherwise be discovered.

Natural disasters, acts of war, terrorism or other factors beyond our control may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Natural disasters such as earthquakes, floods, severe weather conditions or other catastrophic events may severely affect the regions where we, our suppliers or our customers operate. Such natural disasters also could cause a material economic downturn in the affected area or internationally. Although we have limited exposure to any catastrophic event, any future disaster in areas where we, our suppliers or our customers operate could have a material and adverse effect on our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Similarly, war, terrorist activity, or threats thereof, social unrest, as well as geopolitical tension and international conflict, for example, tensions within the Middle East and on the Korean Peninsula, and territorial disputes between China and other countries, could negatively affect international or regional economic development. This in turn could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, we may not be adequately prepared in terms of contingency planning or have capabilities sufficient to recover from a major incident or crisis. As a result, our operational continuity may be materially and adversely affected by any major crisis or incident.

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We have limited insurance coverage and may incur uncoverable losses resulting from business interruption or natural disasters.

Our insurance coverage is limited and we do not maintain any business interruption insurance coverage. As a result, we may have to use our own funds to pay for financial and other losses, damages and liabilities, including those in connection with or resulting from natural disasters and other events beyond our control, which could have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We obtain some of the equipment used in our manufacturing process from a small number of selected suppliers. If our equipment is damaged or new or replacement equipment is not delivered to us in a timely manner or is otherwise unavailable, our ability to deliver products timely will suffer, which in turn could result in cancellations of orders and loss of revenue for us.

Some of the equipment used in our production of polysilicon ingots, wafers, PV cells and PV modules, such as ingot casting furnaces, diffusion furnaces and wire saws, have been customized to our specifications and are not readily available from multiple vendors. Such equipment would be difficult to repair or replace. There also are limited sources of supply for the principal polysilicon manufacturing equipment we use and we may not be able to replace such sources at reasonable costs and on a timely basis, or at all. If any of our key equipment suppliers were to experience financial difficulties or to go out of business, we may have difficulties with repairing or replacing our key equipment in the event of any damage to or a breakdown of such equipment. Furthermore, new or replacement equipment may not be delivered to us in a timely manner. In such cases, our ability to deliver products in a timely manner would suffer, which in turn could result in cancellations of orders from our customers and loss of revenue for us. In addition, the equipment we may need for our future expansion may be in high demand. A supplier’s failure to deliver equipment to us in a timely manner, in sufficient quantity and on terms acceptable to us could delay expansion of our capacity and otherwise disrupt our production schedule or increase our production costs.

If certain customers were to cease their practice of making advance payments when they place orders with us, or if our customers were to fail to meet their payment obligations, we may experience increased needs to finance our working capital requirements and may be exposed to increased credit risk, which may materially and adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.

We require many of our customers to make an advance payment representing a small percentage of their orders, which is a business practice that help us manage our accounts receivable, prepay our suppliers and reduce the amount of funds that we need to finance our working capital requirements. We cannot assure you that in the future our customers will not cease adhering to this practice. If our customers were to cease making prepayments to us at the time of their orders, we may not be able to secure additional financing on a timely basis or on terms acceptable to us, or at all. Currently, a significant portion of our revenue derives from credit sales to our customers, generally with payments due within four months after shipment. As a result, any future decrease in the use of cash advance payments by our customers may negatively impact our short-term liquidity and, coupled with increased credit sales to a small number of major customers, may expose us to additional and more concentrated credit risk. This is because a significant portion of our outstanding accounts receivable derives from sales to a limited number of customers. As of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, our five largest accounts receivable balances outstanding accounted for approximately 20.1%, 27.2% and 27.6%, respectively, of our total outstanding accounts receivable. The failure of any of these or other customers to meet their payment obligations would materially and adversely affect our financial position, liquidity and results of operations. For example, as a result of certain customers’ prolonged failure to settle accounts receivable and the continuing deterioration of their financial condition and creditworthiness, we made a total provision of RMB404.3 million (US$62.4 million) in 2015 for the doubtful accounts receivable related to these customers. Besides, from time to time we may need to commence legal proceedings in order to recover accounts receivables from customers, which also may increase our cost. Although we have been able to maintain adequate working capital primarily through short-term borrowing, our prior convertible senior notes offering, follow-on offering and medium-term notes offering, other debt issuances and long-term bank borrowings, any failure by our customers to settle outstanding accounts receivable in the future could materially and adversely affect our cash flow, financial condition and results of operations.

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We have issued, and may issue in the future, equity securities or securities convertible into or exchangeable for our ordinary shares, the conversion of which may cause our existing shareholders to incur further dilution of their holdings.

We have issued, and may issue in the future, equity securities or securities convertible into our ordinary shares. In the event that the securities convertible into our ordinary shares are converted, our existing shareholders may incur further dilution of their holdings. For example, in January 2009, we issued an aggregate amount of US$49.4 million of senior secured convertible notes due 2012, or senior secured convertible notes, to Trustbridge Partners II, L.P., or Trustbridge, or its affiliates in connection with our acquisition of Cyber Power. From June 2009 to January 2012, we issued an aggregate of 11,588,713 ordinary shares to Trustbridge as a result of the conversion of the full amount of the senior secured convertible notes. In addition, in connection with a credit agreement between Yingli Energy (China) Company Ltd., or Yingli China, and a fund managed by Asia Debt Management Hong Kong Limited, or ADM Capital, entered into in January 2009, we issued an aggregate of 4,125,000 warrants to ADM Capital under the terms of a warrant agreement entered into in April 2009. From May 2010 to May 2011, a total of 2,454,271 ordinary shares in the form of ADSs were issued to ADM Capital in connection with its exercise of all 4,125,000 of these warrants. As of the date of this annual report, there are no convertible securities issued by Yingli Green Energy that remain outstanding. Any future issuance of equity securities or securities convertible into or exchangeable for our equity securities may cause further dilution to our existing shareholders. If our future acquisitions, expansions, or market changes or other developments cause us to require additional funding, we may issue additional securities convertible into or exchangeable for our ordinary shares, and our existing shareholders could incur substantial dilution.

Our principal shareholder has significant influence over our management and their interests may not be aligned with our interests or the interests of our other shareholders, including holders of our ADSs.

The family trust of Liansheng Miao, the chairperson of our board of directors and our chief executive officer, controls and beneficially owns 100% of the equity interests in Yingli Power. Yingli Power, in turn, currently beneficially owns approximately 28.74% of our ordinary shares outstanding. Yingli Power has significant influence over us, including on matters relating to mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. The interests of Yingli Power may conflict with our interests or the interests of our other shareholders, including holders of our ADSs.

Baoding Tianwei Baobian Electric Co., Ltd., or Tianwei Baobian, and Baoding Tianwei Group Co., Ltd., or Tianwei Group, our joint venture partners as to Tianwei Yingli, have significant influence over Tianwei Yingli, one of our operating entities, and they may prevent Tianwei Yingli from taking actions that are in the best interests of us or Tianwei Yingli. In addition, each of Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group will have significant influence over us if it were to exercise its right to subscribe for ordinary shares of Yingli Green Energy. The interests of Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group may not be aligned with our interests or the interests of our other shareholders.

Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group, which are affiliated with each other, own in the aggregate a 25.99% equity interest in Tianwei Yingli, one of our operating entities. Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group have significant influence over Tianwei Yingli through their representation on Tianwei Yingli’s board of directors and through other rights which they enjoy pursuant to Tianwei Yingli’s articles of association and our joint venture contract with them. Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group are entitled to appoint jointly three of Tianwei Yingli’s nine directors. We, on the one hand, and Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group, on the other hand, may have different views and approaches with respect to the management and operation of Tianwei Yingli. Tianwei Baobian or Tianwei Group may disagree with us in the management and operation of Tianwei Yingli and may vote against actions that we believe are in the best interests of Tianwei Yingli or us. For example, directors appointed by Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group may vote against matters that require unanimous approval of all directors. Directors appointed by Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group also may hinder or delay the adoption of relevant resolutions by not attending a board meeting, thereby preventing achievement of a quorum and forcing the meeting to be postponed for no more than seven days. See “Item 4.A. History and Development of the Company — Joint Venture Contract — Tianwei Yingli’s Management Structure and Board of Directors”. Due to the ability of each of Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group to exercise substantial influence over Tianwei Yingli through their appointed directors, and through their other rights under the joint venture contract, any significant deterioration of our relationship, or any disagreement with Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group may cause disruption to Tianwei Yingli’s business, which in turn could have a material and adverse effect on our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group also may have a disagreement or dispute with us with respect to our respective rights and obligations on matters such as the exercise of Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group’s right to subscribe for ordinary shares newly issued by us in exchange for their equity interest in Tianwei Yingli. Except in limited circumstances, we may not be able to terminate unilaterally the joint venture contract in the event of such disagreement or dispute even if such termination would be in our best interests. See “Item 4.A. History and Development of the Company — Joint Venture Contract — Unilateral Termination of the Joint Venture Contract”. Any such dispute may result in costly and time-consuming litigation or other dispute resolution proceedings which may significantly divert the efforts and resources of our management and disrupt our business operations.

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Furthermore, Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group may transfer all or a part of their equity interest in Tianwei Yingli pursuant to the joint venture contract. If we fail to exercise our right of first refusal in accordance with the procedures set forth in the joint venture contract and are thus deemed to have consented to any such proposed transfer by Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group to a third party, or if Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group transfers its and/or their equity interests in Tianwei Yingli to its affiliates or a third party, such affiliate or third party will become a holder of Tianwei Yingli’s equity interest. The interests of such party may not be aligned with our interests or the interests of Tianwei Yingli. See “Item 4.A. History and Development of the Company— Joint Venture Contract — Transfer of Equity Interests in Tianwei Yingli — Right of First Refusal”.

In addition, according to the joint venture contract, Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group may exercise a subscription right in respect of our shares, and if they exercise such subscription right, they may become significant shareholders of Yingli Green Energy. If they become our shareholders, they may have significant influence over our business, including decisions regarding mergers, consolidations and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, election of directors and other significant corporate actions. If Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group become our shareholders, their interests may not be aligned with our interests or those of our other shareholders.

Negative publicity, rumors or media coverage of Tianwei Group, Tianwei Baobian, our company, our affiliates or business partners could materially and adversely affect our reputation, business and financial condition.

Since all of Tianwei Yingli’s equity interests are held together by us, Tianwei Group and Tianwei Baobian, negative rumors or media coverage of Tianwei Group or of Tianwei Baobian, whether or not accurate and whether or not applicable to us, could have a material and adverse effect on our reputation, business and financial condition.

In addition, negative publicity of our company or our affiliates or business partners, whether or not accurate and whether or not applicable to us, could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business and financial condition. For example, in our annual report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2014, we stated that there was substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. However, this statement was taken and interpreted out of context in some media coverage, which exerted considerable pressure on the price of our ADSs. We have stated in this annual report that there is still substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. We cannot assure you that our statements in this annual report or other filings and press releases will not be misinterpreted by media or other market participants in the future which may have a material adverse effect on the price of our ADSs and our reputation, business and financial condition. We cannot assure you that in the future there will not be negative rumors or media coverage related to Tianwei Group, Tianwei Baobian, our company, our affiliates or business partners.

If Tianwei Baobian, Tianwei Group or any of their affiliates were to engage in sanctionable activities inconsistent with the laws or policies of other countries, our reputation and the reputation of Tianwei Yingli may be negatively affected. As a result, some of our shareholders may divest our shares and prospective investors may decide not to invest in our shares, which may cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

The United States and other countries maintain economic and other sanctions against several countries, or the sanctioned countries, and persons engaged in specified activities, such as supporting terrorism or the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.

Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group are our joint venture partners with respect to one of our operating subsidiaries, Tianwei Yingli. Based on publicly available information, Tianwei Group was acquired by China South in March 2008, and Tianwei Group and China South collectively own 56.43% of the equity interests in Tianwei Baobian.

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There have been news reports that China South, Tianwei Group and Tianwei Baobian in recent years have conducted construction activities in or exported transformers to certain countries, including Iran and Sudan, that were subject to ongoing sanctions, or sanctioned countries, at the time such construction activities were conducted or such transformers were exported. China North Industries Corporation, or Norinco, an affiliate of China South, was recognized by the U.S. State Department under the Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000 as having been engaged in the transfer to Iran of equipment and technology having the potential to make a material contribution to the development of weapons of mass destruction. Norinco also was reported to have had activities in and exported products to some sanctioned countries, including Iran, Sudan and Syria, some of which activities and products involved or included military products and applications. In addition, Norinco is listed as a prohibited company by some state and municipal governments, universities and investors in the United States due to its business relationships with the sanctioned countries. Certain of the sanctioned countries in which China South, Tianwei Group, Tianwei Baobian or Norinco has been reported to have had activities, such as Iran, Syria and Sudan, are identified by the U.S. State Department as state sponsors of terrorism and are subject to U.S. economic sanctions and export controls.

As a result of China South’s acquisition of Tianwei Group discussed above, Tianwei Yingli, our subsidiary, became an affiliate (as defined under the rules of the Exchange Act) of China South and Norinco. Neither our company nor any of our other subsidiaries is an affiliate of China South or Norinco. We have no control over Tianwei Baobian, Tianwei Group, China South, Norinco or their respective affiliated entities, nor has any such respective affiliated entity requested Tianwei Yingli or us to have contacts with or otherwise conduct any sanctioned activity in any sanctioned country. However, to the extent that such entities are involved in activities that, if performed by a U.S. person, would be illegal under U.S. sanctions, or if any such entity were to become subject to any economic sanctions maintained by the United States or other countries or entities, reputational issues may arise relating to Tianwei Yingli or us, and investor sentiment with respect to our ADSs may be materially and adversely affected. Although neither we nor any of our other subsidiaries is an affiliate of China South or Norinco, investors in the United States may believe that the value of their investment in us may be adversely affected due to Tianwei Yingli’s affiliation with such entities or due to our connection with such entities through Tianwei Yingli. Investors may choose not to invest in, or to divest from any investments in, issuers that are associated even indirectly with sanctioned activities or sanctioned countries. Any such negative investor sentiment as the result of reputational issues may cause the price of our ADSs to decline and materially and adversely affect the value of your investment in us.

Our joint venture partner, Tianwei Group defaulted on certain of its debt obligations and has declared insolvency. Tianwei Group could be potentially controlled by its creditors, subject to bankruptcy or liquidation proceedings. If Tianwei Group were controlled by its creditors, they could prevent Tianwei Yingli from taking actions in its or our best interests, and those creditors could cause Tianwei Group to subscribe for our ordinary shares and thereby exert significant influence over our company. The interests of Tianwei Group’s creditors may not be aligned with our interests or the interests of Tianwei Yingli’s other equity interest holder, Tianwei Baobian.

Our joint venture partner, Tianwei Group has defaulted on certain of its debt obligations and it may again default on its debt obligations in the future. Based on publicly available information, in April 2015 Tianwei Group failed to pay approximately US$13.8 million in interest due on its bonds traded in China. On September 18, 2015, Tianwei Group submitted an application for bankruptcy reorganization to the Intermediate People's Court of Baoding as the firm was unable to meet its maturing liabilities on time. In January 2016, the Intermediate People's Court of Baoding accepted Tianwei Group’s application for bankruptcy reorganization and designated an insolvency administrator. Under the joint venture contract entered into by and among Tianwei Baobian, Tianwei Group and us, Tianwei Group has significant influence over Tianwei Yingli, one of our principal operating entities. See “Item 4.A. History and Development of the Company — Joint Venture Contract”. If Tianwei Group were controlled by its creditors, there would be uncertainty as to how Tianwei Group’s creditors would exercise their rights in respect of Tianwei Yingli. Tianwei Group’s creditors could prevent Tianwei Yingli from taking actions that are in the best interests of us or Tianwei Yingli. Pursuant to the joint venture contract, Tianwei Group’s creditors also could cause Tianwei Group to subscribe for ordinary shares in us and thereby exert significant influence over our company.

The interests of Tianwei Group’s creditors may not be aligned with our interests or the interests of Tianwei Yingli. Due to the ability of Tianwei Group to exercise substantial influence over Tianwei Yingli through their appointed directors, and through their other rights under the joint venture contract, any significant deterioration of our relationship, or any disagreement, with Tianwei Group’s creditors may cause disruption to Tianwei Yingli’s business, which in turn could have a material and adverse effect on our business prospects, financial condition and results of operations. Any dispute with Tianwei Group’s creditors may result in costly and time-consuming litigation or other dispute resolution proceedings which may significantly divert the efforts and resources of our management and disrupt our business operations.

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Our joint venture partners, Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group, have entered into competing businesses with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Our joint venture contract with Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group, and Tianwei Yingli’s articles of association, do not impose non-compete restrictions upon Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group. While Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group’s current principal businesses are the manufacture of large electricity transformers, Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group have entered into the PV business through investments in various companies that are engaged in the manufacture of polysilicon, ingots, wafers, PV cells or PV modules and thin film modules. As these companies continue to expand their respective businesses, they may compete with us both for customers and for supplies of raw materials, and we may not have any legal right to prevent them from doing so. Because of Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group’s familiarity with, and their ability to influence, the business of Tianwei Yingli, competition from Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group or their affiliates could have a material and adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

The grant of employee share options and other share-based compensation could materially and adversely affect our net income.

We adopted a stock incentive plan in December 2006, or the 2006 stock incentive plan. Our board of directors approved the 2006 stock incentive plan in April 2007, and in May 2007 our shareholders approved the first amendment to the 2006 stock incentive plan in order to increase the number of ordinary shares which we are authorized to issue under the 2006 stock incentive plan. The second amendment to the 2006 stock incentive plan was approved by our board of directors in July 2009 and by our shareholders in August 2009. This second amendment again increased the number of ordinary shares which we are authorized to issue under the 2006 stock incentive plan. Under the 2006 stock incentive plan, as amended, we may grant to our directors, employees and consultants up to 2,715,243 restricted shares and options to purchase up to 10,030,195 of our ordinary shares. As of May 16, 2016, we have granted to six executive officers, 665 employees and 4 independent directors options to purchase 7,413,429 ordinary shares in the aggregate (excluding forfeited and cancelled options) and an aggregate of 2,631,268 restricted shares (excluding forfeited restricted shares) to DBS Trustee Limited, or the trustee, for the benefit of 4 executive officers and 77 employees and non-employees. See “Item 6.B. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers — 2006 Stock Incentive Plan”. We account for compensation costs for all share-based awards, including share options granted to our directors and employees, using a fair-value based method. Moreover, the additional expenses associated with share-based compensation may reduce the attractiveness to us of having such an incentive plan. However, as share options are an important tool to recruit and retain qualified and desirable key personnel, we may not be able to attract and retain such key personnel if we were to reduce the scope of our stock incentive plan.

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Our results of operations are difficult to predict, and if we do not meet market expectations, the price of our ADSs will likely decline.

Our results of operations are difficult to predict and in the past such results have fluctuated from time to time. We expect that in the future our results of operations may continue to fluctuate from time to time. It is possible that our results of operations for some reporting periods will fail to meet the expectations of the market. Our results of operations are affected by a number of factors as set forth in “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects”. If our results of operations are lower than market expectations for a given reporting period, investors may react negatively, and as a result, the price of our ADSs will be likely to decline.

Our limited intellectual property protection both within and outside of China may undermine our competitive position and subject us to intellectual property disputes with third parties, either of which may have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

As of May 16, 2016, we have been granted 1,257 patents and currently are applying for 143 patents. Aside from know-how available in the public domain, we have developed in-house unpatented technical know-how that we use to manufacture our products. Many elements of our manufacturing processes involve proprietary know-how, technology or data, either developed by us in-house or transferred to us by our equipment suppliers. Such proprietary know-how, technology and data are not covered by patents or patent applications, and include manufacturing technologies and processes and production line and equipment designs. We rely on a combination of laws and regulations pertaining to patent, trademark, anti-unfair competition and trade secret rights, as well as nondisclosure agreements and other methods, to protect our intellectual property rights. Nevertheless, these measures provide only limited protection and the actions we take to protect our intellectual property rights may not be adequate. Third parties may infringe or misappropriate our proprietary technologies or other of our intellectual property rights, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Policing unauthorized use of proprietary technology can be difficult and expensive. Also, litigation may be necessary to protect our trade secrets or to determine and enforce the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of us or of other rights holders. We cannot assure you that the outcome of any such potential litigation will be in our favor. Such litigation may be costly and may divert the attention of our management as well as our other resources away from our business. In addition, we have no insurance coverage against litigation costs and would have to bear all costs arising from such litigation to the extent that we are unable to recover them from other parties. An adverse determination in any such litigation could result in the loss of one or more of our intellectual property rights and may materially and adversely harm our business, prospects and reputation.

We have exported in the past, and expect to continue to export in the future, a substantial portion of our PV products outside of China. Because we do not have, and have not applied for, any patents for our proprietary technologies outside of China, it is possible that others may independently develop substantially equivalent technologies or otherwise gain access to our proprietary technologies and obtain patents for such intellectual properties in other jurisdictions, including the countries to which we export our PV modules. If any third party is successful in obtaining one or more patents for technologies that are substantially equivalent to, or the same as, our proprietary technologies in any market where we have not obtained such patent protection, and such third party enforces its intellectual property rights against us, our ability to sell products containing the allegedly infringing intellectual property in that market will be materially and adversely affected. If we are required to stop selling such allegedly infringing products, to seek licenses or to pay royalties for the relevant intellectual properties, or to redesign such products so as to refrain from using the allegedly infringing technologies, our business, results of operations and financial condition will be materially and adversely affected.

Third parties may initiate claims against us of infringement or misappropriation, which, if upheld against us or otherwise determined adversely, could cause us to pay significant damage awards.

Our success depends, in large part, on our ability to use and develop technology and know-how without infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties. The validity and scope of claims relating to PV technology patents involve complex scientific, legal and factual questions and analysis and, therefore, may be highly uncertain. Although we take steps in the course of developing our products in order to ensure that we are not infringing the existing intellectual property rights of others, such as reviewing related patents and patent applications prior to developing our products, these steps may not be adequate. While we currently are not aware of any action pending or threatened against us, we may be subject to litigation involving claims of patent infringement or violation of intellectual property rights of third parties. Resolving intellectual property disputes and related legal and administrative proceedings can be both costly and time-consuming, and may significantly divert the efforts and resources of our technical and management personnel away from our business. An adverse determination in any such litigation or proceedings to which we may become a party could subject us to significant liability to third parties, require us to seek licenses from third parties, to pay ongoing royalties, or to redesign our PV modules or subject us to injunctions prohibiting the manufacture and sale of our PV modules or the use of our technologies in certain markets. Protracted litigation also could cause our customers or potential customers to defer or limit their purchase or use of our PV modules until a time when such litigation has been resolved.

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We are exposed to various risks related to legal or administrative proceedings or claims that could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and reputation, and may cause losses to our business.

Litigation generally can be expensive, lengthy and disruptive to normal business operations. Moreover, the results of complex legal proceedings are difficult to predict. We may be involved in allegations, litigation or legal or administrative proceedings from time to time as a result of our normal business operations.

For example, on June 21, 2010, we commenced an arbitration proceeding against International Comercial E Industrial, S.A., or INCEISA, a Spanish distributor of solar products, at the International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce. We commenced the arbitration seeking recovery from INCEISA of certain unpaid accounts receivable of approximately US$7.04 million and €14.47 million under the terms of a written settlement agreement. On October 11, 2011, the arbitral tribunal granted an award directing INCEISA to pay us over US$2.29 million and €15.98 million, respectively, as damages for breach of contractual obligations, as well as associated legal and arbitration costs.

In October 2012, we received notice of an antitrust and unfair competition lawsuit filed by Solyndra, LLC, a U.S.-based solar company, against us and our subsidiary, Yingli Green Energy Americas, Inc., or Yingli Americas, and two other China-based solar manufacturers in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. Together with co-defendants Suntech Power Holdings Co., Ltd., Suntech America, Inc., Trina Solar Ltd. and Trina Solar (U.S.) Inc., in early March 2013 we and Yingli Americas filed a joint motion to dismiss all of the claims in an amended complaint that was filed by Solyndra’s liquidation trustee. On April 9, 2014, we received an order denying defendants’ joint motion to dismiss Solyndra’s claims. In February 2016, we entered into an agreement to settle these claims, or the Settlement Agreement. According to the Settlement Agreement, we and Yingli Americas paid US$7.5 million to settle Solyndra’s claims. If the annual total sales of PV modules from us and all of our affiliates in any single calendar year between 2016 to 2018 to the United States and Canada and any of their respective territories or districts equals or exceeds 800 megawatts, we will pay Solyndra a single additional payment of US$10 million. The Settlement Agreement was approved by United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware, which is responsible for adjudicating the Solyndra bankruptcy, in March 2016. The aforementioned lawsuit against us has been dismissed with prejudice, and under the Settlement Agreement, and Solyndra has released us and all of our affiliates from any further claims based on the same or any related facts or allegations. In 2015, we recognised provisions of settlement fee of US$7.5 million (RMB48.7 million) and we didn’t recognize any provisions for the conditional additional payment of US$10 million (RMB64.8 million) since it is not probable that a liability has been incurred.

In October 2013, we received notice of an antitrust lawsuit with claims similar to Solyndra’s filed by another U.S.-based solar company, Energy Conversion Devices Liquidation Trust, or ECD, through its liquidating trustee, against us and the same China-based solar manufacturers in the U.S. District Court of the Eastern District of Michigan. On October 31, 2014, the Court granted our joint motion to dismiss the case. In November 2014, the plaintiff filed a motion for reconsideration and a second motion to amend or alter the judgement and for leave to file an amended complaint, both of which were denied by the Court in September 2015. ECD has appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, and that appeal remains pending.

In May and June 2015, two individual plaintiffs respectively filed purported class action securities fraud lawsuits against us, our chairperson and chief executive officer, Mr. Liansheng Mao, and our director and chief executive officer, Mr. Yiyu Wang, in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, both alleging, among other things, that we made false and misleading statements and failed to disclose certain material financial information. In October 2015, the cases were consolidated and the court appointed lead plaintiffs and lead counsel. In November 2015, lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint. The amended complaint contends that we and certain of our officers and directors made false or misleading statements between December 2, 2010 and May 15, 2015 regarding (i) the Chinese government’s Golden Sun program, which provided subsidies for solar projects in China; and (ii) our accounts receivable attributable to Chinese customers. The sole claim against us is for violation of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. In December 2015, we filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated suit. Plaintiffs filed an opposition to the motion on January 15, 2016, and we filed a reply on January 29, 2016. The Court heard oral argument on the motion on May 2, 2016. On May 10, 2016, the Court issued a written decision granting Yingli’s motion to dismiss with leave to amend. Plaintiffs have until June 24, 2016 to file an amended complaint.

See “Item 8.A. Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information — Legal and Administrative Proceedings”.

In addition, in the past we had entered into several slurry processing and supply contracts with a certain supplier. Starting from late 2011, due to certain quality control issues related to the supplier and substantial changes in the slurry processing market, we and this supplier had disputes over the performance of the supply contracts and payments of accounts receivable. As of May 16, 2016, we have not received any summons or notice from any court or arbitration body pertaining to any proceeding brought against us by this supplier. In July 2014, we filed litigation against this supplier for breach of contract and claimed damages against this supplier. While at this stage it would be premature for us to evaluate our potential liabilities or losses, if any, relating to such disputes, if we are found to be liable in legal actions or other proceedings this supplier may bring against us, our financial position may be materially and adversely affected.

Regardless of the merits, responding to allegations, litigation or legal or administrative proceedings and defending against litigation can be time consuming and costly, and may result in us incurring substantial legal and administrative expenses, as well as the attention of our management being diverted away from our business. Any such allegations, lawsuits or proceedings could have a material and adverse effect on our business operations. Further, unfavorable outcomes from these claims or lawsuits could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Our business depends substantially on the continuing efforts of our executive officers and key technical personnel, and our ability to retain a skilled labor force. Our business may be materially and adversely affected if we lose their services.

Our future success depends substantially on the continuing services of our executive officers, in particular Liansheng Miao, our chief executive officer, Xiangdong Wang, our vice president, Zhiheng Zhao, our vice president, Yiyu Wang, our chief financial officer, Dengyuan Song, our chief technology officer, and Jingfeng Xiong, our vice president. If one or more of our executive officers are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, we may not be able to replace them readily, if at all. In addition, if any of our executive officers joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose some of our customers. Each of our executive officers has entered into an employment agreement with us, which contains confidentiality and non-compete provisions. However, if any dispute were to arise between one of our executive officers and us, we cannot assure you that such officer’s employment agreement could be fully enforced in China. Furthermore, recruiting and retaining capable personnel, particularly experienced engineers and technicians who are familiar with our PV products manufacturing processes, is vital to maintaining the quality of our PV products and to improving continuously our production methods. There is substantial competition for qualified technical personnel, and we cannot assure you that we will be able to attract or retain qualified technical personnel. If we are unable to attract and retain qualified employees, key technical personnel and our executive officers, our business may be materially and adversely affected.

Any failure to manage our growth, or otherwise to develop appropriate internal organizational structures, effective internal controls and systems to monitor and manage risk in parallel with our rapid growth could result in a material and adverse effect on our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Our business and operations have been expanding rapidly. Significant management resources must be expended to develop and implement appropriate structures for our internal organization and flows of information, effective internal controls and systems to monitor and manage risk in parallel with our rapid growth. We also need to be able to continue hiring and integrating qualified employees into our organization. It is challenging for us to hire, integrate and retain qualified employees in certain key areas of operations, such as engineers and technicians who are familiar with the PV industry. In addition, disclosure and other ongoing obligations associated with our being a public company further increase the challenges faced by our finance, legal and accounting teams. It is possible that our existing systems for monitoring and managing risk could prove inadequate. If we fail to develop and implement appropriate structures for our internal organization and flows of information, effective internal controls and systems to monitor and manage risk, we may not be able to identify unfavorable business trends, administrative oversights or other risks that could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition and results of operations.

Compliance with construction and environmental regulations can be expensive, and noncompliance with present or future construction and environmental regulations may result in adverse publicity, potentially significant monetary damages and fines or suspensions of our business operation.

Historically, we started construction of and operation at certain of our facilities without having obtained all of the necessary construction permits and environmental approvals that were required under relevant regulations. We also started constructing certain other facilities as part of our capacity expansion projects while applications for relevant construction permits and environmental approvals were still being processed and had not yet been approved. Both prior failures and any current failure on our part to obtain relevant construction permits and environmental approvals needed for the construction of our facilities may prevent us from obtaining ownership certificates for our facilities. Our failure to obtain construction permits, environmental approvals, and ownership certificates may subject us to fines or penalties, which may materially and adversely affect our construction process, business operations and results of operations.

Moreover, we started manufacturing without having completed certain examination and acceptance procedures required by relevant regulations. Our failure to pass these examination and acceptance procedures before commencing manufacturing may subject us to penalties, such as monetary fines or suspension of our business operations. Moreover, on March 6 and March 12, 2014, Hainan Yingli received notices from the Department of Land, Environment and Resources of Hainan Province, or Hainan LER Department, and the Haikou Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, respectively, requesting Hainan Yingli to (i) suspend partially its production lines, and (ii) apply for new environmental impact assessments for the increase in its production capacity due to equipment upgrades. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview — Environmental Matters”. On May 16, 2014, Hainan Yingli obtained trial production permits from Hainan LER Department, and on October 29, 2014, Hainan LER Department approved our application for new environmental impact assessments. On December 12, 2014, Hainan Yingli obtained a Pollutant Discharge Permit from Hainan LER Department which was valid until December 12, 2015. On March 26, 2015, Hainan Yingli received a notice from the Haikou Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, demanding payment of an environmental penalty RMB62,630.40, and Hainan Yingli paid the penalty amount in full in April of 2015. On December 12, 2015, Hainan Yingli obtained a renewed Pollutant Discharge Permit from Hainan LER Department which will be valid until December 22, 2017.

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In addition, any failure by us to control the use of, or to adequately restrict the discharge of, hazardous substances from our manufacturing facilities could subject us to potentially significant monetary damages and fines or suspensions in our business operations. Our manufacturing processes generate noise, waste water, gaseous byproducts and other industrial wastes and these processes are required to comply with national and local regulations regarding environmental protection. Except as disclosed in this annual report, we believe that we currently are in compliance in all material respects with present environmental protection requirements, and have obtained or in the process of obtaining all necessary environmental permits. In addition, if more stringent regulations are adopted in the future, the costs of complying with these new regulations could be substantial. If we fail to comply with any future environmental regulations, we may be required to pay substantial fines, suspend production or cease operations. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview — PRC Governmental Regulations — Environmental Regulations”.

We failed to fully make contributions to the social insurances and housing provident fund for our employees, which may subject us to penalties from local regulatory authorities and cause disputes with our employees.

Under relevant local regulations in China where we have operations, we are required to make contributions to our employees’ social insurances and housing provident fund on a monthly basis, and will be subject to penalties if we delay any of such contributions for more than three months. While we had fully accrued required contributions to our employees’ social insurances and housing provident fund according to relevant local regulations in China in 2015, due to our tight cash flow in 2015, some of our subsidiaries failed to fully make contributions to the social insurances and housing provident fund for their employees on time and the amount overdue was approximately RMB80.0 million as of May 16, 2016. As such, these subsidiaries are not in compliance with local regulations on social insurances and housing provident fund, and could be subject to penalties from local regulatory authorities. Under PRC laws, potential penalties can reach 100%-300% of the delayed amount for social insurances and 300%-500% of the delayed amount for housing provident fund. We have engaged in active discussions with the relevant local regulatory authorities, clarifying our situation to them and seeking their understanding. While the local regulatory authorities indicated that they understood our situation and had not imposed any penalties on us yet, there can be no assurance that they will not impose penalties on us in the future. While we plan to gradually pay all overdue amounts before the end of 2016, there can be no assurance that we will be able to do so. In addition, our employees may file claims against us for, or otherwise have disputes with us resulting from, our failure to make the required contributions and such disputes could lead to lengthy and costly lawsuits or other legal proceedings. Any penalties imposed on us by regulatory authorities, any further failure on our part to make the required contributions on time and in full, or any disputes with our employees or lawsuits and legal proceedings resulting therefrom could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We are subject to cyber security risks and breaches, which could materially and adversely affect our business and disrupt our operations.

We are subject to cyber security risks and may incur substantial costs to minimize those risks. Cyber security breaches, such as unauthorized access, accidents, employee errors or malfeasance, computer viruses, hackings or other disruptions, could compromise the security of our data and information technology infrastructure, thereby exposing such information to unauthorized third parties. Techniques used to obtain unauthorized access to information systems, or to sabotage those systems, change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target. We may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to remedy, protect against or alleviate these and related problems, and we may not be able to remedy these problems in a timely manner, or at all. Any security breaches that occur could disrupt our operations, increase our security costs, or expose us to potential losses due to data corruption or information leakage, which could have a material and adverse effect on our business.

Registered public accounting firms in China, including our independent registered public accounting firm, are not inspected by the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, which deprives us and our investors of the benefits of such inspection.

Auditors of companies whose shares are registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and traded publicly in the United States, including our independent registered public accounting firm, must be registered with the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (the “PCAOB”) and are required by the laws of the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess their compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards applicable to auditors. Our independent registered public accounting firm is located in, and organized under the laws of, the PRC, which is a jurisdiction where the PCAOB, notwithstanding the requirements of U.S. law, is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities. In May 2013, PCAOB announced that it had entered into a Memorandum of Understanding on Enforcement Cooperation with the CSRC and the PRC Ministry of Finance, which establishes a cooperative framework between the parties for the production and exchange of audit documents relevant to investigations undertaken by PCAOB, the CSRC or the PRC Ministry of Finance in the United States and the PRC, respectively. PCAOB continues to be in discussions with the CSRC and the PRC Ministry of Finance to permit joint inspections in the PRC of audit firms that are registered with PCAOB and audit Chinese companies that trade on U.S. exchanges.

This lack of PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from fully evaluating audits and quality control procedures of our independent registered public accounting firm. As a result, we and investors in our ADSs are deprived of the benefits of such PCAOB inspections. The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our independent registered public accounting firm’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections, which could cause investors and potential investors in our ADSs to lose confidence in our audit procedures and reported financial information and the quality of our financial statements.

Proceedings instituted by the SEC against the Big Four PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, could result in our financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

In December 2012, the SEC brought administrative proceedings against the Big Four accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, in China, alleging that they had refused to produce audit work papers and other documents related to certain other China-based companies under investigation by the SEC for potential accounting fraud. On January 22, 2014, an initial administrative law decision, or Initial Decision, was issued, censuring these accounting firms and suspending four of the five firms from practicing before the SEC for a period of six months. The accounting firms filed a Petition for Review of the Initial Decision to the SEC. On February 6, 2015, the Big Four China-based accounting firms each agreed to a censure and to pay a fine to the SEC to settle the dispute and avoid suspension of their ability to practice before the SEC and audit U.S.-listed companies. The settlement required the firms to follow detailed procedures and to seek to provide the SEC with access to Chinese firms’ audit documents via the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC. If future document productions fail to meet specified criteria, the SEC retains authority to impose a variety of additional remedial measures on the firms depending on the nature of the failure. While we cannot predict if the SEC will further review the four China-based accounting firms’ compliance with specified criteria or if the results of such a review would result in the SEC imposing penalties such as suspensions or restarting the administrative proceedings, if the accounting firms are subject to additional remedial measures, our ability to file our financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements could be impacted. A determination that we have not timely filed financial statements in compliance with SEC requirements could ultimately lead to the delisting of our common stock from NYSE or the termination of the registration of our common stock under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our common stock in the United States.

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The ordinary shares underlying the ADSs you purchased could become redeemable by us without your approval.

Under the express terms of our ordinary shares, the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs in our issued and outstanding share capital are not redeemable. However, our board of directors may pass resolutions to allow us to redeem the ordinary shares from the holders, and two-thirds of the votes cast by the holders of the ordinary shares may approve such variation of share rights. The minority shareholders will not be able to prevent their share rights being varied in such a way and their ordinary shares could become redeemable by us as a result.

We have adopted a shareholders rights plan, which, together with the other anti-takeover provisions of our articles of association, could discourage a third party from acquiring us, which could limit our shareholders’ opportunity to sell their shares, including ordinary shares represented by our ADSs, at a premium.

Our current articles of association contain provisions that limit the ability of others to acquire control of our company or to cause us to engage in change-of-control transactions. On October 17, 2007, our board of directors adopted a shareholders rights plan, which was amended on June 2, 2008. Under this rights plan, one right was distributed with respect to each of our ordinary shares outstanding at the closing of business on October 26, 2007. These rights entitle the holders to purchase ordinary shares from us at half the market price at the time of purchase in the event that a person or group obtains ownership of 15% or more of our ordinary shares (including by acquisition of the ADSs representing an ownership interest in the ordinary shares) or enters into an acquisition transaction without the approval of our board of directors.

This rights plan and the other anti-takeover provisions of our articles of association could have the effect of depriving our shareholders of an opportunity to sell their shares at a premium over prevailing market prices by discouraging third parties from seeking to obtain control of our company in a tender offer or similar transaction. Our existing authorized ordinary shares confer on the holders of our ordinary shares equal rights, privileges and restrictions. The shareholders have, by virtue of adoption of our third amended and restated articles of association, authorized the issuance of shares of par value of US$0.01 each without specifying any special rights, privileges or restrictions. Therefore, our board of directors may, without further action by our shareholders, issue our ordinary shares, or issue shares of such class and attach to such shares special rights, privileges or restrictions, which may be different from those associated with our ordinary shares. Preferred shares also could be issued quickly with terms calculated to delay or prevent a change in control of our company or to make removal of management more difficult. If our board of directors decides to issue ordinary shares or preferred shares, the price of our ADSs may fall and the voting and other rights of the holders of our ordinary shares and ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

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A simple majority of the holders of our shares who vote at a general meeting may sub-divide any of our shares into shares of a smaller par value and may determine that, among the shares so sub-divided, some of such shares may have preferred or other rights or restrictions that are different from those applicable to other such shares.

Under our articles of association, a simple majority of the holders of our shares who vote at a general meeting may sub-divide any of our shares into shares of a smaller par value than is fixed by our articles of association, subject to the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands, and may by such resolution determine that, among the shares so sub-divided, some of such shares may have preferred or other rights or restrictions that are different from those applicable to the other such shares resulting from such sub-division. Any sub-divided shares will be allocated on a pro-rated basis among the holders of our shares, and a two-thirds vote of any class of shares having special rights or restrictions as a result of such sub-division will be required to further vary the special rights or restrictions attached to such shares.

The purpose of this provision is to give flexibility to shareholders to vary our share capital by effecting a sub-division and to alter the rights attaching to the sub-divided shares in order to facilitate transactions where shareholders provide benefits or contribute assets to our company in consideration for an enhancement of the rights of their shares instead of issuing new shares. However, as the minority shareholders will not be able to prevent the majority shareholders from effecting such sub-division and designation of special rights or restrictions, such rights of our majority shareholders may discourage investors from making an investment in us, which may have a material adverse effect on the price of our ADSs.

The quorum for the general meeting of our shareholders is one-third of our issued voting shares. Accordingly, shareholder resolutions may be passed without the presence of the majority of our shareholders in person or by proxy.

The quorum required for the general meeting of our shareholders is two shareholders entitled to vote and present in person or by proxy or, if the shareholder is a corporation, by its duly authorized representative representing not less than one-third in nominal value of our total issued voting shares. Therefore, subject to obtaining the requisite approval from a majority of the shareholders so present, a shareholder resolution may be passed at our shareholder meetings without the presence of the majority of our shareholders present in person or by proxy. Such rights by the holders of a minority of our shares may discourage investors from making an investment in us, which may have a material and adverse effect on the price of our ADSs.

If a poll is not demanded at our shareholder meetings, voting will be by show of hands and shares will not be proportionately represented.

Voting at any of our shareholder meetings is by show of hands unless a poll is demanded. A poll may be demanded by the chairperson of the meeting, or by at least three shareholders present in person or by proxy, or by any shareholder or shareholders present in person or by proxy holding at least 10% of the total voting rights of all shareholders having the right to vote at the meeting, or by a shareholder or shareholders present in person or by proxy holding shares conferring a right to vote at the meeting being shares on which an aggregate sum has been paid up equal to not less than one-tenth of the total sum paid up on the shares conferring that right. If a poll is demanded, each shareholder present in person or by proxy will have one vote for each ordinary share registered in his name. If a poll is not demanded, voting will be by show of hands and each shareholder present in person or by proxy will have one vote regardless of the number of shares registered in his name. In the absence of a poll, shares therefore will not be proportionately represented.

Risks Related to Doing Business in China

Adverse changes in political and economic policies of the PRC government could have a material and adverse effect on the overall economic growth of China, which could reduce the demand for our products and materially and adversely affect our competitive position.

Our business is based in China and some of our sales are made in China. Accordingly, our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects are affected significantly by economic, political and legal developments in China. The Chinese economy differs from the economies of most developed countries in many respects, including the level of government involvement, the level of development, the growth rate, the control of foreign exchange, and the allocation of resources. While the Chinese economy has grown significantly in the past 30 years, the growth has been uneven, both geographically and across various sectors of the economy. The PRC government has implemented various measures to encourage economic growth and guide the allocation of resources. Some of these measures benefit the overall Chinese economy, but may have a negative effect on us. For example, our financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected by government control over capital investments or changes in tax regulations that are applicable to us.

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In addition, we cannot assure you that the Chinese economy will continue to grow, or that if there is growth, such growth will be steady and uniform, or that if there is a slowdown, such slowdown will not have a negative effect on our business. For example, the growth rate of China’s gross domestic product has slowed down in recent years, from 7.4% in 2014 to 6.9% in 2015. The Chinese government has set the expected gross domestic product growth rate at 6.5% - 7% for 2016. We cannot assure you that the various macroeconomic measures, monetary policies and economic stimulus package adopted by the PRC government to guide economic growth and the allocation of resources will be effective in sustaining the rapid growth rate of the Chinese economy.

The Chinese economy has been transitioning from a planned economy to a more market-oriented economy. Although in recent years the PRC government has implemented measures emphasizing the utilization of market forces for economic reform, the reduction of state ownership of productive assets, and the establishment of sound corporate governance in business enterprises, a substantial portion of the productive assets in China is still owned by the PRC government. The continued control of these assets and other aspects of the national economy by the PRC government could materially and adversely affect our business. The PRC government also exercises significant control over Chinese economic growth through allocating resources, controlling payment of foreign currency-denominated obligations, setting monetary policy and providing preferential treatment to particular industries or companies.

Any adverse change in the economic conditions or government policies in China could have a material and adverse effect on overall economic growth and the level of renewable energy investments and expenditures in China, which in turn could lead to a reduction in demand for our products and consequently have a material and adverse effect on our businesses.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system could have a material and adverse effect on us and substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the enactment timetable, the final version, interpretation and implementation of draft PRC Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands and are subject to laws and regulations applicable to foreign investment in China and, in particular, laws applicable to Sino-foreign equity joint venture companies and wholly foreign owned companies. The PRC legal system is based on written statutes. Prior court decisions may be cited for reference but have limited precedential value. Since 1979, PRC legislation and regulations have significantly enhanced the protections afforded to various forms of foreign investment in China. However, since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to evolve rapidly, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform, and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involve uncertainties, which may limit legal protections available to us. In addition, any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention. However, since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to evolve rapidly, the interpretations of laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform, and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involve uncertainties, which may limit legal protections available to us. In addition, any litigation in China may be protracted and result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention.

The Ministry of Commerce published a discussion draft of the proposed Foreign Investment Law in January 2015 aiming to, upon its enactment, replace the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in China, namely, the Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-invested Enterprise Law, together with their implementation rules and ancillary regulations. The draft Foreign Investment Law embodies an expected PRC regulatory trend to rationalize its foreign investment regulatory regime in line with prevailing international practice and the legislative efforts to unify the corporate legal requirements for both foreign and domestic investments. The Ministry of Commerce has solicited comments on this draft and substantial uncertainties exist with respect to its enactment timetable, the final version, interpretation and implementation. The draft Foreign Investment Law, if enacted as proposed, may materially impact our corporate governance practice and increase our compliance costs. For instance, the draft Foreign Investment Law imposes stringent ad hoc and periodic information reporting requirements on foreign investors and the applicable FIEs. Aside from investment implementation report and investment amendment report that are required at each investment and alteration of investment specifics, an annual report is mandatory, and large foreign investors meeting certain criteria are required to report on a quarterly basis. Any company found to be non-compliant with these information reporting obligations may potentially be subject to fines and/or administrative or criminal liabilities, and the persons directly responsible may be subject to criminal liabilities. It is uncertain when the draft would be signed into law and whether the final version would have any substantial changes from the draft.

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The PRC rule on mergers and acquisitions may subject us to sanctions, fines and other penalties and negatively affect our ability to acquire complementary businesses in order to grow our business in the future.

On August 8, 2006, six PRC government and regulatory authorities, including the PRC Ministry of Commerce, or the MOFCOM, and the Chinese Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, promulgated a rule entitled Provisions regarding Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rule, which became effective on September 8, 2006 and was amended on June 22, 2009. The M&A Rule, as amended, among other things, established procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors time-consuming and complex, including requirements in some instances that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor takes control of a PRC domestic enterprise or of a foreign company with substantial PRC operations, if certain thresholds are triggered under the Provisions on Thresholds for Prior Notification of Concentrations of Undertakings, issued by the State Council on August 3, 2008. Furthermore, MOFCOM promulgated the Rules of Ministry of Commerce on Implementation of Security Review System of Mergers and Acquisition of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors in August 2011, or the MOFCOM Security Review Rules, which came into effect on September 1, 2011, to implement the Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Establishing the Security Review System for Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors promulgated on February 3, 2011, or Circular No. 6. According to Circular No. 6, a security review is required for mergers and acquisitions by foreign investors of PRC domestic enterprises (i) having “national defense and security” concerns, and (ii) where the foreign investors may acquire the “de facto control” of PRC domestic enterprises having national security concerns such as key farm products, key energy and resources, and key infrastructure, transportation, technology and major equipment manufacturing industries. Circular No. 6, however, does not define the terms “key” or “major”, nor has it exhausted all of the industries that may be deemed as sensitive industries subject to a security review. When deciding whether a specific merger or acquisition of a domestic enterprise by foreign investors is subject to a security review by MOFCOM, the principle of “substance over form” should be applied. Foreign investors are prohibited from bypassing the security review requirement by structuring transactions through nominee holding structures, trusts, indirect investments, leases, loans, control through contractual arrangements, offshore transactions, or other means. We believe that our current business is not in an industry that is sensitive or related to national security. However, we cannot preclude the possibility that MOFCOM or other government agencies may release interpretations or new rules contrary to our understanding, or broaden the scope of such security review in the future. In the future, we may grow our business in part by acquiring complementary businesses, although we do not have any plans to do so at this time. Complying with the requirements of these regulations in order to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval from the MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit the completion of such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business and maintain our market share.

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PRC regulations relating to overseas investment by PRC residents may restrict our overseas and cross-border investment activities and adversely affect the implementation of our strategy as well as our business and prospects.

In 2005, the PRC State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE, issued a number of rules regarding offshore investments by PRC residents. The rule currently in effect, the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Control on Domestic Residents’ Offshore Investment and Financing and Roundtrip Investment through Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37, was issued on July 4, 2014, which replaced the former circular commonly known as SAFE Circular 75 promulgated by SAFE on October 21, 2005. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in SAFE Circular 37 as a special purpose vehicle. SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event. In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiary. Furthermore, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls. On February 13, 2015, SAFE released the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment, or SAFE Circular 13, which will become effective on June 1, 2015. According to this notice, local banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registration for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, under SAFE Circular 37. However, since the notice has not yet come into effect, there exists a high degree of uncertainty as to how it will be interpreted and implemented by governmental authorities and banks. Since we are a Cayman Islands company with a substantial portion of our shares held by Yingli Power Holding Company Ltd., a British Virgin Islands company controlled by Mr. Liansheng Miao, our chairperson and chief executive officer who is a PRC resident, Mr. Miao is subject to the registration requirements under SAFE Circular 37 and other related rules.

Mr. Miao made the requisite SAFE registration under SAFE Circular 75 with respect to his investment in Yingli Power Holding Company Ltd. and us in August 2006. Mr. Miao amended his SAFE registration in June 2007, January 2008, October 2009 and January 2014, in connection with our initial public offering in June 2007, our secondary and convertible senior notes offerings in December 2007, our issuance of senior secured convertible notes and the follow-on offering in 2009, and the change of Mr. Miao’s shareholding in Yingli Power Holding Company Ltd. and us in 2014, respectively. Mr. Miao amended his SAFE registration under SAFE Circular 75 in accordance with SAFE Circular 37 in connection with our follow-on offering in 2014. We have requested other of our beneficial owners who are PRC residents to make the necessary applications and filings in connection with our offshore financing transactions as required under SAFE Circular 37 and relevant SAFE guidance. However, we may not be informed of the identities of all the PRC residents holding direct or indirect interest in our company, and we cannot provide any assurance that these PRC residents will comply with our request to make or obtain any applicable registrations or comply with other requirements under SAFE Circular 37 or other related rules. The failure or inability of Mr. Miao or any of our PRC resident shareholders to comply with the registration procedures set forth in SAFE Circular 37 and other related rules may subject Mr. Miao or other PRC resident shareholders to fines and legal penalties, result in potential liability for our PRC subsidiaries, and in some instances, for their legal representatives and other liable individuals, limit our ability to contribute additional capital into or provide loans to our PRC subsidiaries, and also may limit the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends or otherwise distribute profits to us, or otherwise adversely affect us. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview — PRC Governmental Regulations — Regulation of Foreign Exchange in Certain Onshore and Offshore Transactions”.

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Dividends we may receive from our operating subsidiaries located in the PRC may be subject to PRC withholding tax.

The Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, and its implementation rules provide that withholding tax at a rate of 10% is applicable to dividends payable to non-PRC investors that are “non-resident enterprises”, to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC, unless any such non-PRC investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. Furthermore, a circular issued on February 22, 2008 by the Ministry of Finance, or the MOF, and the State Administration of Taxation stipulates that undistributed earnings generated prior to January 1, 2008 are exempt from enterprise income tax. We are a Cayman Islands holding company, Yingli Green Energy (International) Holding Company Limited, or Yingli International, is a British Virgin Islands intermediate holding company, and Cyber Lighting Holding Company Limited, or Cyber Lighting, is a Hong Kong intermediate holding company. The Cayman Islands and the British Virgin Islands where such holding companies are incorporated do not have a tax treaty with China. According to the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Taxes on Income entered into in August 2006, or the Mainland and the Hong Kong Taxation Arrangement, subject to the confirmation of the local tax authority in charge, dividends paid by a foreign-invested enterprise in China to its direct holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to withholding tax at a rate of no more than 5%, if the foreign investor is the “beneficial owner” and owns directly at least 25% the equity interests in the foreign-invested enterprise. Furthermore, the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Notice on How to Understand and Determine the Beneficial Owners in Tax Agreement s in October 2009, or Circular 601, which provides guidance for determining whether a resident of a contracting country is the “beneficial owner” of an item of income under China’s tax treaties and tax arrangements. According to Circular 601, a beneficial owner generally must be engaged in substantive business activities. An agent or conduit company will not be regarded as a beneficial owner and, therefore, will not qualify for treaty benefits. A conduit company normally refers to a company that is set up for the purpose of avoiding or reducing taxes or transferring or accumulating profits. Substantially all of our income may be derived from dividends we receive from our operating subsidiaries located in the PRC. Thus, dividends for earnings accumulated beginning on January 1, 2008 payable to us by our subsidiaries in China, if any, will be subject to a 10% withholding tax or, in the case of the dividends paid to Cyber Lighting, 5% withholding tax (subject to the confirmation of the local tax authority), if we are considered under the EIT Law to be a “non-resident enterprise”. We intend indefinitely to reinvest undistributed earnings accumulated in and after 2008 and therefore have not recognized a deferred income tax liability with respect to those earnings. If we are subject under the EIT Law to such withholding tax for any dividends we may receive from our subsidiaries, it will materially and adversely increase our income tax expenses.

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We and some of our subsidiaries may be deemed resident enterprises under the EIT Law and be subject to PRC taxation as to our worldwide income.

The EIT Law also provides that enterprises established outside China whose “de facto management bodies” are located in China are considered “resident enterprises” and generally are subject to the uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate as to their worldwide income. Under the implementation rules for the EIT Law issued by the State Council, a “de facto management body” is defined as a body that has substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, properties and other factors of an enterprise. On April 22, 2009, the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Notice Regarding the Determination of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or SAT Circular 82 which sets out criteria for determining whether “de facto management bodies” are located in China for overseas incorporated, domestically controlled enterprises. However, as this circular only applies to enterprises incorporated under laws of foreign countries or regions that are controlled by PRC enterprises or groups of PRC enterprises, it remains unclear how the tax authorities will determine the location of “de facto management bodies” for enterprises incorporated overseas that are controlled by individual PRC residents like us and some of our subsidiaries. Therefore, although substantially all of our management is currently located in the PRC, it remains unclear whether the PRC tax authorities would require or permit our overseas registered entities to be treated as PRC resident enterprises. If the PRC tax authorities determine that Yingli Green Energy and some of our subsidiaries, such as Yingli International, Yingli Capital, Yingli Hong Kong, Cyber Power and Cyber Lighting, are PRC resident enterprises, we and such subsidiaries may be subject to enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% as to our global income, which could have an impact on our effective tax rate and a material and adverse effect on our net income and results of operations, although dividends distributed from our PRC subsidiaries to us would be exempt from the PRC dividend withholding tax, since such income distribution is exempted under the EIT Law if paid to PRC resident recipients.

Dividends payable by us to non-PRC holders of our ordinary shares or ADS and gains on the sale of our ordinary shares or ADSs may become subject to taxes under PRC tax laws.

Under the EIT Law and implementation rules issued by the State Council, PRC withholding tax at a rate of 10% is applicable to payments of dividends to investors that are “non-resident enterprises,” which do not have an establishment or place of business in the PRC, or which have such establishment or place of business but the relevant income is not effectively connected with the establishment or place of business, to the extent that such payments of dividends have their sources within the PRC. PRC withholding tax at a rate of 20% is applicable to payments of dividends to investors who are non-resident individuals, to the extent that such payments of dividends have their sources within the PRC. Any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or ordinary shares by such investors also is subject to PRC income tax if such gain constitutes income derived from sources within the PRC. It is currently unclear what constitutes income derived from sources within the PRC. Therefore, it is unclear whether dividends we may pay with respect to our ordinary shares or ADSs, or the gain you may realize from the transfer of our ordinary shares or ADSs, would be treated as income derived from sources within the PRC and be subject to PRC tax if we were treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Furthermore, according to Circular 601, a beneficial owner generally must be engaged in substantive business activities. An agent or conduit company will not be regarded as a beneficial owner and, therefore, will not qualify for treaty benefits. A conduit company normally refers to a company that is set up for the purpose of avoiding or reducing taxes or transferring or accumulating profits. We cannot assure you that any dividends to be distributed by us to our non-PRC shareholders and ADS holders whose jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China providing for a different withholding arrangement will be entitled to the benefits under that relevant withholding arrangement. If we are required under the EIT Law to withhold PRC income tax on dividends payable to non-PRC holders of our ordinary shares or ADSs, or if you are required to pay PRC income tax on the transfer of our ordinary shares or ADSs, the value of your investment in our ordinary shares or ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

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We face uncertainties with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises or other assets attributed to a Chinese establishment of a non-Chinese company, or immovable properties located in China owned by non-Chinese companies. PRC tax authorities’ heightened scrutiny of acquisition transactions involving any such indirect transfer may have a negative impact on our acquisition strategy.

On February 3, 2015, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or Bulletin 7, which replaced or supplemented previous rules under the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or Circular 698, issued by the State Administration of Taxation, on December 10, 2009. Pursuant to this Bulletin, an “indirect transfer” of assets, including equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. According to Bulletin 7, “PRC taxable assets” include assets attributed to an establishment in China, immoveable properties located in China, and equity investments in PRC resident enterprises, in respect of which gains from their transfer by a direct holder, being a non-PRC resident enterprise, would be subject to PRC enterprise income taxes. When determining whether there is a “reasonable commercial purpose” of the transaction arrangement, features to be taken into consideration include: whether the main value of the equity interest of the relevant offshore enterprise derives from PRC taxable assets; whether the assets of the relevant offshore enterprise mainly consists of direct or indirect investment in China or if its income mainly derives from China; whether the offshore enterprise and its subsidiaries directly or indirectly holding PRC taxable assets have real commercial nature which is evidenced by their actual function and risk exposure; the duration of existence of the business model and organizational structure; the replicability of the transaction by direct transfer of PRC taxable assets; and the tax situation of such indirect transfer and applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. In respect of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment, the resulting gain is to be included with the enterprise income tax filing of the PRC establishment or place of business being transferred, and would consequently be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to the immoveable properties located in China or to equity investments in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not related to a PRC establishment or place of business of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax at 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the payer bears the withholding obligation. Where the payer fails to withhold any or sufficient tax, the transferor shall declare and pay such tax to the tax authority by itself within the statutory time limit. Late payment of applicable tax will subject the transferor to default interest. Bulletin 7 does not apply to transactions of sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange.

There is uncertainty as to the application of Bulletin 7 and the previous rules under Circular 698. Tax authorities may determine that Bulletin 7 is applicable to any offshore transaction involving both us and a non-PRC resident enterprise. As a result, both transferors and transferees may be subject to obligations to withhold, or make filings regarding, EIT, and one or more of our PRC subsidiaries may need to assist with such filing. Furthermore, we and one or more of our non-PRC resident enterprises or PRC subsidiaries may need to spend valuable resources in order to comply with Bulletin 7, or to establish that we and our non-PRC resident enterprises should not be taxed under Bulletin 7. Any such expenditure of valuable resources may have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Restrictions on currency exchange may limit our ability to receive dividends from our PRC subsidiaries and their ability to obtain overseas financing.

Under the Foreign Currency Administration Rules, the foreign exchange incomes of domestic entities and individuals can be remitted into China or deposited abroad, subject to terms and conditions to be issued by SAFE. Our PRC subsidiaries are able to pay dividends to their shareholders, including us, in foreign currency without prior approval from SAFE, by complying with certain procedural requirements. However, we cannot assure you that in the future the PRC government will not take measures to restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions, including payment of such dividends.

Foreign exchange transactions for capital account items, such as direct equity investments, loans and repatriation of investments, by our PRC subsidiaries continue to be subject to significant foreign exchange controls and require the approval of PRC governmental authorities, including SAFE. In particular, if our PRC subsidiaries borrow foreign currency-denominated loans from us or other foreign lenders, these loans must be registered with the local offices of SAFE. These limitations could affect their ability to obtain additional equity or debt funding that is denominated in foreign currencies.

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PRC regulation of direct investment and loans by offshore holding companies to PRC entities may delay or limit us from making additional capital contributions or loans to our PRC subsidiaries.

Any capital contributions or loans that we, as an offshore entity, make to our PRC subsidiaries are subject to PRC regulations. For example, any of our loans to our PRC subsidiaries cannot exceed the difference between the total amount of investment our PRC subsidiaries are approved to make under relevant PRC laws and the respective registered capital of our PRC subsidiaries, and must be registered with the local branch of SAFE as a procedural matter. In addition, our capital contributions to our PRC subsidiaries must be approved by MOFCOM or its local counterpart. We cannot assure you that we will be able to obtain these approvals on a timely basis, or at all. If we fail to obtain such approvals, our ability to make equity contributions or to provide loans to our PRC subsidiaries or to fund their operations may be negatively affected, which could adversely affect their liquidity and its ability to fund their working capital and expansion projects and meet their obligations and commitments. In addition, our capital contributions and, in limited circumstances, loans, to Tianwei Yingli also are subject to approvals by Tianwei Baobian, the holder of the minority equity interest in Tianwei Yingli. See “Item 4.A. History and Development of the Company — Joint Venture Contract — Increase or Reduction of Tianwei Yingli’s Registered Capital”.

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We rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC operating subsidiaries and limitations on their ability to pay dividends to us could have a material and adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We are a holding company and we rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our major PRC operating subsidiaries, including Tianwei Yingli, Yingli China, and Hainan Yingli New Energy Resources Co., Ltd., or Hainan Yingli, a PRC limited liability company and a majority-owned subsidiary of Yingli China, for our cash and financing requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders, to service any debt we may incur and to pay our operating expenses. If Tianwei Yingli, Yingli China, Hainan Yingli, Tianjin Yingli or Lixian Yingli incurs debt on their own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict their ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. As entities established in China, Tianwei Yingli, Yingli China, Hainan Yingli, Tianjin Yingli and Lixian Yingli are subject to certain limitations with respect to dividend payments. PRC regulations currently permit payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits as determined in accordance with accounting standards and regulations in China.

As a Sino-foreign equity joint venture, Tianwei Yingli also is required each year to set aside a percentage, as decided by its board of directors, of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to its reserve fund, enterprise development fund and employee bonus and welfare fund. As of December 31, 2015, such restricted reserves of Tianwei Yingli amounted to RMB236.9 million (US$36.6 million).

As a foreign investment enterprise, Yingli China is required to allocate at least 10% of its after-tax profits to its reserve fund until the cumulative amount of such reserve fund reaches 50% of its registered capital, and to set aside a certain amount of its after-tax profits each year, if any, to its employee bonus and welfare fund. These reserves may not be distributed as cash dividends. As of December 31, 2015, such restricted reserves of Yingli China amounted to RMB183.9 million (US$28.4 million).

As a PRC domestic company, Hainan Yingli is required to allocate at least 10% of its after-tax profits to its reserve fund until the cumulative amount of such reserve fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves may not be distributed as cash dividends. As of December 31, 2015, such restricted reserves of Hainan Yingli amounted to RMB56.1 million (US$8.7 million).

As a PRC domestic company, Tianjin Yingli is required to allocate at least 10% of its after-tax profits to its reserve fund until the cumulative amount of such reserve fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves may not be distributed as cash dividends. As of December 31, 2015, such restricted reserves of Tianjin Yingli amounted to RMB9.7 million (US$1.5 million).

As a PRC domestic company, Lixian Yingli is required to allocate at least 10% of its after-tax profits to its reserve fund until the cumulative amount of such reserve fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. These reserves may not be distributed as cash dividends. As of December 31, 2015, such restricted reserves of Lixian Yingli amounted to RMB2.0 million (US$0.3 million).

In addition, if any of our PRC operating subsidiaries incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. Limitations on the ability of our PRC operating subsidiaries to pay dividends to us could adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our businesses, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business. Accordingly, if for any of the above or other reasons, we cannot receive dividends from our PRC operating subsidiaries, our liquidity, financial condition and ability to make dividend distributions to our shareholders will be materially and adversely affected.

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SAFE rules and regulations may limit our ability to convert and transfer the net proceeds from our financings to our PRC subsidiaries, which may adversely affect the business expansions of our PRC subsidiaries, and we may not be able to convert the net proceeds from our financings into Renminbi to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies.

On August 29, 2008, SAFE promulgated Circular 142, or SAFE Notice 142, a notice regulating the conversion by a foreign invested company of foreign currency into Renminbi by restricting how the converted Renminbi may be used. The notice requires that the registered capital of a foreign-invested company, which is settled in Renminbi and converted from foreign currencies, may only be used for purposes within that company’s business scope approved by the applicable governmental authority and may not be used for equity investments within the PRC. In addition, SAFE heightened its scrutiny of the flow and purpose of use of the registered capital of a foreign-invested company settled in Renminbi converted from foreign currencies. The purpose of use for such Renminbi capital shall be within the business scope of the user as approved by the relevant governmental authority, and may not be changed without SAFE’s approval, and may not in any case be used to repay Renminbi loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been used. Violations of SAFE Notice 142 may result in severe penalties, such as heavy fines. On July 15, 2014, SAFE issued a SAFE Notice 36 which launched the pilot reform of administration regarding conversion of foreign currency registered capitals of foreign-invested enterprises in 16 pilot areas. According to the SAFE Notice 36, an ordinary foreign-invested enterprise with a business scope containing “investment” in the pilot areas is permitted to use Renminbi converted from its foreign-currency registered capital to make equity investments in the PRC, subject to certain registration and settlement procedure as set forth in the SAFE Notice 36.

On November 19, 2012, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Further Improving and Adjusting the Policies on Administration of Foreign Exchange under Direct Investment, or Circular 59, which came into force on December 17, 2012. Circular 59 relaxes the foreign exchange controls over inbound and outbound investments by PRC companies and simplifies the current administrative system, especially in foreign currency capital settlement and foreign exchange registration procedures of foreign invested enterprises. On November 9, 2011, SAFE also promulgated a Circular 45, which, among other things, restricts a foreign-invested enterprise from using RMB converted from its registered capital to provide entrusted loans or repay loans between non-financial enterprises.

The SAFE Notice 142 and SAFE Notice 36 were replaced by SAFE Notice 19 on June 1, 2015. The SAFE Notice 19 expands the reform of administration regarding conversion of foreign currency registered capitals of foreign-invested enterprises pursuant to the SAFE Notice 36 to a nationwide scope. According to the SAFE Notice 19, the RMB capital converted from foreign currency registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise may be used for purposes within the business scope, make payment of equity investment and may not be used to repay inter-enterprise loans or RMB loans already refinanced to any third party.

However, as the restrictions imposed by the SAFE Notice 142, Circular 59 and Circular 45 are still effective and may significantly limit our ability to transfer the net proceeds from our financings to our PRC subsidiaries, the business expansions of our PRC subsidiaries may be adversely affected. In addition, considering that SAFE Notice 19 is lately promulgated and has not taken effective yet, it is unclear how it will be implemented and there exist high uncertainties with respect to its interpretation and implementation by authorities.

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All employee participants in our existing stock option plans who are PRC citizens may be required to register with SAFE. We also may face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt additional option plans for our directors and employees under PRC law.

Pursuant to the Implementation Rules of the Administrative Measures on Individual Foreign Exchange, or the Individual Foreign Exchange Rules, promulgated on January 5, 2007 by SAFE and the Notices on Issues concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Share Incentive Plans of Overseas-listed Companies , or the Share Option Rules, promulgated in February 2012 by SAFE, which terminated the Operating Procedures on Administration of Foreign Exchange for Domestic Individuals Participating in Employee Share Ownership Plans and Share Option Plans of Overseas-listed Companies issued by SAFE in March 2007, PRC citizens or residents habitually residing in the PRC continuously for over one year, who are granted shares or share options by an overseas-listed company according to its employee share option or share incentive plan are required, through the PRC subsidiary of such overseas-listed company or qualified PRC agents, to register with SAFE and complete certain other procedures related to the shareholding plan, share option plan or other similar share incentive plans. Concurrent with the registration with SAFE, the PRC subsidiary or qualified PRC agent shall obtain approval for an annual foreign exchange allowance in connection with potential exercises under the shareholding or share option plan as well as an approval for opening a special foreign exchange account in a domestic PRC bank to hold the funds required to exercise such share purchase or share option right, returned principal or profits upon sale of shares, dividends issued on the stock, and any other income or expenditures approved by SAFE. Currently, participating PRC residents’ foreign exchange income received from the sale of shares or dividends distributed by an overseas-listed company must be fully remitted into the domestic foreign currency account before being distributed to such participants. In addition, the PRC agents are required to amend or deregister the registrations with SAFE in case of any material change in, or termination of, the share incentive plans, within the time periods provided by the Share Option Rules. Any failure to comply with such provisions may subject us and the participants of our employee stock option plan who are PRC citizens to fines and legal sanctions and prevent us from further granting options under our employee stock option plan to our employees, which could adversely affect our business operations.

We face risks related to health epidemics and other outbreaks of contagious diseases.

Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, or SARS, avian flu, or another epidemic or outbreak. In 2005 and 2006, there were reports on occurrences of avian flu in various parts of China, including a few confirmed human cases. During 2007 and early 2008, there were reports of outbreaks of a highly pathogenic avian flu, caused by the H5N1 virus, in certain regions of Asia and Europe. In 2009 and 2010, there were reports on occurrences of swine flu, caused by the H1N1 virus, in Mexico, the United States, China and certain other countries and regions around the world. In 2013, there were reports on occurrences of avian flu, caused by the H7N9 virus, in certain regions in China. An outbreak of avian flu or swine flu in the human population could result in a widespread health crisis that could adversely affect the economies and financial markets of many countries, particularly in Asia. Additionally, any recurrence of SARS, a highly contagious form of atypical pneumonia, similar to the occurrence in 2003 which affected China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Vietnam and certain other countries, also would have similar adverse effects. The current Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa that began in March 2014 is the largest and most complex Ebola outbreak since the Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976. This Ebola outbreak was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization on August 8, 2014. These outbreaks of contagious diseases, and other adverse public health developments in China, would have a material and adverse effect on our business operations. These could include restrictions on our ability to travel or to ship our products outside of China, as well as cause temporary closure of our manufacturing facilities. Such closures or travel or shipment restrictions would severely disrupt our business operations and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We have not adopted any written preventive measures or contingency plans to combat any future outbreak of avian flu, swine flu, SARS or any other epidemic.

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Risks Related to our ADSs

The market price for our ADSs has been volatile.

The market price for our ADSs has been and will continue to be highly volatile. Since the ADSs became listed on the NYSE on June 8, 2007, the trading prices of the ADSs, after retroactively adjusted to reflect the current ADS-to-ordinary share ratio of one ADS to ten ordinary shares, had ranged from US$3.02 to US$414.0 per ADS. On August 13, 2015, we received a notice from the New York Stock Exchange, or the NYSE, stating that we were not in compliance with the NYSE’s price criteria for continued listing because, as of August 12, 2015, the average closing price of the ADSs was less than $1.00 per ADS over a consecutive 30 trading-day period. Thus, on December 28, 2015, we announced a plan to change the ratio of ADSs to ordinary shares from a ratio of one (1) ADS to one (1) ordinary shares to a ratio of one (1) ADS to ten (10) ordinary shares, which ratio change became effective on December 28, 2015. The corresponding effect on the price of the ADSs also took place on December 28, 2015.

On January 6, 2016, we were notified by the NYSE that we had regained compliance with NYSE’s continued listing criteria regarding the price of the ADSs since the average closing price of the ADSs for the consecutive 30 trading days ended December 31, 2015 and the closing price of the ADSs on December 31, 2015 both exceeded US$1.00. The last reported trading price of our ADSs on May 12, 2016 was US$3.48 per ADS.

The price of our ADSs may continue to fluctuate in response to factors including the following:

announcements of any significant change in our business, financial condition and results of operations;

announcements of technological or competitive developments;

regulatory developments in our target markets affecting us, our customers or our competitors;

announcements regarding patent litigation or the issuance of patents to us or our competitors;

announcements of studies and reports relating to the conversion efficiencies of our products or those of our competitors;

actual or anticipated fluctuations in our quarterly results of operations;

changes in financial projections or estimates about our financial or operational performance by securities research analysts;

changes in the economic performance or market valuations of other PV technology companies;

addition or departure of our executive officers and key research personnel;

release or expiry of lock-up or other transfer restrictions on our outstanding ordinary shares or ADSs; and

sales or perceived sales of additional ordinary shares or ADSs.

In addition, the securities market has from time to time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are not related to the operating performance of particular companies. These market fluctuations also may have a material and adverse effect on the market price of our ADSs.

Substantial future sales or perceived sales of our ADSs in the public market could cause the price of our ADSs to decline.

As of May 16, 2016, we had 181,763,770 ordinary shares outstanding, including 128,602,330 ordinary shares represented by ADSs. All ADSs sold in our public offerings are freely transferable without restriction or additional registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act. All of the remaining ordinary shares outstanding are, subject to the applicable requirements of Rule 144 under the Securities Act, available for sale. If our existing shareholders sell, or are perceived as intending to sell, substantial amounts of our ordinary shares or ADSs, including those issued upon the exercise of our outstanding stock options, the market price of our ADSs could fall. Such sales, or perceived potential sales, by our existing shareholders might make it more difficult for us to issue new equity or equity-related securities in the future at such a time and place as we deem appropriate.

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Holders of ADSs have fewer rights than shareholders and must act through the depositary to exercise those rights.

Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our shareholders and may only exercise voting rights with respect to the underlying ordinary shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. As a holder of ADSs, you will not be treated as one of our shareholders and you will not have shareholder rights. Instead, the depositary will be treated as the holder of the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs. While you may exercise some shareholders’ rights through the depositary and you have the right to withdraw the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs from the deposit facility, such rights are subject to various limitations and restrictions as set forth in the deposit agreement. Under our current articles of association, the minimum notice period required to convene a general meeting is ten days. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient notice of a shareholders’ meeting to permit you to withdraw your ordinary shares to allow you to cast your vote with respect to any specific matter. In addition, the depositary and its agents may not be able to send voting instructions to you or carry out your voting instructions in a timely manner. We plan to make reasonable efforts to cause the depositary to extend voting rights to you in a timely manner, but we cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote your ADSs. Furthermore, the depositary and its agents will not be responsible for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and you may lack recourse if your ADSs are not voted as you had requested. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to call a shareholder meeting.

The depositary for the ADSs will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our ordinary shares underlying your ADSs if you do not vote at shareholders’ meetings, except in limited circumstances, which could adversely affect your interests.

Under the deposit agreement for the ADSs, the depositary will give us a discretionary proxy to vote our ordinary shares underlying your ADSs at shareholders’ meetings if you do not vote, unless:

we have failed to provide the depositary with notice of the meeting at least 45 days prior to the date of such shareholders’ meeting;

we have informed the depositary in writing that (i) we do not wish a discretionary proxy to be given; (ii) substantial opposition exists with respect to any agenda item for which the proxy would be given; or (iii) the agenda item in question, if approved, would materially or adversely affect the rights of holders of ordinary shares;

we have failed to provide the depositary with an opinion of our counsel in form and substance satisfactory to the depositary to the effect that (a) the granting of such discretionary proxy does not subject the depositary to any reporting obligations in the Cayman Islands, (b) the granting of such proxy will not result in a violation of Cayman Islands law, rule, regulation or permit, (c) the voting arrangement and deemed instruction as contemplated in the deposit agreement will be given effect under Cayman Islands law, and (d) the granting of such discretionary proxy will not under any circumstances result in the ordinary shares represented by the ADSs being treated as assets of the depositary under Cayman Islands law; or

voting at the meeting is made on a show of hands.

The effect of this discretionary proxy is that you cannot prevent the ordinary shares underlying your ADSs from being voted, absent the situations described above, and it may make it more difficult for shareholders to influence our management. Holders of our ordinary shares are not subject to this discretionary proxy.

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You may not receive distributions on our ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary of the ADSs has agreed to pay you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian for the ADSs receives on our ordinary shares or other deposited securities after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of our ordinary shares which your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act but that are not properly registered or distributed pursuant to an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary is not responsible for making a distribution available to any holders of ADSs if any government approval or registration required for such distribution cannot be obtained after reasonable efforts are made by the depositary. The depositary may also determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under Securities Act any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of the ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of the ADSs either. This means that you may not receive the distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may have a material and adverse effect on the value of your ADSs.

You may be subject to limitations on transfers of your ADSs.

Your ADSs are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its transfer books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient. In addition, subject to the limitations and requirements under Form F-6 of the SEC, the depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary deem it advisable to do so because of any requirement of law or of any government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason.

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As a holder of the ADSs, your right to participate in any future rights offerings may be limited, which may cause dilution to your holdings.

We may from time to time distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire our securities. However, we cannot make rights available to you in the United States unless we register the rights and the securities to which the rights relate under the Securities Act or an exemption from the registration requirements is available. Also, under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not make rights available to you unless both the rights and the underlying securities to be distributed to ADS holders are registered under the Securities Act, or the distribution of them to ADS holders is exempted from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs. We are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to any such rights or securities or to endeavor to cause such a registration statement to be declared effective. Moreover, we may not be able to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act to distribute such rights and securities. Accordingly, as a holder of the ADSs, you may not be able to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution in your holdings.

We are a Cayman Islands company and, because judicial precedent regarding the rights of shareholders is more limited under Cayman Islands law relative to U.S. law, you may have less protection for your shareholder rights than you otherwise would under U.S. law.

Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Cayman Islands Companies Law (as amended) and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against the directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as that from English common law, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions of the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands have a body of securities laws that is less developed than that of the United States. In addition, some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have bodies of corporate law that are more fully developed and judicially interpreted than those of the Cayman Islands. As a result of all of the above, shareholders of a Cayman Islands company may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of the board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as shareholders of a company incorporated in a jurisdiction of the United States. For example, contrary to the general practice of most corporations incorporated in the United States, Cayman Islands law does not require that shareholders approve sales of all or substantially all of a company’s assets. The limitations described above also will apply to the depositary who is treated as the holder of the shares underlying your ADSs.

You may have difficulty enforcing judgments obtained against us.

We are a Cayman Islands company and a substantial majority of our assets are located outside of the United States. A substantial majority of our current operations are conducted in the PRC. In addition, most of our directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States and a substantial majority of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for you to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons. It also may be difficult for you to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts based on the civil liability provisions of U.S. federal securities laws against us and our officers and directors, most of whom are not residents in the United States and the substantial majority of whose assets are located outside of the United States. In addition, there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands or the PRC would recognize or enforce judgments of U.S. courts against us or such persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of securities laws of the United States or any state thereof. In addition, it is uncertain whether such Cayman Islands or PRC courts would be competent to hear original actions brought in the Cayman Islands or the PRC against us or such persons predicated upon securities laws of the United States or any state thereof.

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ITEM 4. INFORMATION ON THE COMPANY

History and Development of the Company

Our predecessor and one of our operating subsidiaries, Tianwei Yingli, was established as a PRC limited liability company in August 1998. Through a series of equity transfers among holders of Tianwei Yingli’s equity interests and additional equity contributions into Tianwei Yingli from 1998 to 2006, Yingli Group, a PRC company controlled by Mr. Liansheng Miao, and Tianwei Baobian, a PRC listed company, became the only two holders of equity interests in Tianwei Yingli as of August 9, 2006 and held 51% and 49% equity interests in Tianwei Yingli, respectively.

Yingli Green Energy was incorporated on August 7, 2006 in the Cayman Islands as part of a restructuring of the equity interests in Tianwei Yingli in order to facilitate investments by foreign financial investors in Tianwei Yingli and the listing of our shares on an overseas stock market to achieve such investors’ investment goal and exit and liquidity strategies. On August 25, 2006, Yingli Green Energy entered into a Sino-foreign equity joint venture company contract with Tianwei Baobian pursuant to which, among other things, we granted to Tianwei Baobian a right to subscribe for newly issued ordinary shares of us in exchange for all but not part of the equity interest in Tianwei Yingli held by Tianwei Baobian. Tianwei Baobian may exercise this subscription right only after certain conditions (as described below) are satisfied. On September 5, 2006, Yingli Group transferred all of its 51% equity interest in Tianwei Yingli to us in a transaction between entities under common control. As a result of such transfer, Tianwei Yingli became our subsidiary. For financial statements reporting purposes, Tianwei Yingli is deemed to be our predecessor. Through a series of additional equity contributions into Tianwei Yingli, we have increased our holdings to 74.01% of Tianwei Yingli’s equity interests.

In addition to Tianwei Yingli, we also have established or acquired subsidiaries in strategic locations across the PRC, including Haikou, Tianjin, Hengshui, Lhasa, Guangzhou, Beijing, Suzhou, Shandong, Guangxi and Shenzhen to manufacture, assemble or sell PV modules and systems and ancillary materials. On November 5, 2015, Hainan Yingli entered into a Capital Increase Agreement with its shareholder, Haikou National New Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone Development Holding Co., Ltd., or Haikou National, pursuant to which Haikou National used its land use rights to subscribe for newly issued equity interests in Hainan Yingli and, as a result, Haikou National’s equity interests in Hainan Yingli increased from 4.76% to 26.60%.

In August 2007, we established Yingli Green Energy (International) Holding Company Limited, or Yingli International, a British Virgin Islands company limited by shares, as our wholly-owned subsidiary and the intermediate holding company primarily for the purpose of expanding our international and domestic presence. Under Yingli International, we have established:

Yingli Energy (China) Company Ltd., or Yingli China, a PRC limited liability company, as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Yingli International. Yingli China is engaged primarily in the research, manufacturing, sale and installation of renewable energy products.

Yingli Green Energy Chile SpA, or Yingli Chile, a Chile limited liability company, as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Yingli international. Yingli Chile is primarily engaged in the sale and marketing of PV products and relevant accessories in Chile.

Yingli Green Energy Americas, Inc. or Yingli Americas, a Delaware limited liability company, as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Yingli International. Yingli Americas is engaged principally in the production, sale and marketing of PV products and relevant accessories and investments in renewable energy projects.

Yingli Green Energy Capital Holding (Hong Kong) Company Limited or Yingli Capital, a Hong Kong liability company, as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Yingli International. Yingli Capital is engaged principally in import and export trading and investments.

Yingli Energy (Beijing) Co., Ltd., or Yingli Beijing, a PRC limited liability company, with Yingli International holding 90% equity interest in Yingli Beijing. Yingli Beijing is engaged primarily in the sale and manufacture of PV modules and PV systems.

Yingli Green Energy Singapore Company Pte. Limited, or Yingli Singapore, a Singapore limited liability company, as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Yingli International. Yingli Singapore is engaged primarily in the research and experimental development of electronics.

Yingli Green Energy Mexico, or Yingli Mexico, a Mexico liability company, with Yingli International holding 98% of the equity interest in Yingli Mexico. Yingli Mexico is engaged primarily in the sale and marketing of PV modules and PV systems.

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Our principal executive offices are located at No. 3399 Chaoyang North Street, Baoding, Hebei Province, People’s Republic of China. Our telephone number at this address is (86 312) 8929-787 and our fax number is (86 312) 8929-800. Our agent for service of process in the United States is located at 489 Fifth Avenue, 9th Floor, New York, NY 10017, USA. Our registered office in the Cayman Islands is located at Cricket Square, Hutchins Drive, P.O. Box 2681, Grand Cayman, KY1-1111, Cayman Islands.

Investor inquiries should be directed to us at the address and telephone number of our principal executive offices set forth above. Our website is www.yinglisolar.com. The information contained on our website is not part of this annual report.

Our Initial Public Offering

On June 13, 2007, we completed our initial public offering, in which we offered and sold 26,550,000 ordinary shares in the form of ADSs, raising US$274.5 million in proceeds before expenses to us, and Yingli Power sold 2,450,000 ordinary shares in the form of ADSs. Upon the exercise of the underwriters’ option to purchase additional ADSs, certain of our Series A and Series B shareholders sold an aggregate of 500,000 ordinary shares in the form of ADSs.

Our Convertible Senior Notes Offering and Secondary Offering

In December 2007, we completed our convertible senior notes offering and secondary offering, in which we offered and sold an aggregate principal amount of US$172.5 million zero coupon convertible senior notes due 2012 and raised an aggregate of US$168.2 million in proceeds, before expenses, and several of our shareholders sold an aggregate of 6,440,000 ordinary shares in the form of ADSs. As of December 31, 2012, the convertible senior notes due 2012 had been fully redeemed.

Our Guaranteed Senior Secured Convertible Notes

In January 2009, we entered into a note purchase agreement with Trustbridge, under the terms of which we have issued an aggregate amount of US$49.4 million of senior secured convertible notes due 2012 to Trustbridge or its affiliate. In June 2009, we issued 2,000,000 ordinary shares to Trustbridge as a result of the conversion of US$8.7 million of the senior secured convertible notes. In the third quarter of 2010, we issued 6,000,688 ordinary shares to Trustbridge as a result of the conversion of US$26.2 million of the senior secured convertible notes. In January 2012, we issued 3,588,025 ordinary shares to Trustbridge as a result of the conversion of the remaining US$14.6 million of the senior secured convertible notes. As a result, the senior secured convertible notes have been fully converted.

ADM Capital Warrants

In January 2009, Yingli China entered into a credit agreement with ADM Capital for a three-year loan facility of up to US$80.0 million for expanding Yingli China’s production capacity expansion and general corporate uses. In April 2009, Yingli China drew down US$50.0 million of the loan facility and we entered into a warrant agreement whereby we issued to ADM Capital 4,125,000 warrants. Each warrant provides for the right to acquire one ordinary share at an initial strike price of US$5.64, which was based on the 20-trading day volume weighted average closing price per ADS on the NYSE for the period prior to the issuance of the warrant, subject to customary anti-dilution and similar adjustments. In June 2009, we and ADM Capital revised the warrant agreement and modified the terms so that (i) the initial strike price decreased from US$5.64 per share to US$5.06 per share, (ii) upon the exercise of the put option by the warrant holders, we may, at our sole discretion, elect to settle the put price in (a) cash, (b) shares or (c) a combination of cash and shares and (iii) the number of ordinary shares we are obligated to issue upon the exercise of the put option by the warrant holders was capped. In May 2010, 498,612 ordinary shares in the form of ADSs were issued to ADM Capital in connection with its exercise of 825,000 warrants. In November 2010, 511,599 ordinary shares in the form of ADSs were issued to ADM Capital in connection with its exercise of 825,000 warrants. In May 2011, 1,444,060 ordinary shares in the form of ADSs were issued to ADM Capital in connection with its exercise of 2,475,000 warrants. As a result, nil warrants remain outstanding as of the date of this annual report.

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Follow-on Offerings

In June 2009, we completed a follow-on public offering in which we offered and sold an aggregate of 18,390,000 ordinary shares in the form of ADSs, raising a total of US$227.3 million in net proceeds, and Yingli Power sold 3,000,000 ordinary shares of ADSs.

In April 2014, we completed a follow-on public offering in which we offered and sold an aggregate of 25,000,000 ordinary shares in the form of ADSs, raising a total of US$83.0 million in net proceeds.

Change of ADS-to-ordinary share ratio

We received a notice on August 13, 2015 from the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE") stating that we were not in compliance with the NYSE's price criteria for continued listing standard because, as of August 12, 2015, the average closing price of our ADSs was less than $1.00 per ADS over a consecutive 30 trading-day period.

In accordance with Section 802.01C of the NYSE's Listed Company Manual, we were provided with a period of six months ("the Cure Period") following receipt of the notice to regain compliance with the minimum share price requirement. Effective on December 28, 2015, we changed the ratio of our ADSs to ordinary shares from one (1) ADS representing one (1) ordinary share to one (1) ADS representing ten (10) ordinary shares. Pursuant to the ratio change, each shareholder of record at the close of business on December 28, 2015 was required to exchange every ten ADSs then held for one new ADS. On January 6, 2016, we were notified by NYSE that we had regained compliance with NYSE's continued listing criteria.

Joint Venture Contract with Tianwei Baobian

Tianwei Baobian was established under PRC law in September 1999 and its common shares have been listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange since January 2001. The principal business of Tianwei Baobian is the manufacture of large electricity transformers. The controlling shareholder of Tianwei Baobian is Baoding Tianwei Group Co., Ltd., or Tianwei Group, a wholly state-owned limited liability company established in the PRC in January 1991. The controlling entity of Tianwei Group is China South. Tianwei Baobian became a shareholder of Tianwei Yingli in April 2002. Revenue generated by Tianwei Yingli in 2014 represents a small portion of our total revenue in 2014.

We entered into a joint venture contract (the “2006 Joint Venture Contract”) with Tianwei Baobian on August 25, 2006 and amended the 2006 Joint Venture Contract on October 10, 2006, November 13, 2006, December 18, 2006, September 28, 2007, and November 15, 2012. Tianwei Baobian transferred a 7% equity interest in Tianwei Yingli to Tianwei Group in May 2014 and we entered into a new joint venture contract (the “2014 Joint Venture Contract”) with Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group on May 30, 2014, which has replaced the 2006 Joint Venture Contract. The 2014 Joint Venture Contract is governed by PRC law and sets forth the respective rights and obligations of us, Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group, or the parties, relating to Tianwei Yingli. The major provisions of the 2014 Joint Venture Contract include the following:

Tianwei Yingli’s Management Structure and Board of Directors

The board of directors of Tianwei Yingli, or the board, is its highest authority and has the power to decide all matters important to Tianwei Yingli.

The board consists of nine directors, six of whom are appointed by us and three of whom are jointly appointed by Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group. Each director is appointed for a term of three years and may serve consecutive terms if reappointed by the party which originally appointed such director. Each director may be removed by its appointing party, at any time, with or without cause and may be replaced by a nominee appointed by such party before the expiration of such director’s term of office.

The chairperson of the board is the legal representative of Tianwei Yingli. The chairperson has the right to vote as any other director and does not possess the power to cast a decisive or conclusive vote. We are entitled to appoint a director to serve as the chairperson of the board.

The board is required to meet at least once each quarter. In addition to the regular meetings, the board may hold interim meetings. Each director has one vote at a meeting of the board. Meetings of the board are convened and presided over by the chairperson or, in his or her absence, by the vice chairperson or, in the absence of the vice chairperson, by a director elected by a majority of all of the directors. The board may adopt written resolutions in lieu of a board meeting, as long as the resolutions to be adopted are delivered to all directors and affirmatively signed and adopted by each director. Members of the board are required to act in accordance with board resolutions and may not do anything to jeopardize the interests of Tianwei Yingli.

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A quorum for a meeting of the board is two thirds of the board members present, in person (including through telephone or video conference) or by proxy. If a meeting has been duly called and a quorum in person or by proxy is not present, no resolutions made at the meeting will be valid, and the director presiding over such meeting is required to postpone the meeting for no more than seven working days and to send written notice of the postponement to all directors. Any director who fails to attend the postponed meeting in person or by proxy will be deemed to be present at the meeting and be counted in the quorum, but such director will be deemed to have waived his or her voting rights.

A unanimous approval of all directors present in person or by proxy at the meeting of the board or, in the event of a written resolution, a unanimous approval of all directors, is required for resolutions involving the following matters:

amendment to the articles of association of Tianwei Yingli;

merger of Tianwei Yingli with another entity;

division of Tianwei Yingli;

termination or dissolution of Tianwei Yingli; and

increase, reduction or transfer of the registered capital of Tianwei Yingli.

Resolutions of the board involving any other matter may be adopted by the affirmative vote of a simple majority of a quorum of directors present in person or by proxy at a meeting of the board.

Supervisors

Tianwei Yingli is required to have two supervisors, one of whom is appointed by us and one of whom is jointly appointed by Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group. Directors and senior managers may not serve as supervisors. Each supervisor is appointed for a term of three years and may serve consecutive terms if reappointed by the party which originally appointed such supervisor. The supervisors may attend board meetings as non-voting members and make inquiries and suggestions as to matters submitted to board meetings for resolution. The major duties and powers of the supervisors are as follows:

inspect the financial affairs of Tianwei Yingli;

monitor acts of directors and senior managers in the performance of their duties to Tianwei Yingli, and propose removal of directors or senior managers who have violated any laws, regulations, the articles of association of Tianwei Yingli or any board resolutions;

demand directors and senior managers to remedy any of their actions that harm Tianwei Yingli’s interests; and

propose interim meetings of the board.

Senior Management

Tianwei Yingli is required to have one chief executive officer, one chief financial officer and any number of departmental managers. We nominate the chief executive officer to be appointed by the board. The chief executive officer serves a term of three years and may serve consecutive terms if re-nominated by us and reappointed by the board. The chief executive officer has overall responsibility for the daily operation and management of Tianwei Yingli and reports directly to the board. The chief executive officer nominates the chief financial officer for appointment by the board. The chief financial officer is responsible for financial matters of Tianwei Yingli and reports to the chief executive officer. The chief executive officer appoints the managers of Tianwei Yingli’s departments.

Subscription Right

Under the joint venture contract, Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group is entitled to subscribe for ordinary shares newly issued by us in exchange for all but not part of its or their equity interest in Tianwei Yingli, as applicable. Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group may exercise this subscription right if, and only if Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group, or its or their affiliates, as applicable, obtains all of the approvals from relevant PRC government authorities necessary for acquiring our ordinary shares as a result of exercising the subscription right.

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Prior to exercising its or their subscription right, as applicable, Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group is required to retain an asset valuation firm reasonably acceptable to us to obtain a valuation of its or their equity interest in Tianwei Yingli in accordance with internationally accepted valuation methods and the provisions of relevant PRC laws and regulations. The valuation report will need to be jointly acknowledged by each of us and Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group, and complete all relevant procedures required by PRC law (if any). On the basis of the valuation report, we need to agree with Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group upon the value of its or their equity interest in Tianwei Yingli, as applicable, which equity interest will be exchanged for the subscribed shares.

The number of new ordinary shares that we are obligated to issue to Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group upon its or their exercise of the subscription right, as applicable, will be calculated according to the following formula:

Number of new shares to be		Total number of our shares		Percentage of Tianwei Baobian’s and/or Tianwei Group’s
issued by us to Tianwei Baobian	=	immediately before the		equity interest in Tianwei Yingli
and/or Tianwei Group		exercise of the subscription		immediately before the exercise of the
		right	X	subscription right
				Percentage of our equity interest in
				Tianwei Yingli immediately before
				the exercise of the subscription
				right⁽¹⁾

(1)

We, Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group all have agreed that, following Tianwei Baobian’s and/or Tianwei Group’s exercise of its or their subscription right, as applicable, Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group will hold indirectly, through its or their holding the newly subscribed shares in us, such an effective equity interest percentage in Tianwei Yingli as shall equal the equity interest percentage which it or they held in Tianwei Yingli, as applicable, immediately prior to the exercise of the subscription right.

In addition, upon Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group issuing the subscription exercise notice, we and Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group must sign any and all documents required (e.g. equity purchase agreement, share subscription agreement), take all steps necessary, and obtain all administrative and regulatory approvals, consents, registrations and filings necessary, for Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group to become the lawful holder and beneficial owner of the subscribed shares newly issued by us, and simultaneously for us to become the lawful holder and beneficial owner of the equity interest in Tianwei Yingli exchanged for those subscribed shares. An equity purchase agreement and/or a share subscription agreement timely executed by Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group and us will prevail as to the specific terms on which Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group exercise its or their subscription right, as applicable. However, the provisions of the share subscription agreement must be identical in principle with those set forth in the joint venture contract. Once the necessary agreements have been executed, Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group will cooperate with us to complete relevant procedures required by PRC law, including procedures necessary to convert Tianwei Yingli into a wholly foreign-owned enterprise.

Tianwei Yingli’s Registered Capital

Tianwei Yingli currently has a registered capital of approximately RMB3,375 million. We currently hold a 74.01% equity interest in Tianwei Yingli, and Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group currently hold the remaining 18.99% and 7%, respectively. The registered capital of a company refers to the total amount of the capital subscribed by holders of such company’s equity interests, as registered with relevant authorities. A shareholder of a company is entitled to the rights to and interests in such company in proportion to the fully paid amount of the registered capital of such company for which such shareholder subscribes or as otherwise agreed by and among such company’s shareholders. Such rights and interests include the rights to nominate directors to the board and to receive dividends in proportion to the fully paid amount of the registered capital subscribed by such equity interest holders or as otherwise agreed among such equity interest holders. Under PRC law, the rights and interests of a shareholder of a limited liability company are generally referred to as “equity interest”.

Increase or Reduction of Tianwei Yingli’s Registered Capital

Approval by the Board and the Relevant PRC Authority

Any increase or reduction of Tianwei Yingli’s registered capital is subject to unanimous approval of all directors present in person or by proxy at a meeting of the board or, in the event of a written resolution, the unanimous approval of all directors, as well as approval of the relevant PRC authority.

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Preemptive Right

Each of the parties has the preemptive right to make an additional contribution to the registered capital in proportion to its respective equity interests in Tianwei Yingli as of the date of the board’s resolution to increase Tianwei Yingli’s registered capital. If any party elects to make such an additional contribution, the additional contribution must be paid in full within 30 days after the relevant PRC authority approves the increase of Tianwei Yingli’s registered capital.

If any party notifies the board in writing of its decision to waive its right to make all or part of the additional contribution that it is entitled to make, or fails to pay in full its additional contribution within 30 days after the approval by the relevant PRC authority (such party being the non-contributing party), the other party has the right, but not the obligation, to make such an additional contribution as equals all or part of the amount which the non-contributing party failed or elected not to contribute (such other party, if it so contributes, being the contributing party). In this event, the board will retain an independent asset valuation firm to obtain a valuation of Tianwei Yingli in accordance with internationally accepted valuation methods and provisions of relevant PRC laws and regulations. If the non-contributing party does not make any additional contribution to Tianwei Yingli’s registered capital whereas the contributing party does make such a contribution, the contributing party’s shareholding percentage in Tianwei Yingli immediately after its contribution will be calculated as follows:

(1) Fair market value means the expected value of Tianwei Yingli immediately following the additional contribution to Tianwei Yingli’s registered capital made by the contributing party.

Transfer of Equity Interests in Tianwei Yingli

Each of the parties may transfer all or part of its respective equity interests in Tianwei Yingli to a third party or to any of its affiliates, subject to the provisions described below.

Right of First Refusal

Any party intending to transfer all or part of its equity interest in Tianwei Yingli (such party being the transferring party) is required to send a written notice, or the offer notice, to the other parties (such parties being the non-transferring parties) and to Tianwei Yingli’s board of directors, notifying them of the transferring party’s intent to transfer such equity interest, or the offered interest; the terms and conditions of the proposed transfer; and the identity of the proposed third-party transferee. The non-transferring parties have a right of first refusal in respect of the proposed transfer. Any non-transferring party may exercise its right of first refusal by sending a written notice, or the acceptance notice, to the transferring party within 30 days after receipt of the offer notice, or the 30-day period, notifying the transferring party of such non-transferring party’s intent to acquire all, and not less than all, of the offered interest.

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If the transferring party has not received an acceptance notice from either of the non-transferring parties before the expiry of the 30-day period, such non-transferring parties will be deemed to have consented to the proposed transfer. In such an event, the transferring party may transfer the offered interest to the third-party transferee within 60 days after expiration of the 30-day period as provided above and on terms no more favorable than those specified in the offer notice, and the non-transferring parties are obligated to sign a statement indicating their consent and waiver of their respective rights of first refusal.

Notwithstanding the right of first refusal as described above, a party may transfer all or part of its equity interest in Tianwei Yingli to any of its affiliates, and the other parties are obligated to consent to such transfer.

Approval by the Board and the Relevant PRC Authority

Any transfer of an equity interest in Tianwei Yingli is subject to unanimous approval of all directors present in person or by proxy at a meeting of the board or, in the event of a written resolution, the unanimous approval of all directors. Such transfer is also subject to approval by, and registration with, relevant PRC authorities.

In the event of any transfer of an equity interest in Tianwei Yingli to a non-transferring party that timely sends an acceptance notice, to a third party with deemed consent of one or both of the non-transferring parties, or to a party’s affiliate, each as described above, each of the parties is obligated to (i) cause each director appointed by it to vote in favor of board resolutions proposed to approve such transfer, amendments to Tianwei Yingli’s articles of association, and relevant amendments to subordinate agreements and (ii) use its best efforts to effect the transfer and to cause relevant PRC authorities to approve the transfer.

No Transfer to Tianwei Yingli’s Competitors

The parties agreed not to transfer any portion of their respective equity interests in Tianwei Yingli to any third party that is engaged in a business that competes with Tianwei Yingli’s business.

Encumbrance

No party may mortgage, pledge, charge or otherwise encumber all or part of its equity interest in Tianwei Yingli without the prior written consent of the other parties.

Profit Distribution

The maximum dividend payable by Tianwei Yingli to its equity interest holders is calculated based on its retained earnings as calculated under PRC accounting regulations. Prior to any payment of dividends, Tianwei Yingli is required to pay income tax according to PRC laws and regulations and make allocations of retained post-tax earnings to its reserve fund, enterprise development fund and employee bonus and welfare fund, each such allocation to be made at a percentage decided by the board each fiscal year. Any dividend paid by Tianwei Yingli must be distributed to each of the parties in proportion to its respective equity interest in Tianwei Yingli. Tianwei Yingli may not distribute any profit to its equity interest holders until all losses incurred in previous fiscal years are fully recovered. Undistributed profits accumulated in prior fiscal years may be distributed together with profits from the current fiscal year.

Unilateral Termination of the Joint Venture Contract

Any party may unilaterally terminate the joint venture contract if:

Tianwei Yingli or its equity interest holder is bankrupt, enters into a liquidation or dissolution proceeding, ceases its business or becomes incapable of repaying debts that are due,

an event of force majeure occurs and is continuing for over six months and the equity interest holders of Tianwei Yingli cannot find an equitable solution, or

Tianwei Yingli’s business license, or the renewal or replacement thereof, is terminated, cancelled or revoked.

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Under the joint venture contract, force majeure is defined as any event which (i) is beyond the control of the parties thereto, (ii) is not foreseeable, or if foreseeable, unavoidable and (iii) prevents any of the parties from performing all or a material part of its respective obligations.

Under the Company Law and other relevant PRC laws and regulations, the business license of a company may be terminated, cancelled or revoked by the relevant registration authority if such company:

obtains its company registration by making a false statement in respect of registered capital, submitting false certificates or by concealing material facts through other fraudulent means, and the registration authority deems such activities to be a material noncompliance with applicable laws and regulations;

fails to commence operation for more than six months without proper cause, or suspends operation on its own without proper cause for more than six consecutive months after having commenced operation;

conducts illegal activities jeopardizing national security and social public interests;

engages in relevant business activities which require special permits or approval without having obtained such permits or approval, and the registration authority deems such activities to be a material noncompliance with applicable laws and regulations;

refuses to accept an annual inspection within the time limit, or conceals facts or resorted to deception during the annual inspection, and the registration authority deems such activities to be a material noncompliance with applicable laws and regulations; or

forges, alters, leases, lends or transfers its business license, and the registration authority deems such activities to be a material noncompliance with applicable laws and regulations.

Under relevant PRC laws and regulations, Tianwei Yingli’s board is required to establish a liquidation committee to carry out the liquidation of Tianwei Yingli upon the expiration or termination of the joint venture contract. The liquidation committee must conduct a thorough examination of Tianwei Yingli’s assets and liabilities. During the course of the liquidation proceedings, Tianwei Yingli may continue its existence, but may not conduct any business activities unrelated to the liquidation process. The proceeds from the liquidation of Tianwei Yingli’s assets must be used first to settle any and all of its outstanding debts, salaries, labor insurance and liquidation-related fees and taxes, and the balance of the proceeds must be distributed to Tianwei Yingli’s equity interest holders in proportion to their respective contributions to Tianwei Yingli’s registered capital. Upon completion of the liquidation, the liquidation committee must submit a liquidation report to relevant PRC authorities to effect deregistration and make a public announcement of the termination of the joint venture contract.

Dispute Resolution

All disputes arising from or in connection with the existence, interpretation, validity, termination or performance of the joint venture contract are required to be submitted to the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre for final and binding arbitration in accordance with the arbitration rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, or UNCITRAL, then prevailing. Before an arbitration proceeding may be commenced, (i) the party seeking arbitration must send a written notice to the other parties requesting arbitration and describing the nature of the dispute and (ii) within 90 days of such notice, the parties must have engaged in efforts to resolve the dispute amicably, but such efforts have failed.

Governing Law

The execution, validity, interpretation and performance of the joint venture contract, as well as resolution of disputes under such contract, are governed by PRC law.

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Business Overview

Overview

We are one of the world’s leading solar panel manufacturers, and our manufacturing covers the photovoltaic value chain from ingot casting and wafering through solar cell production and solar panel assembly. As of the date of this annual report, 2016, attributed to our efforts in continuous technological innovations at all levels of our operation and progressive equipment upgrade, we believe that our actual annual manufacturing capacity can reach a maximum of 3,000 megawatts for ingot and wafer, 3,200 megawatt for PV cells and 4,000 megawatts for PV modules. Our products and services substantially cover the entire PV industry value chain, ranging from crystalline polysilicon ingots and wafers, PV cells and PV modules to the manufacture and installation of PV systems, and starting from 2012, to the development and operation of solar projects. We believe that we are one of the leading PV companies in the world to have adopted a vertically integrated business model. Our end-products include PV modules and PV systems of different sizes and power output. We sell PV modules under our own brand names, Yingli and Yingli Solar, to PV system integrators and distributors located in various markets around the world, including China, Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Chile, Algeria, Germany, France, South Africa, Turkey and Honduras.

Our Products and Services

Our products and services include the manufacture of polysilicon ingots and wafers, PV cells, PV modules and integrated PV systems and the development and operation of solar projects, which encompass substantially the entire PV industry value chain, with the manufacture of polysilicon feedstock being the only significant exception.

Polysilicon Ingots and Blocks

A polysilicon ingot is formed by melting, purifying and solidifying polysilicon feedstock into a brick-shaped ingot. The polysilicon ingots are then cut into blocks. Currently we mainly produce 800 kilogram multicrystalline polysilicon ingots and our polysilicon blocks are generally available in cuboid with the same face size of 156 millimeters x 156 millimeters and different heights.

Polysilicon Wafers

The polysilicon blocks are then sliced into wafers with wire saws. Thinner wafers enable a more efficient use of polysilicon, and lower the cost per watt of power produced. The thickness of our wafers and the diameter of our wires were 180 microns and 120 microns, respectively, as of December 31, 2015. Our wafers are generally available in the size of 156 millimeters x 156 millimeters. Historically at times when we had produced an excess amount of wafers as a result of the disparity in our wafer manufacturing capacity and the PV cell capacity, we provided excess wafers to third-party toll manufacturers which processed wafers into PV cells and returned the PV cells to us for a processing fee under toll manufacturing arrangements. In 2010, we entered into toll manufacturing arrangements with third-party toll manufacturers, which accounted for a very small percentage of our total production volume. For the year 2012, 2013, and 2014, we did not have any such toll manufacturing arrangement.

Since the middle of 2015, we have experienced lower-than-expected utilization of our production capacity because we did not have sufficient working capital to maintain the full utilization of production facilities as a result of the tight cash flow. This tight cash flow is partially due to our repayment of three-year unsecured medium-term notes in the principal amount of RMB1.2 billion when they matured in May 2015, and our repayment of 70%, or RMB700 million, of five-year unsecured medium-term notes in the principal amount of RMB1.0 billion when they matured in October 2015. As a measure to reduce our operating cash requirements in 2015 and 2016, we have contracted with third parties to allow them operate more than half of our polysilicon ingot and wafer production facilities. These third parties pay us a monthly fee to operate these production facilities, pay the salaries of our staff members employed and utility expenses incurred at such facilities, produce fixed volumes of polysilicon ingots and wafers on a monthly basis, and cover all other manner of operating, ancillary, and raw material expenses of such production. As part of the arrangement, we agree to purchase all of the wafers so produced by said third parties at designated prices, subject to certain adjustments under the relevant agreements. As these third parties would provide all the working capital required for production of the polysilicon ingots and wafers, these arrangements effectively help us finance our production value chain, reduce our working capital requirements, and increase the utilization of our polysilicon ingot and wafer production facilities. Our agreements with these third parties typically have a term of one year. We cannot assure you that we will be able to renew these agreements when they expire or that these third parties will not breach or early terminate the agreements.

PV Cells

A PV cell is a device made from a polysilicon wafer that converts sunlight into electricity by a process known as the photovoltaic effect. The conversion efficiency of a PV cell is the ratio of electrical energy produced by the cell to the energy from sunlight that reaches the cell. The conversion efficiency of PV cells is determined to a large extent by the quality of wafers used to produce the PV cells, which is, in turn, determined by the mix of different types of polysilicon raw materials used in the ingot casting process.

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In addition, we have commercialized 600 megawatts of monocrystalline production capacity for each of monocrystalline ingots and wafers, cells and modules in Baoding, Hebei Province. These production lines are designed to produce next-generation high efficiency monocrystalline PV cells based on the technology developed through Project PANDA, a collaboration project among us, the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, a leading solar research center in Europe, and Tempress Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Amtech Systems, Inc., a global supplier of production and automation systems and related supplies for the manufacture of PV cells. We achieved an average cell conversion efficiency rate of 20.5% on the PANDA commercial production lines in 2015 with a high record of cell conversion efficiency rate of 21.5% in the lab.

We generally use all of our PV cells (except certain low efficiency PV cells) in the production of our PV modules. However, in 2015, we entered into agreements to process PV cells for third parties as an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) in order to improve the utilization rate of our production capacities.

PV Modules

A PV module is an assembly of PV cells that are electrically interconnected, laminated and framed in a durable and weatherproof package. Historically, we have used toll manufacturing arrangements on a limited scale, and most of our PV modules produced by third-party PV module manufacturers under such toll manufacturing arrangements used PV cells produced by us. In 2015, in order to improve the utilization rate of our production capacities, we entered into agreements to process PV modules for third parties as OEM. Our own PV modules are made with a frame design that we believe enhances their ability to withstand strong wind and vibrations. A majority of our own PV modules are made with PV cells produced by us and have output ranging from 250 to 340 watts. The following table sets forth the major types of modules produced by us:

Dimensions	Weight		Maximum Power		Optimum Operating Voltage
(mm x mm)	(Kilograms)		(Watts)		(Volts)
1640 x 990		18.5		250 - 275		29
1640 x 990		18.5		270 - 290		30
1640 x 990		18.5		275 - 300		30
1960 x 990		25.5		310 - 330		35
1960 x 990		25.5		315 - 340		36

Integrated PV Systems

A PV system consists of one or more PV modules that are physically mounted and electrically interconnected with system components such as batteries and power electronics, to produce and store electricity. We produce PV systems and also design, assemble, sell and install stand-alone PV systems for lighting systems, mobile communication base stations and residential applications. In order to focus on our core PV products and their components, we no longer produce controllers, inverters and other components used in our PV systems but instead source them from third-party manufacturers and sell them to our customers as part of our PV systems. We typically install these systems on-site for our customers. For our larger PV systems, we work with the customers on-site to design, install, test and oversee the system start-up.

Manufacturing

We started producing PV modules in 2002 and started producing polysilicon ingots and wafers in October 2003 and PV cells in March 2004. As of the date of this annual report, we believe that our actual annual manufacturing capacity can reach a maximum of 3,000 megawatts for ingots and wafers, 3,200 megawatts for PV cells and 4,000 for PV modules. We generally use our polysilicon wafers and PV cells as materials in the production of our own PV modules.

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Manufacturing Process

Polysilicon Ingots. The quality of polysilicon ingots determines, to a large extent, the quality of our final PV products. To produce polysilicon ingots, polysilicon is melted in a quartz crucible within a furnace. The melted polysilicon then undergoes a crystal growing process, gradually anneals and forms an ingot. To reduce the cost of polysilicon, we use a mix of high-purity polysilicon and lower-purity polysilicon, including polysilicon scraps such as the discarded tops and tails of ingots, pot scraps and broken or unused silicon wafers. Our employees undertake the labor-intensive process of sorting through the polysilicon feedstock to separate polysilicon that meets our specified standards for the production of ingots. The polysilicon feedstock used in the production of multicrystalline polysilicon ingots is not required to have the same level of purity as that used to produce monocrystalline silicon ingots. Nonetheless, impurities in polysilicon feedstock present a challenge to the production of polysilicon ingots because impurities are difficult to separate in the casting process.

Blocks and Wafers. Polysilicon ingots are cut into polysilicon blocks, which are edge-ground to avoid breakage during the wafer-slicing process. Polysilicon blocks are then sliced into polysilicon wafers.

PV Cells. The silicon wafers undergo an ultrasonic cleaning process to remove oil and surface particles, followed by a chemical cleaning process to remove the impurities and create a suede-like structure on the wafer surface, which reduces the PV cell’s reflection of sunlight and increases the PV cell’s absorption of solar energy. Through a diffusion process, we then introduce certain impurities into the silicon wafers and form an electrical field within the PV cell. We achieve the electrical isolation between the front and back surfaces of the silicon wafer by edge isolation, or removing a very thin layer of silicon around the edge. We then apply an anti-reflection coating to the front surface of the wafer to enhance its absorption of sunlight. We screen-print negative and positive metal contacts, or electrodes, on the front and back surfaces of the PV cell, respectively, with the front contact in a grid pattern to collect the electrical current. Silicon and metal electrodes are then connected through an electrode firing process in a conveyor belt furnace at a high temperature. Testing and sorting complete the manufacturing process for PV cells.

The diagram below illustrates the PV cell manufacturing process:

PV Modules. PV modules are formed by using welding to interconnect multiple PV cells into desired electrical configurations. The interconnected cells are laid out and laminated in a vacuum. Through these processes, the PV modules are weather-sealed, and thus are able to withstand high levels of ultraviolet radiation, moisture, wind and sand. Assembled PV modules are packaged in a protective aluminum frame prior to testing.

The following diagram illustrates the PV module manufacturing process:

PV Systems. PV system production involves the design, manufacture, installation and testing of PV systems. We design PV systems according to our customers’ requirements. We integrate PV modules and other system components into PV systems by electronically interconnecting PV modules with system components such as inverters, storage batteries and electronic circuitry to produce, store and deliver electricity. For small PV systems such as portable electricity supply systems used for transmitter-receivers, we complete the integration and testing procedures in our facilities in Baoding before such systems are sold to end-customers. For midsized PV systems such as PV lighting systems, we complete the integration process in Baoding, but install and test the systems for our customers on-site. For large PV systems, such as on-grid solar power stations and stand-alone PV systems, we work with our customers on-site to design, install, test and oversee the system startup.

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Manufacturing Capacity

As of the date of this annual report, we believe that our actual annual manufacturing capacity can reach a maximum of 3,000 megawatts for ingots and wafers, 3,200 megawatts for PV cells and 4,000 megawatts for PV modules. We generally use our polysilicon wafers and PV cells as materials in the production of PV modules at our production facilities located in Baoding and Hengshui, Hebei Province, Haikou, Hainan Province and Tianjin.

Solar Project Development and Operation

Project Development in China

We started our solar project development and operation business on a small scale in China in 2012. As of September 2015, we had engaged in the construction of approximately 600 megawatts of PV projects in China and connected approximately 200 megawatts of them to the grid. However, due to China’s nationwide delay in allocating subsidies, the long-term operation of large ground-mounted PV stations would require significant capital. With due consideration of our cash flow challenges, we decided to suspend new downstream development business in China from September 2015 until we regain a healthier financial position. Accordingly, we continued to accelerate the disposition of our downstream PV projects in China in order to collect funds related to our downstream business.

Project Development Overseas

With a strategy on selling rather than holding projects in order to efficiently recycle cash back into the project development portfolio, we have developed a downstream project development business with a portfolio footprint in Europe, Africa and other markets outside of China.

As of the beginning of May 2015, our downstream project portfolio outside of China reached a gross capacity of over 400 MW at various stages, with over 70% of such project portfolio located in emerging African markets. Within our overseas downstream project portfolio, we are invested in 73 MW of projects that we anticipate to exit through 2016 and into 2017.

Raw Materials

Raw materials required in our manufacturing process include polysilicon, polysilicon scraps crucibles, silicon carbides, cutting fluid, steel cutting wires, metallic pastes, laminate materials, tempered glass, aluminum frames, solder, batteries and other chemical agents and electronic components. We generally use vendors who have demonstrated quality control and reliability and maintain multiple supply sources for each of our key raw materials and other consumables so as to minimize any potential disruption of our operations from supply problems with any one vendor. We generally evaluate the quality and delivery performance of each vendor periodically and adjust quantity allocations accordingly. We maintain an adequate supply of raw materials and other consumables based upon periodic estimates of our outstanding customer orders.

In 2015, we purchased the substantial majority of our raw materials and other consumables (other than polysilicon) from Chinese suppliers. Where possible, we seek to procure raw materials and other consumables from suppliers with proven quality and cost advantages.

Polysilicon is the most important raw material used in our production process. Due to growing global demand for polysilicon, polysilicon prices had increased substantially over the past few years until the fourth quarter of 2008. From the fourth quarter of 2008 to the second quarter of 2009, as the result of increased polysilicon manufacturing capacity and decreased demand for polysilicon due to the global financial crisis in 2008 and 2009, the price of polysilicon decreased significantly. Although the polysilicon price rebounded between the third quarter of 2010 and first quarter of 2011 due to the recovery of demand for PV products in certain markets, the polysilicon price has decreased significantly starting from the second quarter of 2011 as the result of increased polysilicon manufacturing capacity for polysilicon and downward price pressure from the decreasing average selling prices of PV modules. In 2012, polysilicon prices continued to decline and reached a historical low of approximately US$14 per kilogram in November 2012. Partly due to China’s anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations against U.S., South Korean and European polysilicon manufacturers, polysilicon prices rebounded slightly since December 2012. Since June 2013, polysilicon price has begun to increase and reached approximately US$22 until the first half of 2014. From the second half of 2014, polysilicon price has slightly decreased and fluctuated under US$20 per kilogram as of May 16, 2016. However, any significant increase in the price for polysilicon in the future would materially and adversely affect our profitability and results of operations.

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Historically, we relied on spot market purchases to meet a significant portion of our polysilicon needs. In order to secure adequate and timely supplies of polysilicon, we are actively seeking to further strengthen our relationships with our polysilicon suppliers and establish strategic relationships with them. We have entered into various purchase agreements and memorandums of understanding with local and foreign suppliers, including some of the world’s major polysilicon suppliers. Supplies under these purchase agreements began to be provided in early 2009. However, we cannot assure you that we will be able to secure sufficient quantities of polysilicon to meet the requirements of our existing production capacity or support future expansion of our manufacturing capacity, if any.

Between 2006 and 2010, we entered into seven long-term supply contracts with Wacker Chemie AG, or Wacker, a German polysilicon supplier, to provide supplies of polysilicon from 2009 through 2013, from 2009 through 2017, from 2010 through 2018, from 2009 through 2011, from 2010 through 2017, from 2011 through 2013 and from 2011 through 2018, respectively. In addition, in February 2008 we entered into one long-term supply agreement with OCI Company Ltd., or OCI, formerly known as DC Chemical, to provide supplies of polysilicon for the period from 2009 through 2013. From 2009 to 2013, we entered into another two long-term supply contracts with OCI, to provide supplies of polysilicon from 2011 through 2015 and from 2012 through 2018, respectively. We also entered into a polysilicon supply contract with Daqo New Energy Corp., or Daqo, formerly known as Sailing, for supplies of polysilicon from the fourth quarter of 2008 through the end of 2010. In August 2010, we entered into another polysilicon supply agreement with Daqo for supplies of polysilicon from 2011 through 2012. In March 2011, we entered into a long-term polysilicon supply agreement with Hemlock Semiconductor Pte. Ltd., or Hemlock, to provide supplies of polysilicon from 2013 through 2020. In November 2011, we and Hemlock agreed to amend this long-term supply agreement to purchase polysilicon starting from 2012 through 2020 instead of 2013 through 2020. In October 2013, we also entered into an agreement with a certain vendor to amend our long-term supply contracts with the vendor to include a price adjustment mechanism that allows the vendor and us to renegotiate the purchase price on a quarterly basis within a specified price range based on prices then prevailing in the open market. Due to fluctuations in polysilicon prices, we successfully negotiated and executed amendments for current purchases on a quarterly or monthly basis with some of these vendors that amended certain commercial terms such as total contract quantity, advance payment arrangements and unit prices for the relevant quarter or month several times in 2013, 2014 and 2015.See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Us and the PV Industry — Our polysilicon cost may be higher than the market level as a result of our long-term polysilicon purchase commitment with fixed prices, and we have failed to perform certain of our long-term polysilicon supply contracts according to their original terms”.

Quality Control

We employ quality assurance procedures at key stages of our manufacturing process to identify and address any problems related to the quality of products being produced. Our quality assurance procedures start with assuring the quality of raw materials, which includes our major suppliers of raw materials on an annual basis and inspecting all raw materials upon their arrival at our factory. We also have quality control procedures in place at all key stages of our wafer, PV cell and PV module production processes. In addition, all of our wafers, PV cells and PV modules are tested before they are used in the next step of manufacturing or sent to our warehouse for sale. If a problem is detected, a failure analysis is performed to determine the cause of the problem. To ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of our quality assurance procedures, we provide ongoing training to our production line employees. Our senior management team is actively involved in establishing quality assurance policies and managing the implementation and performance of those policies on a continuous basis.

We have received many types of international certifications for our products and quality assurance programs, which we believe demonstrates our technological capabilities and foster the confidence of our customers. The following table sets forth the major certifications we have received and major test standards our products have met as of May 16, 2016:

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Certification or Test Dates	Certification or Test Standard	Relevant Products
February 2004, and renewed in February 2016	ISO 9001:2000 (renewed as ISO 9001:2008) quality system certification, established by the International Organization for Standardization, an organization formed by delegates from member countries to establish international quality assurance standards for products and manufacturing processes.	The design and manufacture of crystalline silicon solar modules, solar cells, multi-crystalline silicon wafers and multi-crystalline silicon ingots

April 2004, December 2010 and renewed in February 2012, September 2012 and January 2016	UL certification, authorized by Underwriters Laboratories Inc., an independent, not-for-profit product-safety testing and certification organization in the United States; evaluated in accordance with USL (Standard for Safety, Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Modules and Panels, UL 1703) and CNL (Canadian Other Recognized Document, ULC/ORD-C1703-01, Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Modules and Panels).	Certain models of PV modules

August 2004, July 2005, January 2006, February 2007, May 2007, July 2007, June 2008, May 2009, November 2009, February 2010, August 2010, November 2010, March 2011, April 2011, June 2011, November 2011, December 2011, April 2012, May 2012, March 2014, April 2015	TÜV certification, conducted by TÜV Immissionsschutz und Energiesysteme GmbH, an independent approval agency in Germany, against the requirements of Safety Class II Test (Crystalline terrestrial Photovoltaic (PV) Modules — Design qualification and type approval, IEC61215:2005, Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification, IEC61730 · :2004, factory inspection certification, IEC 61215:2005 and IEC 61730:2004, salt mist corrosion testing, IEC 61701:2011, and ammonia corrosion testing, IEC EN 61215 on PV modules.	Certain models of PV modules

January 2007 and renewed in February 2016	ISO 14001: 2004 certification for environment management system.	The design and manufacture of crystalline silicon solar modules, solar cells, multi-crystalline silicon wafers and multi-crystalline silicon ingots

November 2009	CEC-California, conducted by UL, against UL and IEC standard.	Certain models of our PV modules

July 2010 and renewed in June 2012	“Golden Solar” certification by CGC, against the requirements of IEC61215:2005.	Certain models of our PV modules

March 2011	“Golden Solar” certification by CGC, against the requirements of IEC61215:2005.	PANDA series modules

August 2011 and August 2012	JET certification, conducted by Japan Electrical Safety & Environment Technology Laboratories, an independent approval agency in Japan, against the requirement of IEC61215:2005 and IEC61730:2004	Certain models of our PV modules

August 2011	MCS certification authorized by United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS), a non-profit independent certification company, against the requirements of MSC 010-1.5 and MSC 005-2.3.	Certain models of our PV modules

September 2011	KEMCO certification, conducted by South Korea Energy Management Corporation in South Korea, against the requirements of IEC61215:2005 and IEC61730:2004.	PANDA series modules

October 2011	Inmetro certification, conducted by Inmetro in Brazil, against IEC or UL standard.	Certain models of our PV modules

July 2012 and renewed in August 2014	PCCC certification, conducted by Power (Beijing) Product Certification Center Co., Ltd, against IEC 61215:2005 and IEC 61730:2004.	Certain models of our PV modules

August 2012	TÜV certification, conducted by TÜV Rheinland Japan Ltd, against the requirement of JIS Q 8901:2012.	PV modules requirement for reliability assurance system (design, production and performance guarantee)

May 2013	CEC-Australian certification, conducted by Clean Energy Council Limited, against IEC 61215:2005 and IEC 61730:2004.	Certain models of our PV modules

May 2013	SGS certification, conducted by SGS-CSTC Standard Technical Service (Shanghai) Co., Ltd, against IEC 61215:2005, IEC 61730:2004 and IEC 60068-2-68 blowing sand test.	Certain models of our PV modules

June 2013 and renewed in April 2015	TÜV certification, conducted by TÜV SUD Product Service GmbH, against the requirements of IEC 61215:2005, IEC 61730:2004 and IEC 82/685/NP PID-free.	Certain models of our PV modules

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Markets and Customers

Our products are sold in China’s domestic market and in various international markets, including, among others, Japan, the United States, Turkey, France, Germany and the United Kingdom. The following table sets forth the revenues generated from our major markets as percentages of our net revenues for the periods indicated.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015
	%		%		%
PRC		33.9		35.2		40.9
Japan		7.2		19.3		27.3
United States		21.7		17.8		12.5
Turkey		0.2		0.9		5.5
France		1.2		1.5		3.6
Germany		18.2		5.2		1.7
United Kingdom		3.0		7.7		0.8

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For a breakdown of our net revenue by geographic regions for 2013, 2014 and 2015, see Note (26) to our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

The products that we sell are primarily PV modules. These modules are sold primarily to installers, PV system integrators, property developers and other value-added resellers, who incorporate our PV modules into large on-grid integrated PV systems with batteries, inverters, mounting structures and wiring systems.

We sell our PV modules typically through supply contracts with a term of less than one year and are obligated to deliver PV modules according to pre-agreed prices and schedules.

Sales and Marketing

We currently sell our PV modules primarily to distributors, wholesalers, power plant developers and operators and PV system integrators. Our focus on specific types of customers depends largely on the demand in specific markets. Distributors and wholesalers tend to be large volume purchasers. We also work with solar power plant developers and operators by supplying solar modules for select downstream projects. PV system integrators typically design and sell integrated systems that include our branded PV modules along with other system components. Some of the PV system integrators also resell our modules to other system integrators.

We employ a total of approximately 107 marketing and sales personnel at our headquarters in Baoding and also in other locations including Beijing, Suzhou, Shenzhen, Shandong, Hainan and Tibet. We believe that the adoption of China’s Renewable Energy Law and the PRC government’s commitment to developing sources of renewable energy will contribute to rapid growth of the PV market in China. We plan to leverage our existing relationships with end-users to increase our sales in China, especially our sales of PV systems. As part of our efforts to expand overseas, we have built a sales team of 169 representatives located in the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Spain, Turkey, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Australia, Singapore and Mexico and expect to further expand our overseas sales force in the future.

In order to build more direct relationships with our customers, we have actively promoted our brand name by participating in trade shows and exhibitions, advertising in newspapers and trade magazines, and securing various sponsorships. For example, to strengthen our leadership position in our existing markets and to establish our presence in emerging markets, we became an official sponsor of the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil ^TM in June 2011. Our sponsorship rights included ticketing and hospitality rights, perimeter-board advertising, as well as the right to use the FIFA World Cup^TM emblems and logo. We expect our sponsorship activities to increase business opportunities in Brazil and other regions in Latin America. On December 10, 2013, we launched the 2014 FIFA World Cup™ official campaign “All under One Sun”. With the theme of “All under One Sun”, we promoted solar and the concept of sustainability to every corner of the world. We also were an official sponsor of the 2010 FIFA World Cup^TM in South Africa. In August 2011, we became the first official renewable energy partner of U.S. Soccer. Through the end of 2014, we supported U.S. Soccer’s ongoing efforts to develop the game of soccer at all levels, as well as working with U.S. Soccer to provide solar energy for local athletic centers in disadvantaged communities across the U.S. On January 22, 2011, we became an Official Premium Partner of FC Bayern München, or FCB, one of the most successful and popular football clubs in the world. Under this sponsorship, we have a series of marketing rights, including ticketing and hospitality, advertising and media/public relations, as well as the right to market and sell our solar products in official FCB fan shops. In 2012, we hosted the first “Yingli Cup” in Beijing, China, which was a match between FC Bayern München, one of the most successful football clubs in the world, and Beijing Guoan, one of the most popular football clubs in China. “Yingli Cup” was appointed as part of the official activities for the Fortieth Anniversary of Sino-German Diplomatic Relations. In 2014 and 2015, we sponsored junior football players from China, Japan and Thailand to compete with other talented young football players from all over the world in the final tournament of the FC Bayern Youth Cup at FC Bayern’s home stadium in Munich, Germany. The “Youth Cup” is an international charity youth competition initiated by the FCB with support from several sponsors around the world including us.

Customer Support and Services

We provide customer support and services in China through dedicated teams of technical service personnel in different locations including Baoding, Beijing, Shenzhen, Tianjin, Hainan, Suzhou, Shandong and Tibet. Our customer support and services teams coordinate their activities with our marketing, technology, quality and manufacturing departments.

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We provide customer support and service to overseas customers through our overseas subsidiaries and regional headquarters located in our major markets, such as the United States, Japan, Germany, France, Spain, Turkey, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Australia, Singapore and Mexico. Before September 30, 2011, our PV modules were typically sold with a two- or five-year limited warranty for defects in materials and workmanship, and a 10-year and 25-year warranty against declines of more than 10% and 20% of initial power generation capacity, respectively. From October 1, 2011, we implemented a new and improved warranty term that guarantees 91.2% of nominal power output for 10 years, and 80.7% of nominal power output for a period of 25 years for multicrystalline PV modules and 98.0% of nominal power output for the first year, 92.0% of nominal power output for 10 years, and 82.0% of nominal power output for a period of 25 years for monocrystalline Panda PV modules. From September 1, 2014, we updated our warranty terms to guarantee 91.2% of nominal power output for 10 years and 80.7% of nominal power output for 25 years for multicrystalline PV modules, and to guarantee 98.0% of nominal power output for the first year, 92.2% of nominal power output for 10 years, and 82.4% of nominal power output for 25 years for monocrystalline Panda PV modules. In addition, based on customers’ specific requirements, we also provide our multicrystalline PV modules with a linear-based warranty which guarantees each year of power output during the twenty-five-year warranty period. In 2012, we entered into a module performance warranty insurance agreement with Munich Re’s specialty primary insurers. According to the agreement, both of us will provide additional economic security for large-scale commercial and utility project developers, investors and debt providers during the period from October 1, 2012 to September 30, 2013. In December 2013, we entered into a similar module performance warranty insurance agreement with another insurance company for the same scope of beneficiaries for the period from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014, and renewed the agreement in March 2015 and January 2016 for the period from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015 and from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016, respectively. In 2014, we launched the new comprehensive warranty, and the PV modules achieved PID resistance identification according to the IEC standard. Nevertheless, we bear the risk of warranty claims long after we have sold our products and recognized revenues. Because our products have only been in use for a relatively short period of time, our assumptions regarding the durability and reliability of our products may not be accurate, and because our products have relatively long warranty periods, we cannot assure you that the amount of accrued warranty provided by us for our products will be adequate in light of the actual performance of our products. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Us and the PV Industry — Unsatisfactory performance of or defects in our products may cause us to incur additional warranty expenses, damage our reputation and cause our sales to decline”.

Intellectual Property

We have registered our trademarks “Yingli” and “Yingli Solar” in China. We have full rights to use “Yingli Solar” in a number of foreign jurisdictions where we sell or plan to sell our products, including all members of the European Union, the United States and Canada. As of May 16, 2016, we have been granted 1,257 patents and are applying for 143 patents. We rely on a combination of patent, trademark, anti-unfair competition and trade secret laws, as well as nondisclosure agreements and other methods to protect our intellectual property rights. Aside from the know-how available in the public domain, we have developed in-house unpatented technical know-how that we use to manufacture our products. Many elements of our manufacturing processes involve proprietary know-how, technology or data, either developed by us in-house or transferred to us by our equipment suppliers, which are not covered by patents or patent applications, including manufacturing technologies and processes and production line and equipment designs. We have taken security measures to protect these elements. Substantially all of our research and development personnel are parties to confidentiality, non-compete and proprietary information agreements with us. These agreements address intellectual property protection issues and require our employees to assign to us all of the inventions, designs and technologies that they develop during the terms of their employment with us. We also take other precautions, such as internal document and network assurance and using a separate dedicated server for technical data. Since our inception we have not had any material intellectual property claims brought against us. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Us and the PV Industry —Our limited intellectual property protection both within and outside of China may undermine our competitive position and subject us to intellectual property disputes with third parties, either of which may have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition”.

Competition

The PV market is intensely competitive and rapidly evolving. The supply of PV products has rapidly increased due to the growth of actual and forecasted demand for PV products and relatively low barriers to entry. The weakened demand for PV modules due to weakened macroeconomic conditions and tightened credit for PV project financing, combined with the increased supply of PV modules in recent years, have caused the price of PV modules to decline since the beginning of the fourth quarter of 2008. Since the last quarter of 2012, the price of PV modules has remained relatively stable primarily due to the shake-out of certain uncompetitive production capacity and increased demand worldwide. Demand started to increase from the second half of 2013 and the prices of PV modules slightly increased at the same time. However, prices of PV modules slightly declined again in 2015. We expect that the prices of PV products, including PV modules, may continue to slightly decrease due to continued reductions in the cost of their manufacture. If we fail to attract and retain customers in our target markets for our current and future core products, namely PV modules and PV systems, we will be unable to increase our revenues and market share.

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In 2013, 2014 and 2015, a significant portion of our revenues have derived from overseas markets, including Japan, the United States, Chile, Algeria, France, Germany, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Honduras and South Africa. In these markets, we compete with both local and international producers of solar products, including PV module manufacturers such as SunPower Corporation, thin film solar module manufacturers such as First Solar, Inc., and integrated PV product manufacturers such as SolarWorld AG, Renewable Energy Corporation and Trina Solar Limited. In 2015, sales in China accounted for approximately 40.9% of our total revenues, compared to approximately 35.2% in 2014. We expect more competition from local PV module manufacturers in China as we continue to expand in the China market.

We may also face competition from new entrants to the PV market, including those that offer more advanced technological solutions or that have greater financial resources, such as semiconductor manufacturers, several of which have announced their intention to start producing PV cells and PV modules. A significant number of our competitors are developing or currently producing products based on PV technologies which may be believed to be more advanced, including amorphous silicon, string ribbon and nano technologies, which eventually may offer cost advantages over the crystalline polysilicon technologies which we currently use. Widespread adoption of any of these technologies could result in a rapid decline in demand for our products and a resulting decrease in our revenues if we fail to adopt such technologies. In addition, some of our competitors have become, or are becoming, vertically integrated in the PV industry value chain, as we already have become, from silicon ingot manufacturing to PV system sales and installation. Our competitive advantage as a vertically integrated PV product manufacturer could be further eroded if more of our competitors were to become vertically integrated in the PV industry value chain. In addition, our competitors may also enter into the polysilicon manufacturing business, which may provide them with cost advantages. Furthermore, the entire PV industry also faces competition from conventional energy and non-solar renewable energy providers.

With respect to PV modules, we compete primarily in terms of price, reliability of delivery, consistency in the average wattage of our PV modules, durability, appearance and the quality of our after-sale services. We believe that our highly reliable and cost-effective products, strong brand name, well-established reputation and integrated service model make our PV modules competitive.

With respect to large integrated PV system projects, we compete primarily in terms of price, design and construction experience, aesthetics and conversion efficiency. We face competition from other providers of renewable energy solutions, including developers of PV, solar thermal and concentrated solar power systems, and developers of other forms of renewable energy projects, including wind, hydropower, geothermal, biomass, and tidal. In particular, to the extent other solar module manufacturers become more vertically integrated, we expect to face increased competition from such companies in the PV system project market. We also face competition from other EPC companies and joint venture type arrangements between EPC companies and solar companies. While the decline in PV modules prices over the last several years has led to increased demand for solar electricity worldwide, competition at the systems level can be intense, thereby exerting downward pressure on systems level profit margins across the industry, to the extent that competitors are willing and able to bid aggressively low prices for new projects and power purchase agreements, or PPAs, using low cost assumptions for modules, Balance of System components, installation, maintenance and other costs. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Us and the PV Industry —We face intense competition in the PV modules and PV system markets. Our PV products compete with different solar energy systems, as well as with other sources of renewable energy in the alternative energy market. We cannot guarantee that we will continue to compete effectively in the markets in which we operate. Our failure to adapt to changing market conditions and to compete successfully with existing or future competitors would have a material and adverse effect on our business, prospects and results of operations”.

Environmental Matters

Our manufacturing processes generate noise, waste water, gaseous byproducts and other industrial waste. We have installed various types of anti-pollution equipment in our facilities to reduce, treat, and where feasible, recycle the wastes generated by our manufacturing processes. The most significant environmental contaminant we generate is waste water. We have built special facilities to filter and treat waste water generated by our production processes and recycle the water back into our production processes. The other major environmental contaminant we generate is gaseous byproducts. We treat such gas in our special facilities to reduce the contaminant level to below the applicable environmental protection standard before discharging the gas into the atmosphere. Our operations are subject to regulation and periodic monitoring by local environmental protection authorities. The Chinese national and local environmental laws and regulations impose fees for the discharge of waste substances above prescribed levels, impose fines for serious violations and provide that the Chinese national and local governments may, in their discretion close or suspend the operation of any facility that fails to comply with orders requiring it to cease or remedy its operations causing damage to the environment.

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We have devoted significant efforts to technological innovation and progressive equipment upgrades in some of our manufacturing facilities to improve our production efficiency. Due to these technological innovations and equipment upgrades, our utilization rate in these manufacturing facilities was increased. Actual production capacity of HainanYingli’s manufacturing facilities even exceeded the original capacity permitted by its existing environmental assessment approvals. On March 6 and March 12, 2014, Hainan Yingli received notices from the Department of Land, Environment and Resources of Hainan Province, or the Hainan LER Department, and the Haikou Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, respectively, requesting Hainan Yingli to (i) suspend partially its production lines, and (ii) apply for new environmental impact assessments for its increased production capacity due to equipment upgrades. In addition, three fines were levied against Hainan Yingli in a total amount of approximately RMB0.27 million. Hainan Yingli worked closely with the relevant local governmental authorities for the new environmental impact assessments and to re-obtain the trial production permits. On May 16, 2014, Hainan Yingli obtained trial production permits from the Hainan LER Department and on October 29, 2014, the Hainan LER Department approved Hainan Yingli’s environmental impact assessment. On December 12, 2014, Hainan Yingli obtained a Pollutant Discharge Permit from Hainan LER Department, which was valid until December 12, 2015. On March 26, 2015, Hainan Yingli received a notice from the Haikou Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, demanding payment of an environmental penalty in an amount of RMB62,630.40, and Hainan Yingli paid the penalty amount in full in April of 2015. On December 12, 2015, Hainan Yingli obtained a renewed Pollutant Discharge Permit from Hainan LER Department, which Permit is valid until December 22, 2017.

Except as disclosed above, no such penalties have been imposed on us or our subsidiaries, and we believe that we are currently in compliance with current environmental protection requirements in all material respects, and have obtained or are in the process of obtaining all necessary environmental permits for all of our production expansion projects. We are not aware of any other pending or threatened environmental investigation proceeding or action by any governmental agency or third party.

Insurance

We maintain an insurance policy covering losses due to fire, earthquake, flood and a wide range of other natural disasters. Insurance coverage for our inventory, fixed assets and ongoing projects amounted to approximately RMB15,366.9 million as of the date of this annual report. We also maintain insurance policies in respect of marine, air and inland transit risks of our products. In addition, we have obtained product liability insurance coverage. The insurance policy covers bodily injuries and property damage caused by products we have sold, supplied or distributed up, to specified limits. We do not maintain any insurance coverage for business interruption or key-person life insurance for our executive officers. We consider our insurance coverage to be adequate. However, significant damage to any of our manufacturing facilities and buildings, whether as a result of fire or other causes, could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Us and the PV Industry — We have limited insurance coverage and may incur uncovered losses resulting from business interruption or natural disasters”.

PRC Governmental Regulations

This section sets forth a summary of the most significant regulations or requirements that affect our business activities in China. Certain of these regulations and requirements, such as those relating to tax, equity joint ventures, foreign currency exchange, dividend distribution, regulation of foreign exchange in certain onshore and offshore transactions, and regulations of overseas listings, may affect our shareholders’ right to receive dividends and other distributions from us.

Renewable Energy Law and Other Government Directives

In February 2005, China enacted its Renewable Energy Law, which became effective on January 1, 2006, or the 2006 Renewable Energy Law. The 2006 Renewable Energy Law sets forth the national policy to encourage and support the use of solar and other sources of renewable energy and the use of on-grid generation. On December 26, 2009, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress adopted an amendment to the 2006 Renewable Energy Law, or the Amended Renewable Energy Law, which became effective on April 1, 2010. While the 2006 Renewable Energy Law has laid the legal foundation for developing renewable energy in China, the Amended Renewable Energy Law has introduced practical implementation measures to enhance such development.

The Amended Renewable Energy Law details the principles, main content and key issues of the plans to develop and utilize renewable energy, further elaborates on the requirements for grid companies to purchase the full amount of electricity generated from renewable energy sources by setting out the responsibilities and obligations of the government, the power companies and the grid companies, respectively, and also clarifies that the state will set up a special fund, referred to as the renewable energy development fund, to compensate the difference between the tariff for electricity generated from renewable energy and that generated from conventional energy sources. The proceeds of the renewable energy development fund may also be used to support renewable energy scientific research, finance rural clean energy projects, build independent power systems in remote areas and islands, and build information networks to exploit renewable energy. It is anticipated that China will publish more detailed implementing rules for the Amended Renewable Energy Law and make corresponding changes to those existing implementing rules relating to renewable energy.

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China’s Ministry of Construction issued a directive in June of 2005, which seeks to expand the use of solar energy in residential and commercial buildings and encourages the increased application of solar energy in townships. In addition, China’s State Council promulgated a directive in June of 2005, which sets forth specific measures to conserve energy resources and encourage exploration, development and use of solar energy in China’s western areas, which are not fully connected to electricity transmission grids, and other rural areas.

In July 2007, the PRC State Electricity Regulatory Commission issued the Supervision Regulations on the Purchase of All Renewable Energy by Power Grid Enterprises which became effective on September 1, 2007. To promote the use of renewable energy for power generation, the regulations require that electricity grid enterprises must in a timely manner set up connections between the grids and renewable power generation systems and purchase all the electricity generated by renewable power generation systems. The regulations also provide that power dispatch institutions shall give priority to renewable power generation companies in respect of power dispatch services provision.

On August 31, 2007, the NDRC implemented the National Medium- and Long-Term Programs for Renewable Energy, or MLPRE, which highlights the government’s long-term commitment to the development of renewable energy.

On April 1, 2008, the PRC Energy Conservation Law came into effect. Among other objectives, this law encourages the utilization and installation of solar power facilities in buildings for energy-efficiency purposes.

On March 23, 2009, the MOF issued the Provisional Measures for Administration of Government Subsidy Funds for Application of Solar Photovoltaic Technology in Building Construction, which outlined a subsidy program dedicated to rooftop PV systems with a minimum peak capacity of 50 kilowatt-peak.

On July 1, 2010, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development issued the “City Illumination Administration Provisions” or the Illumination Provision. The Illumination Provisions encourage the installation and use of renewable energy system such as PV systems in the process of construction and re-construction of city illumination projects.

On July 24, 2011, the NDRC issued the Notice on Improving the On-grid Tariff Policy for Photovoltaic Generation. Under this Notice, it is required that a uniform national benchmark on-grid tariff for solar energy photovoltaic generation be formulated. Furthermore, for PV projects that had been approved before July 1, 2011 and would be completed by December 31, 2011, the feed-in tariff would be RMB1.15/kWh, including value-added tax, or VAT. Except for PV projects that are constructed in Tibet, for PV projects that are approved after July 1, 2011 and PV projects that had been approved before July 1, 2011 but would not be completed by December 31, 2011, the feed-in tariff including VAT would be RMB1/kWh.

On November 29, 2011, the MOF, the NDRC and the NEA jointly issued the Interim Measures for the Administration of Levy and Use of Renewable Energy Development Fund, which provides that development funds for renewable energy include designated funds arranged by the public budget of national finance, and renewable energy tariff surcharge collected from electricity consumers. Solar power projects can only receive central government subsidies after completing certain administrative and perfunctory procedures with the relevant authorities of finance, price and energy to be qualified for such subsidy.

In order to be qualified for such subsidy, ground-mounted projects submit applications to the relevant provincial authorities; and in accordance with the Circular on Issues Concerning Implementing Electric Quantity-based Subsidy Policy for Distributed Generation Projects issued by the MOF on July 24, 2013, rooftop DG projects submit applications to the grid enterprises in the area where the projects are located. After preliminary review of the applications, the provincial authorities will jointly report to the MOF, the NDRC and the NEA, and the MOF, the NDRC and the NEA will have final review on such applications to decide whether to list in the subsidy catalog.

On March 14, 2012, the MOF, the NDRC and the National Energy Administration, or the NEA, jointly issued interim measures for the management of additional subsidies for renewable-energy power prices, according to which relevant renewable-energy power generation enterprises are entitled to apply for subsidies for their renewable power generation projects that satisfy relevant requirements set forth in the measures.

On January 1, 2013, the State Council adopted a Circular on the Twelfth Five-Year Plan for Energy Development, which sets out key development objectives for the industry during the PRC’s 12th Five-Year Plan. In accordance with this plan, to optimize the structure of energy consumption, the proportion of non-fossil energy consumption is to be increased to 11.4 percent of total energy consumption by 2015.

In March 2013, the NDRC issued the Notice on Improving the Pricing Scheme for Photovoltaic Power Generation. According to this notice, the NDRC proposed to reduce the feed-in tariff for utility scale PV projects from RMB1/kWh to RMB0.75/kWh, RMB0.85/kWh and RMB0.95/kWh, depending on the project’s location. The feed-in tariff for PV projects constructed in specific regions would remain at RMB1/kWh. In addition, the NDRC proposed a subsidy of RMB0.35/kWh for distributed PV generation projects and the purchase price of electricity generated to be in line with existing tariffs for electricity generated from coal.

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In March 2013, the NDRC, the NEA and the MOF jointly issued measures to standardize settlement of feed-in tariffs, which are believed to help address delays in payment of solar subsidies and settlement of accounts payable experienced by solar project developers. In addition, pursuant to a July 2013 MOF notice, starting from August 2013, subsidies for distributed PV power generation stations (excluding distributed PV power generation projects) are required to be paid directly from the MOF to the State Grid Corporation of China and the China Southern Power Grid Co., Ltd., rather than through the MOF’s provincial counterparts. As a result of such measures, the collection period for feed-in-tariffs is expected to be significantly shortened.

The MOF has proposed to almost double the renewable energy surcharge for end-users of electricity from RMB0.008/kWh to RMB0.015/kWh, effective from September 25, 2013.

On August 26, 2013, the Department of Price Supervision of the NDRC released subsidy details for PV projects. Transmission-grid-connected projects will receive a feed-in-tariff of RMB0.90/kWh to RMB1.00/kWh, and distribution-grid-connected projects will receive a premium of RMB0.42/kWh in addition to the desulphurized coal benchmark price. Distribution-grid-connected projects are expected to represent the majority of China’s new PV installations over the next few years. Unlike the rest of the world, capital expenditures for distribution-grid-connected projects are higher than transmission-grid-connected projects, since labor costs for scaffolding and work on rooftops are low in China and rooftop space is currently free. Meanwhile, the NDRC announced that the feed-in tariff will be valid, in principle, for 20 years.

On September 23, 2013, the MOF and the State Administration of Taxation jointly issued a notice that ordered a 50% refund of value-added tax on sales by PV manufacturers of their PV products. This VAT refund will be effective from October 1, 2013 through December 31, 2015.

On November 26, 2013, the MOF announced that electricity generated by distributed PV systems for their own use is exempted from paying governmental charges of additional renewable energy tariffs, funding of major national water conservancy construction projects, large and medium-sized reservoir settlement support and rural loans. On the same date, the NEA promulgated the “Interim Measures for the Administration of PV Power Generation”, which clarify that the state department in charge of energy and its local counterparts are responsible for supervising PV projects.

On February 12, 2014, the NEA circulated the target for national solar installations in 2014 to be 14 gigawatts, 6 gigawatts of which would be targeted for utility scale, 8 gigawatts for distributed generation. The NEA revised this installations target to 13 gigawatts in August due to slower than expected growth in the first half of 2014.

Also on February 12, 2014, the NEA released a list of 81 “New Energy Demonstration Cities” and eight “industrial demonstration parks” in 28 cities and 8 provinces respectively. These cities and zones are required to achieve their respective mandatory targets in terms of solar PV installations and the percentage of installed renewable energy power generation capacities by the end of 2015, or the end of the 12th Five-Year Plan.

In February 2014, the Certification and Accreditation Administration and the NEA jointly issued the “Implementation Opinions on Strengthening the Testing and Certification of PV Products”. The implementation opinions specify that only certified PV products may be connected to the power grid or receive government subsidies. The institutions that certify PV products must be approved by the Certification and Accreditation Administration. According to the implementation opinions, PV products that are subject to certification include PV battery parts, inverters, control devices, confluence devices, energy storage devices and independent PV systems.

On September 2, 2014, the NEA of China issued new policies to accelerate the development of distributed generation and simplify the relevant approval process. In addition, the new policy encouraged the development of more innovative financing structures for distributed generation projects, with potential options such as loan guarantees, leasing models, strategic partnerships between banks and PV installers, and increased support for personal and business loans.

In March 2015, the NEA promulgated the Circular on Implementing Plans of PV Generation Construction for 2015, which announced that the total target increase in PV power generation capacity of ground-mounted projects for 2015 will be 17.8 gigawatts and indicated that rooftop distributed solar projects and ground-mounted projects intended for self-use would no longer be subject to quota requirement.

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On March 20, 2015, the NDRC and the NEA issued a directive opinion emphasizing that the relevant provincial authorities must strengthen implementation of provisions regarding the purchase of the full amount of electricity generated by renewable energy and avoid any curtailment of solar power projects. In addition, the directive opinion also stated that electricity generated by clean energy is encouraged to be sold directly to consumers in regions having an ample supply of clean energy, and the relevant parities must coordinate the trans-provincial supply of electricity and power transmission capability, in order to maximize the utilization of clean energy.

On June 1, 2015, the NEA, the MIIT and the Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People’s Republic of China (CNCA) issued the Directive Opinions on Promoting the Advanced PV Applications and PV Industry Upgrading, which signaled strict implementation of market access for PV products. For example, the conversion rate of multicrystalline PV modules and monocrystalline PV modules should be no less than 15.5% and 16%, respectively. The NEA also launched a “Top Runner” program to promote advanced PV products, which program requires that the conversion rate of multicrystalline PV modules and monocrystalline PV modules should be more than 16.5% and 17%, respectively.

In September 2015, the NEA issued a notice to raise China’s PV installation target to 23.1 gigawatts from 17.8 gigawatts for 2015.

On November 27, 2015, the State Forestry Administration released a notice to specify the scope of forest land that can be used for the construction of PV power stations. On December 2, 2015, the Ministry of Land and Resources also issued a notice to standardize the approval and use of land during the development of PV projects.

On December 22, 2015, the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) issued the Project Catalog Supported by Green Bonds, in which the PBOC encouraged financial institutions to issue bonds supporting the development of PV and other green industries.

On December 24, 2015, the NDRC issued the Notice on Improving Benchmark Price Policy of Onshore Wind Power and PV Power. According to this new policy, a new feed in tariff of RMB0.8, RMB0.88, or RMB0.98 will apply to PV projects registered after January 1, 2016, with the specific feed in tariff rate to vary according to the location of the PV project.

On March 3, 2016, the NEA announced the guiding opinions on Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS). Under the RPS, each province/city is required to consume a certain amount of the renewable energy (mainly wind power & solar power) in total energy consumption, with a target national average of 9%, as compared to the current national average of 4%.

On March 23, 2016, the NDRC, the NEA, the Poverty Alleviation and Development Office of the State Council (PDOS), the China Development Bank (CDB) and the Agricultural Development Bank of China (ADBC) jointly issued the Opinion on Implementing PV Power Generation for Alleviating Poverty, in which the government requires developing PV power generation facilities in about 35 thousand villages to help alleviate poverty in these villages.

On March 24, 2016, the NDRC issued the Notice on Issuing the Measures for the Administration of the Guaranteed Buyout of Electricity Generated by Renewable Energy Resources. According to this notice, grid enterprises will buy all electricity generated by renewable energy resources within government plans.

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Environmental Regulations

Our manufacturing processes generate noise, waste water, gaseous byproducts and other industrial waste. We are subject to a variety of governmental regulations related to the storage, use and disposal of hazardous materials. The major environmental regulations applicable to us include the PRC Environmental Protection Law, the PRC Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution and its implementation rules, the PRC Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution and its implementation rules, the PRC Law on the Prevention and Control of Solid Waste Pollution, the PRC Law on the Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution and the PRC Law on Appraising Environment Impacts.

In addition, under the PRC Environmental Protection Law, the Ministry of Environmental Protection sets national pollutant emissions standards. However, provincial governments may set stricter local standards, which are required to be registered with the State Administration for Environmental Protection. Enterprises are required to comply with the stricter of the two standards.

Relevant laws and regulations generally impose discharge fees based on the level of pollutions emitted. These laws and regulations also impose fines for violations of laws, regulations or decrees and provide for possible closure by the central or local government of any enterprise which fails to comply with orders requiring it to remedy its activities causing damage to the environment.

Equity Joint Ventures

Tianwei Yingli, as a Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprise, is an equity joint venture subject to certain PRC laws and regulations. Equity joint ventures, as a form of foreign investment permitted in China, are governed primarily by the following laws and regulations:

the Company Law (1993), as amended;

the Law on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprises (1979), as amended; and

Rules on Implementation of the Law on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprises (1983), as amended.

An equity joint venture is a limited liability company under PRC law and its establishment is subject to the approval of MOFCOM or its authorized local counterpart where such equity joint venture is located. The board of directors is the highest authority of an equity joint venture and has the power to decide all matters that are material to the equity joint venture. Each director is appointed for a term of no more than four years and may serve consecutive terms if appointed by the party by which he or she was originally appointed. Each director may be removed by its appointing party, at any time, with or without cause and may be replaced by a nominee appointed by such party before the expiration of such director’s term of office.

Resolutions of the board of directors of an equity joint venture involving any matters may be adopted by the affirmative vote of a simple majority of all directors present in person or by proxy at a meeting of the board, except that resolutions involving the following matters require a unanimous approval of all directors present in person or by proxy at the meeting of the board:

amendment to the articles of association of the equity joint venture;

merger of the equity joint venture with another entity;

division of the equity joint venture;

suspension or dissolution of the equity joint venture; and

increase or reduction of the registered capital of the equity joint venture.

Tax

Enterprise Income Tax

PRC enterprise income tax is calculated based on taxable income determined under PRC GAAP and PRC tax laws and regulations.

On March 16, 2007, the National People’s Congress passed the Enterprise Income Tax Law, or the EIT Law, and adopted a uniform income tax rate of 25% for most domestic enterprises and foreign investment enterprises. The EIT Law became effective on January 1, 2008. The EIT Law provides a five-year transition period from its effective date for enterprises that were established before the promulgation date of the EIT Law and which enterprises were entitled to preferential tax rates and treatments under the then effective tax laws or regulations. On December 26, 2007, the PRC government issued detailed implementation rules regarding the transitional preferential policies. Furthermore, under the EIT Law, entities that qualify as “high and new technology enterprises strongly supported by the state” are entitled to a preferential enterprise income tax rate of 15%. The Ministry of Science and Technology, the MOF and the State Administration of Taxation jointly issued the Administrative Regulations on the Recognition of High and New Technology Enterprises on January 29, 2016 to replace the previous regulations issued on April 24, 2008, but have yet to issue new guidelines to replace the Guidelines for the Recognition of High and New Technology Enterprises issued on July 8, 2008.

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Under the effective tax laws and regulations, Tianwei Yingli, as a foreign invested enterprise engaged primarily in manufacturing and having been in operation for more than ten years, was entitled to a two-year exemption from the enterprise income tax from its first profit-making year following its conversion into a Sino-foreign equity joint venture company, which exemption specifically was effective in 2007 and 2008, and a 50% reduction in the subsequent three years, from 2009 to 2011. Accordingly, Tianwei Yingli was subject to enterprise income tax at a rate of 12.5% from 2009 to 2011. In August 2011, Tianwei Yingli renewed the certificate for its status as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” and extended the preferential income tax period for another three years starting from 2011. As a result, Tianwei Yingli was entitled to a preferential EIT rate of 15% for 2012 and 2013. In August 2014, Tianwei Yingli renewed the certificate for its status as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” and extended the preferential income tax period for another three years starting from 2014. As a result, Tianwei Yingli is entitled to a preferential EIT rate of 15% from 2014 to 2016. Yingli China was established in October 2007 and was originally recognized by the Chinese government as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” under the EIT Law in December 2008. In August 2011, Yingli China renewed the certificate for its status as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” and extended the preferential income tax period for another three years starting from 2011. As a result, Yingli China was entitled to a preferential EIT rate of 15% from 2011 to 2013. In August 2014, Yingli China renewed the certificate for its status as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” and extended the preferential income tax period for another three years starting from 2014. As a result, Yingli China is entitled to a preferential EIT rate of 15% from 2014 to 2016. Hainan Yingli, located in the Hainan special economic zone, was established in September 2009 and was originally recognized by the Chinese government as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” under the EIT Law in September 2011. Therefore, Hainan Yingli was entitled to a two-year tax exemption from the enterprise income tax for the first two years of its operation, and a 50% reduction in the subsequent three years upon generating any operational revenues. Hainan Yingli elected to defer the commencement of the abovementioned tax holidays until January 1, 2011. Therefore, Hainan Yingli is entitled to an exemption from EIT from 2011 to 2012 and a preferential EIT rate of 12.5% from 2013 to 2015. Tianjin Yingli, located in Tianjin, was established in March 2011 and was originally recognized by the Chinese government as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” under the EIT Law in July 2013. Therefore, Tianjin Yingli is entitled to a preferential EIT rate of 15% from 2013 to 2015. Lixian Yingli, located in Lixian, Hebei Province, was established in June 2010 and was originally recognized by the Chinese government as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” under the EIT Law in July 2013. Therefore, Lixian Yingli is entitled to a preferential EIT rate of 15% from 2013 to 2015. Hengshui Yingli, located in Hengshui, Hebei Province, was established in April 2011 and was originally recognized by the Chinese government as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” under the EIT Law in July 2013. Therefore, Hengshui Yingli is entitled to a preferential EIT rate of 15% from 2013 to 2015.

Furthermore, continued qualification as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” is subject to a review every three years by relevant government authorities in China, and in practice certain local tax authorities also require annual evaluation of the qualification. If renewed after our reapplication and relevant government authorities’ review and annual evaluation, a “High and New Technology Enterprise” status will enable Tianwei Yingli, Yingli China, Tianjin Yingli, Lixian Yingli, Hengshui Yingli and Hainan Yingli to continue to enjoy the preferential income tax rate of 15% for another three years. These entities have passed all previous reviews and evaluations by relevant PRC government authorities for this qualification, and we expect them in the future to continue to pass such reviews and evaluations.

Moreover, the EIT Law and its implementation rules impose a 10% withholding tax, unless reduced by a tax treaty or agreement, for distributions of dividends in respect of earnings accumulated beginning on January 1, 2008 by a foreign investment enterprise to its immediate overseas holding company, insofar as the latter is treated as a non-resident enterprise. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — Dividends we may receive from our operating subsidiaries located in the PRC may be subject to PRC withholding tax”.

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The EIT Law also specifies that enterprises established outside of China whose “de facto management bodies” are located in China are considered “resident enterprises” and generally are subject to enterprise income tax on their worldwide income at the uniform 25% rate. Under the implementation rules for the EIT Law issued by the State Council, a “de facto management body” is defined as a body that has substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, properties and other factors of an enterprise. On April 22, 2009, the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Notice Regarding Determination of Chinese-Controlled Overseas Incorporated Enterprises as PRC Tax Resident Enterprises on the Basis of De Facto Management Bodies, or SAT Circular 82, which sets out criteria for determining whether “de facto management bodies” are located in China for overseas incorporated, domestically controlled enterprises. However, as this circular only applies to enterprises incorporated under laws of foreign countries or regions that are controlled by PRC enterprises or groups of PRC enterprises, it remains unclear how the tax authorities will determine the location of “de facto management bodies” for overseas incorporated enterprises that are controlled by individual PRC residents like us and some of our subsidiaries. Therefore, although substantially all of our management is currently located in the PRC, it remains unclear whether the PRC tax authorities would require or permit our overseas registered entities to be treated as PRC resident enterprises. If the PRC tax authorities determine that Yingli Green Energy and some of our subsidiaries, such as Yingli International, Yingli Capital, Yingli Hong Kong, Cyber Power and Cyber Lighting, are PRC resident enterprises, we and such subsidiaries may be subject to enterprise income tax as to our global income at the 25% rate. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Doing Business in China — We and some of our subsidiaries may be deemed resident enterprises under the EIT Law and be subject to PRC taxation as to our worldwide income”.

On February 3, 2015, the State Administration of Taxation issued the Bulletin on Issues of Enterprise Income Tax on Indirect Transfers of Assets by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or Bulletin 7, which replaced or supplemented previous rules under the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or Circular 698, issued by the State Administration of Taxation, on December 10, 2009. Pursuant to this Bulletin, an “indirect transfer” of assets, including equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise, by non-PRC resident enterprises may be re-characterized and treated as a direct transfer of PRC taxable assets, if such arrangement does not have a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of avoiding payment of PRC enterprise income tax. As a result, gains derived from such indirect transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax. According to Bulletin 7, “PRC taxable assets” include assets attributed to an establishment in China, immoveable properties located in China, and equity investments in PRC resident enterprises, in respect of which gains from their transfer by a direct holder, being a non-PRC resident enterprise, would be subject to PRC enterprise income taxes. When determining whether there is a “reasonable commercial purpose” of the transaction arrangement, features to be taken into consideration include: whether the main value of the equity interest of the relevant offshore enterprise derives from PRC taxable assets; whether the assets of the relevant offshore enterprise mainly consists of direct or indirect investment in China or if its income mainly derives from China; whether the offshore enterprise and its subsidiaries directly or indirectly holding PRC taxable assets have real commercial nature which is evidenced by their actual function and risk exposure; the duration of existence of the business model and organizational structure; the replicability of the transaction by direct transfer of PRC taxable assets; and the tax situation of such indirect transfer and applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements. In respect of an indirect offshore transfer of assets of a PRC establishment, the resulting gain is to be included with the enterprise income tax filing of the PRC establishment or place of business being transferred, and would consequently be subject to PRC enterprise income tax at a rate of 25%. Where the underlying transfer relates to the immoveable properties located in China or to equity investments in a PRC resident enterprise, which is not related to a PRC establishment or place of business of a non-resident enterprise, a PRC enterprise income tax at 10% would apply, subject to available preferential tax treatment under applicable tax treaties or similar arrangements, and the payer bears the withholding obligation. Where the payer fails to withhold any or sufficient tax, the transferor shall declare and pay such the tax to the tax authority by itself within the statutory time limit. Late payment of applicable tax will subject the transferor to default interest. Bulletin 7 does not apply to transactions of sale of shares by investors through a public stock exchange where such shares were acquired from a transaction through a public stock exchange.

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Value Added Tax

Pursuant to the Provisional Regulation of the PRC on Value Added Tax and its implementation rules, all entities and individuals that are engaged in the sale of goods, the provision of repairs and replacement services and the importation of goods in China are generally required to pay Value Added Tax at a rate of 17.0% of the gross sales proceeds received, less any creditable Value Added Tax already paid or borne by the taxpayer. In addition, when exporting goods, the exporter is entitled to a portion of or all the refund of value added tax that it has already paid or borne. Imported raw materials that are used by our operating subsidiaries for manufacturing products intended for export, and are deposited in bonded warehouses are exempt from import Value Added Tax.

Foreign Currency Exchange

Foreign currency exchange in China is primarily governed by the following rules:

Foreign Currency Administration Rules (1996), as amended; and

Administration Rules of the Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange (1996).

Under the Foreign Currency Administration Rules, the foreign exchange incomes of domestic entities and individuals can be remitted into China or deposited abroad, subject to conditions and time limits to be issued by the PRC State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE. According to the Foreign Currency Administration Rules, the Renminbi is convertible for current account items, including the distribution of dividends, interest payments, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions. However, conversion of Renminbi for capital account items, such as direct investments, loans, securities investments, derivative transactions and repatriation of investments, is still subject to approval by, and/or registration with, SAFE or its local branches.

Under the Administration Rules of the Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange, foreign-invested enterprises may only buy, sell and/or remit foreign currencies at those banks authorized to conduct foreign exchange business after providing valid commercial documents and, in the case of capital account item transactions, obtaining approval from SAFE or its local branches. Capital investments by foreign-invested enterprises outside of China are also subject to limitations, which include approvals by the Ministry of Commerce, SAFE and the National Development and Reform Commission or their local counterparts. Currently, the PRC laws and regulations do not provide clear criteria as to how to obtain approval from SAFE. SAFE and its local branches have broad discretion as to whether to issue an approval.

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Dividend Distribution

The principal regulations governing distribution of dividends paid by foreign invested enterprises include:

the Company Law (1993), as amended;

the Law on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprises (1979), as amended;

the Rules on Implementation of the Law on Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprises (1983), as amended;

the Enterprise Income Tax Law (2007);

the Rules on Implementation of the Enterprise Income Tax Law (2007);

the Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise Law (1986), as amended; and

the Administrative Rules under the Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprise Law (1990), as amended.

Under these regulations, Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprises and wholly foreign-owned enterprises in China may pay dividends only out of their retained earnings, if any, determined in accordance with PRC GAAP. The board of directors of a Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprise has the discretion to allocate a portion of its after-tax profits to reserve funds, employee bonus and welfare funds and enterprise development funds, which funds may not be distributed to equity owners as dividends. Wholly foreign owned enterprises in China are required to allocate each year at least 10% of their after-tax profits, if any, to their reserve funds until the cumulative amount in such reserve funds has reached 50% of the enterprise’s registered capital amount.

Furthermore, the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Notice on How to Understand and Determine the Beneficial Owners in Tax Agreement s in October 2009, or Circular 601, which provides guidance on determining whether a resident of a contracting country is the “beneficial owner” of an item of income under China’s tax treaties and tax arrangements. According to Circular 601, a beneficial owner generally must be engaged in substantive business activities. An agent or conduit company will not be regarded as a beneficial owner and, therefore, will not qualify for treaty benefits. The conduit company normally refers to a company that is set up for the purpose of avoiding or reducing taxes or transferring or accumulating profits. It remains unclear whether any dividends to be distributed by us to our non-PRC shareholders and ADS holders whose jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China providing for a different withholding arrangement will be entitled to the benefits under that withholding arrangement.

Regulation of Foreign Exchange in Certain Onshore and Offshore Transactions

In October 2005, SAFE issued the Notice on Issues Relating to the Administration of Foreign Exchange in Fund-raising and Return Investment Activities of Domestic Residents Conducted via Offshore Special Purpose Companies, or SAFE Notice 75, which became effective on November 1, 2005. SAFE Notice 75 states that Chinese residents, whether natural or legal persons, must register with their relevant local SAFE branch prior to establishing or taking control of an offshore entity established for the purpose of overseas equity financing involving onshore assets or equity interests held by such Chinese resident. The term “Chinese legal person residents” as used in SAFE Notice 75 refers to those entities with legal person status or other economic organizations established within the PRC. The term “Chinese natural person residents” as used in SAFE Notice 75 includes all Chinese citizens and all other natural persons, including foreigners, who habitually reside in China for economic benefit.

Chinese residents are required to complete amended registrations with their local SAFE branch upon (i) injection of equity interests or assets of an onshore enterprise to the offshore entity, or (ii) subsequent overseas equity financing by such offshore entity. Chinese residents are also required to complete amended registrations or filings with their local SAFE branch within 30 days after the occurrence of any material change in the shareholding or capital of the offshore entity, such as changes in share capital, share transfers and long-term equity or debt investments, and providing security. Chinese residents who have already incorporated or gained control of offshore entities that have made onshore investments in China before SAFE Notice 75 was promulgated must register their shareholding in the offshore entities with their local SAFE branch on or before March 31, 2006.

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Under SAFE Notice 75, Chinese residents are further required to repatriate back into China all of their dividends, profits or capital gains obtained from their shareholdings in the offshore entity within 180 days after receipt of such dividends, profits or capital gains. However, under the amended Foreign Currency Administration Rules, the foreign exchange incomes of domestic entities and individuals can be remitted into China or deposited abroad, subject to conditions and time limits to be issued by SAFE. The registration and filing procedures under SAFE Notice 75 are prerequisites for other approval and registration procedures necessary for capital inflows from the offshore entity, such as inbound investments or shareholders loans, or capital outflows to the offshore entity, such as the payment of profits or dividends, liquidating distributions, equity sale proceeds, or the return of funds upon a capital reduction.

Failure to comply with the registration procedures set forth in SAFE Notice 75 may result in restrictions being imposed on the foreign exchange activities of the relevant onshore company, including the increase of its registered capital, the payment of dividends and other distributions to its offshore parent or affiliate and the capital inflows from the offshore entity, and may also subject relevant Chinese residents to penalties under PRC foreign exchange administration regulations and result in potential liability for our PRC subsidiaries and, in some instances, for their legal representatives and other liable individuals.

SAFE promulgated SAFE Circular 37, on July 4, 2014, which replaced SAFE Notice 75 promulgated by SAFE on October 21, 2005. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents to register with local branches of SAFE in connection with their direct establishment or indirect control of an offshore entity, for the purpose of overseas investment and financing, with such PRC residents’ legally owned assets or equity interests in domestic enterprises or offshore assets or interests, referred to in SAFE Circular 37 as a special purpose vehicle. SAFE Circular 37 further requires amendment to the registration in the event of any significant changes with respect to the special purpose vehicle, such as increase or decrease of capital contributed by PRC individuals, share transfer or exchange, merger, division or other material event. In the event that a PRC shareholder holding interests in a special purpose vehicle fails to fulfill the required SAFE registration, the PRC subsidiaries of that special purpose vehicle may be prohibited from making profit distributions to the offshore parent and from carrying out subsequent cross-border foreign exchange activities, and the special purpose vehicle may be restricted in its ability to contribute additional capital into its PRC subsidiary. Furthermore, failure to comply with the various SAFE registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for evasion of foreign exchange controls. On February 13, 2015, SAFE released the Notice on Further Simplifying and Improving Policies for the Foreign Exchange Administration of Direct Investment, or SAFE Circular 13, which has taken effective from June 1, 2015. According to this notice, local banks will examine and handle foreign exchange registration for overseas direct investment, including the initial foreign exchange registration and amendment registration, under SAFE Circular 37. However, since the notice has not yet come into force, there exist high uncertainties with respect to its interpretation and implementation by governmental authorities and banks.

On August 29, 2008, SAFE promulgated Circular 142, or SAFE Notice 142, a notice regulating the conversion by a foreign invested company of foreign currency into Renminbi by restricting how the converted Renminbi may be used. The notice requires that the registered capital of a foreign-invested company settled in Renminbi converted from foreign currencies may only be used for purposes within the business scope approved by the applicable governmental authority and may not be used for equity investments within the PRC. In addition, SAFE strengthened its oversight of the flow and use of the registered capital of a foreign-invested company settled in Renminbi converted from foreign currencies. The use of such Renminbi capital may not be changed without SAFE’s approval, and may not in any case be used to repay Renminbi loans if the proceeds of such loans have not been used. Violations of SAFE Notice 142 will result in severe penalties, such as heavy fines. On November 19, 2012, SAFE promulgated Circular 59, which came into force on December 17, 2012. Circular 59 further relaxes the foreign exchange controls over inbound and outbound investments by PRC companies and simplifies the current administrative system, especially in foreign currency capital settlement and foreign exchange registration procedures of foreign-invested enterprises. In addition, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Printing and Distributing the Provisions on Foreign Exchange Administration over Domestic Direct Investment by Foreign Investors and the Supporting Documents in May 2013, which specifies that the administration by SAFE or its local branches over direct investment by foreign investors in the PRC shall be conducted by way of registration and banks shall process foreign exchange business relating to the direct investment in the PRC based on the registration information provided by SAFE and its branches.

The SAFE Notice 142 has been replaced by the SAFE Notice 19, which was issued by SAFE on March 30, 2015 and became effective on June 1, 2015. According to the SAFE Notice 19, a foreign invested enterprise is allowed to settle its foreign exchange capital on a discretionary basis according to the actual needs of their business operation and provides the procedures for foreign invested enterprises to use Renminbi converted from foreign-denominated registered capital of a foreign-invested enterprise for equity investment. Nevertheless, the SAFE Notice 19 also reiterates the principle that Renminbi converted from foreign currency-denominated registered capital may not be directly or indirectly used for purposes beyond its business scope. There are still uncertainties on how the SAFE Notice 19 will be interpreted and implemented in practice. Those restrictions may significantly limit our ability to transfer the net proceeds from our financings to our PRC subsidiaries, which may adversely affect the business expansions of our PRC subsidiaries, and we may not be able to convert net proceeds from our financings into Renminbi to invest in or acquire any other PRC companies.

Regulations of Employee Share Options

In December 2006, the People’s Bank of China promulgated the Administrative Measures on Individual Person Foreign Exchange, or the PBOC Regulation, setting forth the respective requirements for foreign exchange transactions by individuals (both PRC or non-PRC citizens) under current accounts and capital accounts. In January 2007, SAFE issued the implementation rules for the PBOC Regulation, which, among other things, specified the approval requirement for certain capital account transactions such as a PRC citizen’s participation in the employee stock ownership plan or stock options plan of an overseas listed company. Consequently, in February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Share Option Rules, under which PRC citizens or residents habitually residing in the PRC continuously for over one year, who are granted shares or share options by an overseas-listed company according to its employee share option or share incentive plan are required, through the PRC subsidiary of such overseas-listed company or qualified PRC agents, to register with SAFE and complete certain other procedures related to the shareholding plan, share option plan or other similar share incentive plans. Concurrent with the registration with SAFE, the PRC subsidiary or the qualified PRC agent shall obtain an approval for an annual allowance of foreign exchange in connection with the exercise of any shareholding or share option as well as an approval to open a special foreign exchange account at a PRC domestic bank to hold the funds required in connection with such exercise of the share purchase or share option, returned principal or profits upon sale of shares, dividends issued on the stock and any other income or expenditures approved by SAFE. Currently, participating PRC residents’ foreign exchange income received from the sale of shares and dividends distributed by the overseas-listed company must be fully remitted into the domestic foreign currency account before such income is distributed to such participants. In addition, the PRC agents are required to amend or deregister the registrations with SAFE in case of any material change in, or termination of, the share incentive plans, within the time periods provided by the Share Option Rules.

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Organizational Structure

The following diagram illustrates our company’s organizational structure, and the place of formation, ownership interest and affiliation of each of our significant subsidiaries as of May 16, 2016.

(1)

Indicates jurisdiction of incorporation.

(2)

The principal business of Tianwei Baobian is the manufacture of large electricity transformers. The common shares of Tianwei Baobian are listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. Tianwei Baobian is controlled and 25.66% owned by Baoding Tianwei Group Co., Ltd., or Tianwei Group, a wholly state-owned limited liability company established in the PRC, which is in turn controlled by China South Industries Group Corporation.

(3)

The principle business of Baoding Tianwei Group is the production of transformers, CT and reactors applied on power distribution and power generation station.

(4)

Indicates the percentage as of May 16, 2016.

(5)

The principal business of Yingli International is the sale and marketing of PV products and relevant accessories and investments in renewable energy projects.

(6)

The principal business of Tianwei Yingli is the design, manufacture and sale of PV modules and the design, assembly, sale and installation of PV systems.

(7)

The principal business of Yingli China is the research, manufacture, sale and installation of renewable energy products.

(8)

The principal business of Yingli Beijing is the sale and manufacture of PV modules and PV systems.

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(9)

The principal business of Yingli Green Energy Capital (Hong Kong) is import and export trading and investments holding.

(10)

The principal business of Yingli Singapore is the research and experimental development on electronics.

(11)

The principal business of Yingli Chile is the sale and marketing of PV products and relevant accessories in Chile.

(12)

The principal business of Yingli Mexico is the sale and marketing of PV products and relevant accessories in Mexico.

(13)

The principal business of Yingli Americas is the sale and marketing of PV products and relevant accessories and investments in renewable energy projects.

(14)

The principal business of Hainan Yingli is the research, manufacture, sale and installation of renewable energy products.

(15)

The principal business of Yingli Japan is the sale and marketing of PV products and relevant accessories in Japan.

(16)

The principal business of Yingli South Africa is the sale and marketing of PV products and relevant accessories in South Africa.

(17)

The principal business of Yingli Luxembourg is import and export trading and investments holding in Luxembourg.

(18)

The principal business of Yingli Australia is the sale and marketing of PV products and relevant accessories in Australia.

(19)

The principal business of Yingli Europe is the sale and marketing of PV products and relevant accessories in Europe.

(20)

The principal business of Yingli South East Europe is the sale and marketing of PV products and relevant products in Greece, Cyprus, the Balkans and the Middle East.

(21)

The principal business of Yingli Spain is the sale and marketing of PV products, relevant accessories and investments in renewable energy projects, as well as after sales services.

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Property, Plants and Equipment

Our principal executive offices are located at No. 3399 Chaoyang North Street in the National New and High-technology Industrial Development Zone in Baoding, China. We conduct our research, development, manufacturing and management operations in sites located in Baoding, Hebei Province, Hengshui, Hebei Province, Tianjin and Haikou, Hainan Province:

Facility Number	Products	Location	Plant Size (Square Meters)	Duration of Land Use Right	Major Equipment
1.	Ingots, wafers, cells, modules	Baoding, Hebei Province	25,842	March 2006 to June 2050 (a plot of 24,579 square meters); December 2006 to November 2050 (a plot of 1,263 square meters)	Furnace, wire saw, wires quarter, diffusion furnace, sintering furnace, PECVD antireflection coatings manufacturing equipment, automatic printer, laminating machine, solar cell module production line before and after component lamination, automatic glue-spreads working station, solar cell module testing device

2.		Baoding, Hebei Province	232,158	December 2009 to December 2056 (a plot of 104,745 square meters); December 2009 to December 2056 (a plot of 102,886 square meters); and August 2010 to April 2060 (a plot of 24,527 square meters)	Same as above

3.		Baoding, Hebei Province	207,036	February 2010 to November 2059 (a plot of 163,579 square meters); December 2011 to December 2060 (a plot of 43,457 square meters)	Same as above

4.		Baoding, Hebei Province	11,698	September 2006 to August 2056 (a plot of 5,807 square meters); September 2006 to December 2049 (a plot of 5,891 square meters)	Same as above

5.		Baoding, Hebei Province	15,443	October 2008 to June 2049 (a plot of 6,746 square meters); October 2008 to December 2056 (a plot 8,697 square meters)	Same as above

6.		Tianjin Ninghe Modern Industry Area	311,264	August 2011 to July 2061 (a plot of 233,296 square meters); August 2011 to June 2061 (a plot of 38,868 square meters); July 2013 to April 2063 (a plot of 19,074 square meters; September 2015 to May 2065 (a plot of 20,026 square meters).	Same as above

7.		North Part of Hengshui Economic Development Zone	292,508	February 2012 to December 2061(a plot of 82,603.2 square meters), May 2012 to April 2062 (a plot of 209,905.23 square meters)	Same as above

8.		Lixian, Baoding, Hebei Province	199,732	June 2011 to December 2060(a plot of 67,665.08 square meters), June 2012 to November 2054 (a plot of 65,400 square meters, February 2013 to May 2062 (a plot of 66,666.7 square meters)	Same as above

9.		Shiziling Industrial Park, National Hi-Tech Development Zone, Haikou, Hainan Province	408,926	March 2010 to September 2057 (a plot of 181,339.31 square meters), June 2011 to September 2057 (a plot of 167,712.57 square meters), June 2011 to September 2057 (a plot of 59,875.92 square meters)	Same as above

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ITEM 4A. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not Applicable.

ITEM 5. OPERATING AND FINANCIAL REVIEW AND PROSPECTS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements based upon current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Item 3.D. Risk Factors” or in other parts of this annual report.

Operating Results Overview

We are one of the leading vertically integrated PV product manufacturers in the world. We design, manufacture and sell PV modules, and design, assemble, sell and install PV systems. We sell PV modules to PV system integrators and distributors located in various markets around the world, including Japan, the United States, Chile, Algeria, France, Germany, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and South Africa. Currently, we also sell PV systems, primarily to customers in China.

Our manufacturing capacity and operations have grown significantly since we completed construction of our first manufacturing facilities for PV modules in 2002. We use all of the polysilicon ingots and wafers and PV cells we produce for the production of PV modules, which we sell to third-party customers. Our shipment, including PV modules, were 3,234.3 megawatts, 3,361.3 megawatts and 2,447.0 megawatts in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.

The most significant factors that affect our financial performance and results of operations are:

industry demand;

government subsidies and economic incentives;

the availability and accessibility of financing to our customers and us;

production capacity and utilization rate;

competition and product pricing;

price of polysilicon;

vertically integrated manufacturing capabilities;

manufacturing technologies; and

foreign governments’ and international trade bodies’ trade protection measures.

Industry Demand

Our business and revenue growth depend on market demand for PV products. Although solar power technology has been used for several decades, the PV market grew significantly only in the past decade. According to EnergyTrend, solar energy division of TrendForce, global PV market demand in 2015 increased by more than 20% year over year to 56 gigawatts, and is expected to reach to 66 gigawatts in 2017. This scenario assumes the continuation or introduction of adequate support mechanisms, accompanied by a strong political will to consider PV as a major power source in the coming years. However, demand for our PV products also depends on the general economic conditions in our target markets. Since the second half of 2008, economies around the world, including those in our target markets, have experienced a period of slow economic growth as compared to prior years. Partly as a result of these weakened worldwide macroeconomic conditions, the growth in demand for PV modules declined significantly since the fourth quarter of 2008. Starting from the second quarter of 2009, the macroeconomic environment began to improve, which led to an increase in demand for our products. The growth of demand for our products from some markets slowed down in the first quarter of 2011 until the first quarter of 2013, primarily caused by the adjustment of subsidies and economic incentives for PV installations. However, starting in 2014, the growth of demand for the products in our target markets, such as China and Japan began to increase and kept increasing at a remarkable rate due to strong market demand and government supports with favorable policies. As the global solar industry expands and innovative new PV applications are adopted, we expect demand to grow swiftly for high-performing, high-efficiency and cost-effective monocrystalline technology and PV solutions.

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Government Subsidies and Economic Incentives

We believe that the near-term growth of the market for PV products depends in part on the availability and size of government subsidies and economic incentives. Today, the cost of solar power substantially exceeds the cost of electrical power generated from conventional fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas. As a result, governments in many countries, including Germany, Italy, France, South Korea, the United States, China, Greece, Israel, South Africa, the United Kingdom, India, Australia, Thailand, Singapore, Japan, Czech Republic, Brazil, Peru, Mexico, Chile and Saudi Arabia, have provided subsidies and economic incentives for the use of renewable energy such as solar power to reduce dependency on conventional fossil fuels as a source of energy. These subsidies and economic incentives have been in the form of capital cost rebates, feed-in tariffs, tax credits, net metering and other incentives to end-users, distributors, system integrators and manufacturers of solar power products, including PV products.

The demand for our PV modules and PV systems in our current, targeted or potential markets is affected significantly by these government subsidies and economic incentives. See “Item 3.D. Key Information — Risk Factors — Risks Related to Us and the PV Industry — A significant reduction in or discontinuation of government subsidies and economic incentives may have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations”.

Availability and Accessibility of Financing to Our Customers and Us

PV systems projects generally require significant up-front expenditures, and as a result, our customers have historically relied on financing to purchase our products. If financing for solar applications becomes inaccessible, the growth of the market for solar energy applications may be adversely affected. For example, the average selling price of our PV modules decreased significantly from the fourth quarter of 2008 to the second quarter of 2009, partly due to tighter credit for PV system project financing as a result of continued adverse conditions in the credit market. In addition, rising interest rates could render existing financings more expensive, as well as serve to hinder potential financings that would otherwise spur the growth of the PV industry.

We also require a significant amount of cash to fund our operations. We have a significant amount of debt outstanding and debt service requirements to satisfy. If we cannot maintain sufficient cash flow to fund our operations, our results of operations could be adversely affected. For example, we experienced tight cash flow due to repayment of three-year unsecured medium-term notes in the principal amount of RMB1.2 billion in May 2015, which resulted in a lower-than-expected utilization of our production capacity in 2015, which in turn adversely affected our results of operation in 2015.

Capacity and Utilization

In order to take advantage of expected long-term market demand for PV products, we have been expanding our manufacturing capacity. We started producing PV modules in 2002 with initial annual manufacturing capacity of three megawatts, polysilicon ingots and wafers in October 2003 with initial annual manufacturing capacity of six megawatts, and PV cells in March 2004 with initial annual manufacturing capacity of three megawatts. We expanded our annual manufacturing capacity for each of polysilicon ingots and wafers, PV cells and PV modules to 1,700 megawatts as of December 31, 2011, and 2,450 megawatts as of December 31, 2012. As of the date of this annual report, we believe that our actual annual manufacturing capacity can reach a maximum of 3,000 megawatts for ingots and wafers, 3,200 megawatts for PV cells and 4,000 megawatts for PV modules.

Utilization rate of our production capacity also has a significant impact on our financial performance and results of operation. For example, mainly due to our tight cash flow, we experienced lower-than-expected utilization of certain production facilities during certain quarters of 2015. Such lower-than-expected utilization of our production capacity led to an increase in our unit manufacturing cost and to decreases in our own PV module shipments and total net revenues. It also triggered impairment events and we recognized a non-cash impairment charge on our long-lived assets of RMB3,804.1 million (US$587.3 million) in 2015 as a result. Our ability to increase and maintain high utilization of our production capacity will be important to our future financial performance.

Manufacturing capacity and utilization rate have a significant bearing on the profitability and competitive position of PV product manufacturers. Achieving economies of scale from expanded manufacturing capacity and high utilization is critical to maintaining our competitive position in the PV industry. Manufacturers with greater economies of scale may manage their production more efficiently, obtain larger market share by offering their products at more competitive prices by virtue of their enhanced ability to obtain volume discounts from suppliers of their polysilicon and other raw materials, and have other bargaining leverage.

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Competition and Product Pricing

PV modules, which currently are our principal products, are priced primarily on the basis of the number of watts of electricity they generate and the prevailing market price per watt generated. We price our PV modules based on the market prices that prevail at the time we enter into sales contracts with our customers or as our customers place their purchase orders with us, taking into account various factors, including, among others, the size of the contract or the purchase order, the strength and history of our relationship with a particular customer, and our polysilicon costs. We believe that the quality of our PV products and our low-cost manufacturing capabilities have afforded us flexibility to adjust the prices of our products in accordance with our sales strategy and market demands. From 2003 until the beginning of the fourth quarter of 2008, the average selling prices of PV modules rose across the industry, due primarily to high demand for PV modules as well as rising polysilicon costs during the same period.

Weakened demand for PV modules due to weakened macroeconomic conditions, combined with an increased supply of PV modules due to PV module manufacturers worldwide having expanded their production capacities in recent years, caused prices of PV modules to decline from the fourth quarter of 2008. Conditions in the credit market improved from the second quarter of 2009, which contributed to an overall increase in demand for our products in the second half of 2009. However, decreasing costs of raw materials continued to exert downward pressure on the selling prices of PV modules. The average selling prices in 2010 declined during the first, second and third quarters, and slightly bounced back in the fourth quarter of 2010, which was primarily attributable to robust market demand, broader recognition of our brand’s quality and diversified customer base. The average selling price in 2011 declined moderately in the first and second quarter, declined sharply in the third quarter and continued to drop in the fourth quarter, which was primarily due to reduced government subsidies and increased supplies of PV products. The average selling price of our PV modules in the first three quarters of 2014 remained at levels similar to those in 2013, but declined slightly in the fourth quarter of 2014 due to adjustments to the composition of our PV modules’ target geographic markets. In the first quarter of 2015, the average selling price of our PV modules remained at levels similar to those in the fourth quarter of 2014, but declined slightly in the remaining quarters of 2015, which was mainly due to increased supplies of PV modules globally and the change in our sales mix as we had more shipments to China.

We sell our PV modules primarily through sales contracts with a term of less than one year and are obligated to deliver PV modules according to predetermined prices and delivery schedules.

Price of Polysilicon

Polysilicon is the most important raw material used in our manufacturing process. Until the third quarter of 2008, an industry-wide shortage of polysilicon coupled with rapidly growing demand from the solar power industry caused rapid increases in polysilicon prices. However, during the fourth quarter of 2008 and the first half of 2009, polysilicon prices declined continuously as a result of significant new manufacturing capacity coming on line and falling demand for solar power products and semiconductor devices resulting from the global financial crisis and adverse conditions in the credit market. From the third quarter of 2010, polysilicon prices rebounded due to a recovery in demand for PV products in major markets. From the second quarter of 2011, polysilicon prices have decreased significantly as a result of increased polysilicon manufacturing capacity across the industry and the downward price pressure exerted by the decreasing average selling price of PV modules. In 2012, polysilicon prices continued to decline and reached a historical low of approximately US$14 per kilogram in November 2012. Partly due to China’s anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations of United States, South Korean and European manufacturers of polysilicon, polysilicon prices rebounded slightly from December 2012. Since June 2013, polysilicon price has begun to increase and reached approximately US$20 per kilogram until the first half of 2014. From the second half of 2014, polysilicon price has slightly decreased and fluctuated under US$20 per kilogram as of May 16, 2016.

The average price of polysilicon over the medium- to long-term will depend on a number of factors, including the macroeconomic environment, the scope and progress of current and future plans of suppliers to expand their polysilicon manufacturing capacity, the level of demand for polysilicon from the PV and semiconductor industries, and any changes in government regulations and subsidies in respect of PV and other alternative energy industries that may significantly affect demand for polysilicon. We believe that none of these factors can be predicted with reasonable certainty as of the date of this annual report, and the average price of polysilicon may increase or decrease significantly over the medium- to long-term as a result of any combination of such factors.

Our process technology enables us to increase our utilization of polysilicon scraps in the production of ingots and wafers, the price of which scraps historically has been lower than that of high-purity polysilicon. However, as the price of high-purity polysilicon has declined significantly since the fourth quarter of 2008, we have been utilizing an increased proportion of high-purity polysilicon in our manufacturing processes to further ensure that the standard of high quality for our PV modules continues to be met.

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Historically, we relied on spot market purchases to meet a significant portion of our polysilicon needs. In order to secure an adequate and timely supply of polysilicon, in the past we also entered into various purchase agreements and memorandums of understanding with local and foreign suppliers, including some of the world’s major polysilicon suppliers. Supplies under these purchase agreements started in early 2009. In response to the significant decrease in polysilicon prices since the fourth quarter of 2008, we have renegotiated, and are still negotiating, with our polysilicon suppliers to reduce the purchase price for a substantial amount of polysilicon supplied under certain of our polysilicon supply contracts. However, the purchase prices specified in certain of our long-term polysilicon supply contracts have been higher than the actual polysilicon prices prevailing in the market, which have continuously declined. In 2011, as a result of lower polysilicon prices we recognized a total non-cash provision of RMB851.7 million on inventory purchase commitments under our long-term polysilicon supply contracts with certain supplier. We did not recognize any such provision in 2012 and 2014. In 2013 and 2015, we recognized incremental provisions of RMB393.0 million and RMB77.7 million, respectively, on inventory purchase commitments under our long-term polysilicon supply contracts as a result of our re-assessment of the commitments under those contracts, our performance of and negotiations with our suppliers with respect to those contracts, and based on the then-current market price of polysilicon. Our management has been negotiating with our suppliers on adjusting the prices under these long-term contracts. These negotiations may result in new commercial terms under the contracts. However, if the circumstances upon which the new commercial terms were negotiated should undergo a material change, the commercial terms would be adjusted accordingly to reflect conditions then prevailing in the open market. If the effective polysilicon prices under our long-term supply contracts remains higher than prevailing market prices, we may incur higher polysilicon costs relative to other competitors who purchase their polysilicon from the spot market. On the other hand, we cannot assure you that we will be able to secure sufficient quantities of polysilicon to meet the requirements of our existing production capacity or to support any future expansion of our manufacturing capacity. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Us and the PV Industry — Our polysilicon costs may be higher than those of other market players due to our long-term commitment to purchase polysilicon at fixed prices, and we have failed to perform certain of our obligations under these long-term polysilicon supply contracts according to their original terms” and “Item 3.D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Us and the PV Industry — Our failure to obtain polysilicon in sufficient quantities, of appropriate quality and in a timely manner, could disrupt our operations and reduce and limit the growth of our manufacturing output and revenue”.

From 2006 to 2010, we entered into seven long-term supply contracts with Wacker to provide supplies of polysilicon from 2009 through 2013, from 2009 through 2017, from 2010 through 2018, from 2009 through 2011, from 2010 through 2017, from 2011 through 2013 and from 2011 through 2018, respectively. In addition, we entered into one long-term supply agreement in February 2008 with OCI to provide supplies of polysilicon for the period from 2009 through 2013. Between 2009 and 2013, we entered into another two long-term supply contracts with OCI to provide supplies of polysilicon from 2011 through 2015 and from 2012 through 2018, respectively. We also entered into a polysilicon supply contract with Daqo to provide supplies of polysilicon from the fourth quarter of 2008 through the end of 2010. In August 2010, we entered into another polysilicon supply agreement with Daqo to provide supplies of polysilicon from 2011 through 2012. In March 2011, we entered into a long-term polysilicon supply contract with Hemlock to provide supplies of polysilicon from 2013 through 2020. In November 2011, we entered into an amendment to this long-term supply contract with Hemlock to purchase polysilicon starting from 2012 through 2020 instead of 2013 through 2020. In October 2013, we also entered into an agreement with a certain vendor to amend our long-term supply contracts with the vendor to include a price adjustment mechanism that allows the vendor and us to renegotiate the purchase price on a quarterly basis within a specified price range based on prices then prevailing in the open market. Due to fluctuations in polysilicon prices, we successfully negotiated and executed amendments for current purchases on a quarterly or monthly basis with some of these vendors that amended certain commercial terms such as total contract quantity, advance payment arrangements and unit prices for the relevant quarter or month several times in 2013, 2014 and 2015.

Vertically Integrated Manufacturing Capabilities

We believe that our vertically integrated business model offers us several advantages, particularly in areas of cost reduction and quality control, over our competitors that depend on third parties to source core product components. First, the vertical integration enables us to capture margins at every stage of the PV product value chain in which we are engaged. Second, by streamlining our manufacturing processes, we can reduce production costs and costs associated with toll manufacturing, packaging and transportation as well as breakage losses that occur during shipment between various production locations associated with toll manufacturing arrangements. Third, we control operations at substantially all stages of the PV value chain, including research and development, which enables us to monitor more closely the quality of our PV products from start to finish, and design and streamline our manufacturing processes in a way that enables us to leverage our technologies more efficiently and reduce costs at each stage of the manufacturing process. We believe that the synergies resulting from our vertically integrated business model have enabled us to reduce the quantity of polysilicon that we use to make PV modules, improve the conversion efficiency of our PV cells and reduce the lead time needed to fulfill the orders of our customers.

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Manufacturing Technologies

The advancement of manufacturing technologies is important for improving the conversion efficiency of our PV cells and reducing the production costs of our PV products. Because PV modules are priced based on the number of watts of electricity they generate, higher conversion efficiency generally leads to higher revenues from sales of PV modules.

We continually undertake efforts to develop advanced manufacturing technologies to increase the conversion efficiency of our PV cells. We employ a number of techniques to reduce our production costs while striving to reach a PV cell conversion efficiency ratio that is on a par with or above an acceptable range. Our research and development team continues to focus on finding ways to improve our manufacturing technology and reduce manufacturing costs without compromising the quality of our products. We have signed a series of agreements with domestic leading PV cell and wafer manufacturers and developed various ways on technical cooperation with these companies, which enabled us to increase the utilize rate of our manufacturing facilities and make further improvement on manufacturing costs reduction and techniques upgrades.

For our adopted monocrystalline PV technologies, we have been collaborating with the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, a leading solar research center in Europe, and Tempress Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Amtech Systems, Inc., a global supplier of production and automation systems and related supplies for the manufacture of PV cells, to implement Project PANDA, a research and development project for next-generation high efficiency monocrystalline PV cells since June 2009. Our 600 megawatts of PANDA production capacity for each of monocrystalline ingots and wafers, cells and modules in Baoding, Hebei Province commenced initial production in the second quarter of 2011. We achieved an average cell conversion efficiency rate of 20.5% on the PANDA commercial production lines in 2015 with a high record of cell conversion efficiency rate of 21.5% in the lab.

Foreign Governments’ and International Trade Bodies’ Trade Protection Measures

Our businesses in foreign markets are subject to trade protection measures and adverse trade policies or remedies promulgated by foreign governments and international trade bodies against exports from China.

We export a substantial amount of our products to Europe. Our sales to European countries accounted for over 40% of our total net revenues in 2012, compared to approximately 30% in 2013. On September 5 and November 8, 2012, respectively, the European Union initiated anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations into crystalline silicon photovoltaic, or CSPV wafers, cells, and modules from China. On June 4, 2013, the European Commission issued its provisional anti-dumping determination and on August 2, 2013, the European Commission accepted an undertaking, or the Undertaking, made by a group of Chinese PV products exporters (including us) jointly with the China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Machinery and Electronic Products, or CCCME. Pursuant to the Undertaking, the Chinese exporters will limit their exports of solar panels to the EU and set prices above a minimum price, in exchange for the EU agreeing to forgo the imposition of anti-dumping duties on these solar panels from China. CCCME is responsible for allocating the quota among these exporters, and we have been allocated a portion of the quota. On December 5, 2013, the Council of the European Union adopted the final findings of the European Commission and imposed anti-dumping and anti-subsidy duties on CSPV modules and key components (i.e. cells) originating in or consigned from PRC. Wafers were excluded from the product scope. The anti-dumping duty rates ranged from 27.3% to 64.9%, while the anti-subsidy duty rates ranged from 0% to 11.5%. The rates applicable to us are 35.5% and 6.3%, respectively. The definitive duties will be imposed for a two-year period starting from December 6, 2013. At the same time, the Council of the European Union also confirmed the European Commission’s acceptance of the Undertaking. While we are exempted from paying any anti-dumping and anti-subsidy duties to the EU starting from August 6, 2013, the increased selling price and the reduced consumption on the European market under the Undertaking may bring significant uncertainties to our business in the European market. For example, increased price for our modules sold in EU has made returns for some ground-mounted solar projects of our customers less attractive and demand in large-utility projects have declined in Europe compared with the period before the effectiveness of the Undertaking. We also face competitions from modules manufactured in third countries at a lower price than ours. In addition, if we breach or withdraw from the Undertaking, or the European Commission withdraws its acceptance of the Undertaking, the anti-dumping and anti-subsidy duties will automatically apply to us. Thus, there can be no assurance that our entry into and performance of the Undertaking will eliminate potential material and adverse effects of anti-dumping and anti-subsidy duties on our business in Europe and our results of operations.

We also export a substantial amount of our products to the United States. On November 7, 2012, the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) determined that CSPV modules produced from Chinese cells are materially injuring the U.S. CSPV cells and modules industry. The U.S. Department of Commerce, or the DOC, issued its final determinations on the rates of the anti-dumping, or AD, and countervailing duties, or CVD, on October 10, 2012, which became effective upon issuance of the final AD and CVD orders in early December 2012. As a result of such final determinations, we, as a voluntary respondent, are subject to an average aggregated AD/CVD rate of 29.18%. However, this average aggregated AD/CVD rate might be subject to change due to an administrative review process initiated by DOC in early 2014.

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On January 23, 2014, the DOC initiated a parallel AD investigation into CSPV products from China and Taiwan and a CVD investigation into CSPV products from China. The products concerned are crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, and modules, laminates and/or panels consisting of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, whether or not partially or fully assembled into other products, including building integrated materials. Subject merchandise also includes modules, laminates and/or panels assembled in China and Taiwan consisting of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells that are completed or partially manufactured within a customs territory other than China and Taiwan, using ingots, wafers that are manufactured in China and Taiwan, or cells where the manufacturing process begins in China and Taiwan and is completed in other countries. On December 23, 2014, the DOC published its confirmative final determination on these investigations by imposing punitive AD tariffs ranging from 26.71% to 165.04% and CVD tariffs ranging from 27.64% to 49.21%.

On November 23, 2012, the Department of Commerce of the Government of India initiated an anti-dumping investigation concerning imports of photovoltaic products originating in or exported from Malaysia, Mainland China, Taiwan and the United States. Both crystalline silicon and thin-film products are under investigation. Relevant investigatory authorities in India issued recommended tariffs ranging from 0.11 USD/watt to 0.81 USD/watt. However, since these recommendations were not supported by India’s ministry of finance, the punitive tariffs were not levied against Chinese modules exported into the Indian market.

On February 3, 2016, the DOC initiated the third administrative review of antidumping duty (“Solar 1 AD AR3”) on CSPC whether or not assembled into modules (certain solar cells and panels) from the PRC covering the period of December 1, 2014 to November 30, 2015. Subject merchandise includes crystalline silicon PV, modules or panels, whether or not partially or fully assembled into other products, including, but not limited to modules, laminates, and building integrated materials. On February 4, 2016, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, or US CBP, released data concerning the imports of solar cells and modules from the PRC. On the same day, we, as a listed party, were required by the DOC to file a Quantity & Value, or Q&V, questionnaire which affords interested parties an opportunity to request an administrative review or to avoid being selected as a mandatory respondent by providing responses to the questionnaire by February 24, 2016. We have filed the Q&V and provided all documents required by the DOC. On March 31, 2016, the DOC informed us that we are not selected as mandatory respondent in this third AD review, and we have filed a letter with the DOC withdrawing Yingli’s request for a review in Solar 1 AD AR3 on May 4, 2016. In this situation, we will be assigned the average of the margins calculated for Trina and Canadian Solar in the final results of Solar 1 AD AR3 if only Yingli withdraws. If both Yingli and Solar World withdraw the review requests, we would no longer be under review and the entries of subject merchandise into the United States during the AR3 review period (December 1, 2014 – November 30, 2015) would be liquidated at the AD rates applicable at the time of entry (i.e., 13.94% for entries between December 1, 2014 and July 13, 2015, and 0.79% for entries between July 14, 2015 and November 30, 2015). On February 4, 2016, the US CBP released data concerning the imports of solar cells and modules from the PRC related to an anti-subsidy investigation of Chinese companies (“Solar 1 CVD AR3”). We were selected as a mandatory party by the DOC on March 10, 2016. The deadline for us to withdraw the request is May 9, 2016. However, we have already withdrawn the review on March 17, 2016, and in this situation, the rate 20.94% in Solar 1CVD AR1 shall still apply to us.

If such investigations instituted in our target markets lead to any adverse trade protection measures or remedies against exports from China, the prices of our products will be forced to increase significantly and we may lose customer orders to our competitors, which may materially and adversely affect our business prospects and results of operations.

Net Revenues

We currently derive net revenues from five sources:

sales of PV modules, which are currently our principal source of revenues and are primarily driven by market demand as well as our manufacturing capacity;

sales of PV cells, wafers and raw materials, which consist of sales of low efficiency PV cells, wafers and raw materials, based on overall consideration of the market and our operation conditions;

PV cells and PV modules processing fee, which we generate through providing PV cells and PV modules processing services to third parties as OEM;

sales of PV systems, which consist of sales of PV systems and related installation services; and

other revenues.

The following table sets forth each revenue source as a percentage of total consolidated net revenues for the periods indicated.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015
	RMB		RMB		RMB		US$
Net revenues
Sales of PV modules		12,510,809		12,179,474		8,464,779		1,306,737
Sales of PV systems		408,630		161,035		197,365		30,468
Sales of PV cells, wafers and raw materials		430,597		439,622		686,056		105,909
Processing fee of PV cells and PV modules		—		—		389,450		60,121
Other revenues		68,057		147,246		228,136		35,218
Total net revenues		13,418,093		12,927,377		9,965,786		1,538,453

Our net revenues are net of business tax, value-added tax, city construction tax and education surcharges. Key factors affecting our net revenues include the average selling price per watt and wattage of our PV modules sold.

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We have been dependent on a limited number of customers for a significant portion of our revenues. In 2013, 2014 and 2015, sales to our five largest customers accounted for approximately 15.2%, 13.9% and 19.4%, respectively, of our net revenues. Our largest customers have changed from year to year due to rapid growth in the sales of our PV modules, our diversification into new geographic markets and our ability to find new customers willing to place large orders with us.

We currently sell most of our PV modules to customers located in the PRC, Japan, the United States and Europe. The following table sets forth our total consolidated net revenues by geographic region for the periods indicated:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2013				2014				2015
			% of Total				% of Total						% of Total
Country/Region	Revenues		Revenues		Revenues		Revenues		Revenues				Revenues
	RMB				RMB				RMB		US$
	(In thousands, except percentages)
China		4,546,482		33.9		4,550,915		35.2		4,078,476		629,608		40.9
Japan		972,604		7.2		2,487,949		19.3		2,723,800		420,482		27.3
United States		2,906,262		21.7		2,301,496		17.8		1,248,536		192,741		12.5
Europe:
Germany		2,439,058		18.2		671,534		5.2		170,518		26,323		1.7
Spain		131,414		1.0		186,341		1.4		136,964		21,144		1.4
France		156,557		1.2		191,071		1.5		363,635		56,136		3.6
Italy		95,013		0.7		32,607		0.3		21,680		3,347		0.2
Netherlands		227,163		1.7		116,725		0.9		39,715		6,131		0.4
Greece		325,619		2.4		2,225		—		239		37		0.1
United Kingdom		403,014		3.0		998,203		7.7		80,255		12,389		0.8
Turkey		22,118		0.2		118,305		0.9		550,799		85,029		5.5
Rest of Europe		237,138		1.7		138,945		1.1		74,141		11,445		0.8
Subtotal — Europe		4,037,094		30.1		2,455,956		19.0		1,437,946		221,981		14.5
Rest of World		955,651		7.1		1,131,061		8.7		477,028		73,641		4.8
Total net revenues		13,418,093		100		12,927,377		100		9,965,786		1,538,453		100

Most of our net revenues from sales of PV cells, wafers and raw materials, PV cells and PV modules processing fee and sales of PV systems are currently derived from China.

Cost of Revenues

Our cost of PV module sales consists primarily of:

Polysilicon. The cost of polysilicon has a material effect on our cost of raw materials. We purchase polysilicon from various suppliers, including silicon manufacturers and distributors.

Other Raw Materials. Other raw materials include crucibles, silicon carbides, cutting fluid, steel cutting wires, alkaline detergents, metallic pastes, laminate materials, silica gel, tempered glass, aluminum frames, solder, junction boxes, cables, connectors and other chemical agents and electronic components.

Toll Manufacturing. We process silicon raw materials into ingots and produce wafers, PV cells and PV modules in-house. As our PV cell manufacturing capacity could be less than the production capacities for our wafers and PV modules, we have used toll manufacturing arrangements for PV cells. Besides, we also entered into toll manufacturing arrangements for specific PV modules to meet the requirements of our customers on a limited scale.

Direct Labor. Direct labor costs include salaries and benefits for personnel directly involved in manufacturing activities.

Overhead. Overhead costs include utilities, maintenance of production equipment, land use rights and other ancillary expenses associated with manufacturing activities.

Depreciation of Property, Plants and Equipment. Depreciation of property, plants and equipment is provided on a straight-line basis over the relevant asset’s estimated useful life, which is thirty years for buildings, four to twenty-five years for machinery and equipment, three to five years for furniture and fixtures and eight to ten years for motor vehicles, taking into account their estimated residual value.

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Our cost of PV cells, wafers and raw materials sales includes the costs of polysilicon and other raw materials, toll manufacturing cost, direct labor costs, overhead costs and depreciation, which are similar to our cost of PV module sales described above.

Our cost of revenue for procession of PV cells and PV modules as OEM includes direct labor costs, overhead costs and depreciation.

The cost of PV systems includes the costs of PV modules, batteries, inverters, other electronic components and related materials and labor.

Our cost of revenues is affected primarily by our ability to control raw material costs, achieve economies of scale in our operations and manage our vertically integrated product chain efficiently. Furthermore, we balance automation and manual operation in our manufacturing processes, and have been able to increase operating efficiencies and expand our manufacturing capacity cost-effectively.

Gross Profit/Loss and Gross Profit/Loss Margin

Our gross profit is affected by a number of factors, including the average selling prices for our PV products, the cost of polysilicon, product mix, economies of scale and benefits from vertical integration, and our ability to manage our raw material supply cost-effectively. Our gross profit was RMB1,187.3 million (US$183.3 million) in 2015. Our gross profit margin was 11.9% in 2015, compared to our gross profit margin of 17.3% in 2014 and gross profit margin of negative 10.9% in 2013.

We may continue to face pressure to narrow our profit margin in the sales of PV modules due to the decrease in the average selling price of our PV modules and increasingly intense competition in the PV module market, although a decrease in our average purchase price of polysilicon per kilogram has alleviated some of this margin narrowing pressure. Furthermore, we believe that the economies of scale achieved in our expanded PV businesses and the cost reduction achieved through research and development efforts at each stage of our vertically integrated manufacturing process, among other factors, will have a positive effect on our gross profit margins over time.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist of:

Selling expenses, which consist primarily of advertising costs, salaries and employee benefits of sales personnel, sales-related travel and entertainment expenses, sales-related shipping costs, warranty costs, amortization of intangible assets (including backlog and customer relationships), share-based compensation expenses and other selling expenses, including sales commissions paid to our sales agents. We expect that selling expenses will decrease as a percentage of net revenues over time as we achieve greater economies of scale.

General and administrative expenses, which consist primarily of salaries and benefits for our administrative and finance personnel, audit, legal and consulting fees, other travel and entertainment expenses, bank charges, amortization of technical know-how, depreciation of equipment used for administrative purposes and share-based compensation expenses.

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Research and development expenses, which consist primarily of costs of raw materials used in research and development activities, salaries and employee benefits for research and development personnel, and prototype and equipment costs relating to the design, development, testing and enhancement of our products and their manufacturing processes. We are a party to several research grant contracts with the PRC government under which we receive funds for specified costs incurred in certain research projects. We record such amounts in “Other Income” in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income/(Loss) when the related research and development costs are incurred. We expect our research and development expenses to increase as we place a greater strategic focus on PV system sales in overseas markets and as we continue to hire additional research and development personnel and focus on continuous innovation of process technologies for our PV products. We conduct our research and development, design and manufacturing operations in China, where the costs of skilled labor, engineering and technical resources, as well as land, facilities and utilities, tend to be lower than those in more developed countries.

Provision for doubtful accounts receivable, which represents our estimated losses on accounts receivable resulting from customers’ inability or failure to make payments under our sales contracts. We consider age of doubtful accounts receivable, historical collection experience, customer-specific facts and current economic conditions to determine the amount of such provision.

Impairment of long-lived assets, which represents the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the long-lived assets that are considered to be impaired. Long-lived assets, such as property, plant and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. As of December 31, 2012, we had recorded a total impairment provision of RMB2,475.5 million for Fine Silicon’s entire property, plant and equipment. In the middle of 2015, due to lower-than-expected utilization of certain production facilities, the Company did an impairment analysis on its long-lived assets, and recorded an impairment loss of RMB3,804 million for property, plant and equipment with respect to the production facilities based on the difference between carrying value and fair value of long-lived assets which was determined upon expected future cash flows discounted at the weighted average cost of capital.

Impairment of goodwill, which relates to the impairment charge of RMB273.4 million for the goodwill originated from the historical acquisitions of equity interests in Tianwei Yingli. During the fourth quarter of 2011, we experienced both a decline in our operating results and a significant decrease in the market capitalization of our company, which represents one single reporting unit for the purpose of assessing goodwill impairment. As a result, we recorded an impairment charge to fully write off the carrying value of the goodwill as of December 31, 2011. No such provision was made in 2014 and 2015.

Provision for reserve for inventory purchase commitments under long-term polysilicon supply contracts. In 2011, we recognized a provision of RMB851.7 million for our inventory purchase commitments under our long-term polysilicon supply contracts as a result of the continuing decline in the purchase price for polysilicon prevailing in the open market. No such provision was made in 2012. In 2013, we recognized provisions of RMB393.0 for inventory purchase commitments under our long-term polysilicon supply contracts as a result of our having re-assessed the purchase commitments under those supply contracts based on then-current market prices for polysilicon and the status of our performance of, and negotiations with our suppliers under, the contracts. These negotiations may result in new commercial terms under the contracts. However, if the circumstances upon which the new commercial terms were negotiated should undergo a material change, the commercial terms would be adjusted accordingly to reflect conditions then prevailing in the open market. In 2015, we did not recognize additional contingency losses for inventory firm purchase commitment. However, due to significant fluctuation in the foreign exchange rates between Renminbi and U.S. dollars and given that the inventory purchase commitment is denominated in U.S. dollars, which is different from the functional currency of our related subsidiaries, we recognized a foreign exchange re-measurement loss of RMB 77.7 million. We determined that such provision was not needed in 2014 since the foreign exchange rate was stable and the impact caused by the foreign exchange rate fluctuation was immaterial.

Provision for prepayment in relation to inventory purchase commitments under long-term polysilicon supply contracts. From 2013 to 2015, we failed to purchase contractual volume as stated in the long-term contract with another supplier, therefore, the supplier claimed that certain advance payments had been forfeited according to the original terms. In 2013 and 2015, we recognized provisions of RMB87.1 million and RMB 71.3 million, respectively, on the prepayment in relation to our inventory purchase commitments under the long-term contract with this supplier. We also recognized a provision of RMB 450.8 million in 2015 on the prepayment in relation to our inventory purchase commitments under the long-term contract with this supplier for the remaining contract period as we estimated that we will also fail to purchase contractual volume as stated in the long-term contract in the remaining contract period in the future.

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Taxation

Under current laws of the Cayman Islands and the British Virgin Islands, we are not subject to income or capital gains tax. Additionally, dividend payments made by us are not subject to withholding tax in the Cayman Islands and the British Virgin Islands.

In accordance with the FIE Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, as a foreign-invested enterprise primarily engaged in manufacturing and having been in operation for more than ten years, Tianwei Yingli was entitled to an exemption from the 25% enterprise income tax for two years from its first profit making year following its conversion into a Sino-foreign equity joint venture company, specifically in 2007 and 2008, and a 50% reduction in the subsequent three years, from 2009 to 2011.

On March 16, 2007, the National People’s Congress passed the EIT Law, which replaces the FIE Income Tax Law and adopts a uniform income tax rate of 25% for most domestic enterprises and foreign investment enterprises. The EIT Law became effective on January 1, 2008. The EIT Law provides a five-year transition period from its effective date for enterprises that were established before the promulgation date of the EIT Law and which enterprises were entitled to preferential tax rates and treatments under then-effective tax laws or regulations. On December 26, 2007, the PRC government issued detailed implementation rules regarding the transitional preferential policies. Furthermore, under the EIT Law, entities that qualify as “high and new technology enterprises strongly supported by the state” are entitled to a preferential enterprise income tax rate of 15%. The Ministry of Science and Technology, the MOF and the State Administration of Taxation jointly issued the Administrative Regulations on the Recognition of High and New Technology Enterprises on April 14, 2008 and the Guidelines for the Recognition of High and New Technology Enterprises issued on July 8, 2008. Under the EIT Law and the various implementation rules, Tianwei Yingli enjoyed its unexpired tax holiday, which was applied to the new income tax rate of 25%, resulting in a tax rate of 0% for 2008, and 12.5% for 2009 to 2011. In August 2011, Tianwei Yingli renewed its certificate as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” and extended the preferential income tax period for another three years starting from 2011. As a result, Tianwei Yingli was entitled to a preferential EIT rate of 15% from 2012 to 2013. Yingli China was established in October 2007 and was originally recognized by the Chinese government in December 2008 as a “High and New Technology Enterprise”. Thus, the preferential enterprise income tax rate of 15% was applicable to Yingli China from 2008 to 2010. In August 2011, Yingli China renewed its certificate as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” and extended the preferential income tax period for another three years starting from 2011. As a result, Yingli China was entitled to the preferential EIT rate of 15% from 2011 to 2013. Hainan Yingli was established in September 2009 in Hainan special economic zone and was recognized by the Chinese government as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” under the EIT Law in September 2011. Therefore, Hainan Yingli was entitled to a two-year tax exemption from the enterprise income tax for the first two years of its operation, and to a 50% reduction in the subsequent three years upon generating any operational revenues. Hainan Yingli elected to defer the commencement of the above-mentioned tax holidays until January 1, 2011. Therefore, Hainan Yingli is entitled to an exemption from EIT from 2011 to 2012 and a preferential EIT rate of 12.5% from 2013 to 2015. Yingli Tianjin, located in Tianjin, was established in March 2011 and was originally recognized by the Chinese government as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” under the EIT Law in July 2013. Therefore, Yingli Tianjin is entitled to a preferential EIT rate of 15% from 2013 to 2015. Yingli Lixian, located in Lixian, Hebei Province, was established in June 2010 and was originally recognized by the Chinese government as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” under the EIT Law in July 2013. Therefore, Yingli Lixian is entitled to a preferential EIT rate of 15% from 2013 to 2015. Yingli Hengshui, located in Hengshui, Hebei Province, was established in April 2011 and was originally recognized by the Chinese government as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” under the EIT Law in July 2013. Therefore, Yingli Hengshui is entitled to a preferential EIT rate of 15% from 2013 to 2015.

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Furthermore, continued qualification as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” is subject to a three-year review by the relevant government authorities in China, and in practice certain local tax authorities also require annual evaluation of the qualification. If renewed after our reapplication and relevant government authorities’ review and annual evaluation, a “High and New Technology Enterprise” status will enable Tianwei Yingli, Yingli China, Yingli Tianjin, Yingli Lixian, Yingli Hengshui and Hainan Yingli to continue to enjoy the preferential income tax rate of 15% for another three years. These entities have passed all or their previous reviews and evaluations by relevant PRC government authorities for this qualification, and we expect them to continue to pass such reviews and evaluations in the future.

Moreover, the EIT Law and its implementation rules impose a 10% withholding tax, unless reduced by a tax treaty or agreement for distributions of dividends in respect of earnings accumulated beginning on January 1, 2008 by a foreign investment enterprise to its immediate overseas holding company, insofar as the latter is treated as a non-resident enterprise. Distributions of earnings generated before January 1, 2008 are exempt from such withholding tax. Therefore, we did not recognize a deferred tax liability for undistributed earnings through December 31, 2007. We intend indefinitely to reinvest undistributed earnings generated during and after 2008 and therefore have not recognized a deferred tax liability for these earnings.

Yingli Green Energy Europe GmbH, or Yingli Europe, and Yingli Green Energy South East Europe GmbH (formerly known as Yingli Green Energy Greece Sales GmbH), or Yingli South East Europe, are located in Germany and subject to a corporate income tax rate of 15% plus a solidarity surcharge of 5.5% on corporate income taxes. In addition, Yingli Europe and Yingli South East Europe are subject to trade income tax rates of 17.15% and 12.775%, respectively. Yingli Europe and Yingli South East Europe are subject to statutory income tax rates in the aggregate of 32.975% and 28.6%, respectively.

Yingli Green Energy Americas, Inc., or Yingli Americas, is located in New York City of the United States of America and is subject to a federal corporate tax rate of 34% and a state corporate tax rate of 6.6%, resulting in an aggregate income tax rate of 38.4%.

Critical Accounting Policies

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect (i) the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, (ii) disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the end of each reporting period and (iii) the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during each reporting period. We continually evaluate these estimates and assumptions based on historical experience, knowledge and assessment of current business and other conditions, expectations regarding the future based on available information and reasonable assumptions, which together form a basis for making judgments about matters not readily apparent from other sources. Since the use of estimates is an integral component of the financial reporting process, actual results could differ from those estimates. Some of our accounting policies require higher degrees of judgment than others in their application. We consider the policies discussed below to be critical to an understanding of our financial statements as their application places the most significant demands on the judgment of our management.

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Accrued Warranty Obligations

Before September 30, 2011, our PV modules were typically sold with a two- or five-year limited warranty for defects in materials and workmanship, and a 10-year and 25-year warranty guaranteeing 90% and 80% of initial power generation capacity, respectively. To remain consistent with industry practice, from October 1, 2011, we implemented a new and improved warranty term that guarantees 91.2% of nominal power output for 10 years, and 80.7% of nominal power output for a period of 25 years for multicrystalline PV modules and 98.0% of nominal power output for the first year, 92.0% of nominal power output for 10 years, and 82.0% of nominal power output for a period of 25 years for monocrystalline Panda PV modules. From September 1, 2014, we updated our warranty terms to guarantee 91.2% of nominal power for 10 years and 80.7% of nominal power output for 25 years for multicrystalline PV modules, and to guarantee 98.0% of nominal power output for the first year, 92.2% of nominal power output for 10 years, and 82.4% of nominal power output for 25 years for monocrystalline Panda PV modules. In addition, based on customers’ specific requirements, we also provide our multicrystalline PV modules with a linear-based warranty, which guarantees each year’s power output during the twenty-five-year warranty period. In December 2013, we entered into a similar module performance warranty insurance agreement with an insurance company for the same scope of beneficiaries during the period from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014, and renewed the agreement in March 2015 and January 2016 for the period from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2015 and January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016, respectively. As a result, we bear the risk of warranty claims long after we have sold our products and recognized revenues. We have sold PV modules only since January 2003, and none of our PV modules have been in use for the entire warranty period. We perform industry-standard testing to test the quality, durability and safety of our products. As a result of such tests, we believe that the quality, durability and safety of our products are within industry norms. Our estimate of the amount of our warranty obligations is based on the results of these tests, with consideration being given to the warranty accrual practice of other companies in the same business and our expected failure rate and costs to service failed products. Our warranty obligation will be affected by our estimated product failure rates, the costs to repair or replace failed products and potential service and delivery costs incurred in correcting product failures. Consequently, we accrue the equivalent of 1% of gross revenues as a warranty liability to accrue the estimated cost of our warranty obligations. During 2013, RMB14.3 million warranty costs were incurred or claimed, as a result of warranty claims in our PV modules that we had previously sold. As of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, our accrued warranty costs amounted to RMB666.9 million, RMB748.4 million, and RMB792.1 million (US$122.3 million), respectively. As of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, RMB626.3million, RMB707.5 million, and RMB753.3 million (US$116.3 million), respectively, in warranty costs were classified as noncurrent liabilities, which reflects our estimate of the timing of when the warranty expenditures will likely be made.

We charge actual warranty expenditures against the accrued warranty liability. To the extent that actual warranty expenditures differ significantly from estimates, we will revise our warranty provisions accordingly.

Changes in the carrying amount of accrued warranty liability are as follows:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
	(In thousands)
Beginning balance		555,357			666,946			748,428			115,537
Warranty expense for current year sales		125,900			120,780			84,520			13,048
Warranty costs incurred or claimed		(14,311	)		(39,298	)		(40,809	)		(6,300	)
Total accrued warranty cost		666,946			748,428			792,139			122,285
Less: accrued warranty cost, current portion		40,632			40,903			38,869			6,000
Accrued warranty cost, excluding current portion		626,314			707,525			753,270			116,285

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Long-Lived Assets

As of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, our intangible assets primarily consisted of technical know-how, customer relationships, long-term supplier agreements and trademarks.

We depreciate and amortize our property, plant, equipment and intangible assets, which are subject to amortization, using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets. We make estimates of the useful lives of plant and equipment (including the salvage values) in order to determine the amount of depreciation expense to be recorded during each reporting period. We estimate the useful lives at the time the assets are acquired based on historical experience with similar assets as well as anticipated technological or other changes. If technological changes were to occur more rapidly than anticipated or in a different form than anticipated, we might shorten the useful lives assigned to these assets, which would result in the recognition of increased depreciation and amortization expenses in future periods. There has been no change to the estimated useful lives or salvage values during 2013, 2014 and 2015.

We evaluate long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment and intangible assets, which are subject to amortization, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. We assess recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of an asset to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its estimated undiscounted future cash flows, we recognize an impairment charge based on the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. We estimate the fair value of the asset based on the best information available, including prices for similar assets and, in the absence of an observable market price, the results of using a present value technique to estimate the fair value of the asset. Intangible assets that are not subject to amortization are tested annually for impairment at December 31, and are tested for impairment more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. For intangible assets that are not subject to amortization, an impairment loss is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the asset’s fair value.

No impairment on our long-lived assets was recognized in 2013 and 2014 as the average selling price of PV modules stabilized in 2013 and 2014.

Due to the significant decrease in shipment, gross profit margins and lower-than-expected utilization of production facilities in the middle of 2015, we believe that there were indicators that the carrying amount of our long-lived assets may not be recoverable.

We determined that buildings, machinery and equipment, land use rights and shared assets in all solar production lines (including production lines of ingot, wafer, cell and module, hereafter “Solar Production Lines”) should be one asset group and subject to be tested for impairment. We first compared undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that the asset group to its carrying value. The estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets over their remaining estimated useful lives were based on certain assumptions, such as forecasts of future operating results, gross margin and expected future growth rates. We then concluded that the carrying value of the asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis.

An impairment should be recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds its fair value. We estimated the fair value based on discounted cash flow analysis using market participants’ assumptions, such as forecasts of future operating results, discount rates commensurate with the risk involved, and expected future growth rates. The carrying value of the equipment was reduced to fair value based on the discounted cash flow analysis.

In applying the discounted cash flow analysis, we made complex and highly subjective judgments and assumptions about market participants’ financial and operating results. These assumptions include: no material changes in the existing political, legal and economic conditions in China; no major changes in the applicable tax rate in China, and no material deviation in market conditions from economic forecasts.

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We are also required to make other assumptions such as our weighted average cost of capital, general market and macroeconomic conditions, and market participants, Changes in these assumptions could significantly affect the valuation results, our financial positions, and the results of our impairment assessment. The main assumptions used in the discounted cash flow are set out as follows:

Weighted average cost of capital, or WACC—The WACCs were determined based on a consideration of such factors as risk-free rate, comparative industry risk, equity risk premium, company size and company-specific factors. We used WACC of 15.0% in the discounted cash flow.

Comparable companies—In deriving the discounted cash flow and WACCs, which are used as the discount rates under the discounted cash flow, three to four publicly traded solar companies were selected for reference as market participants.

The assumptions used in deriving the fair values are inherently uncertain and highly subjective.

After the work performed as discussed above, an impairment loss of RMB3,804.1 million related to buildings, machinery and equipment and shared assets in all solar production lines was recognized to the extent that the asset group’s carrying value exceeds its fair value.

Share-Based Compensation

As further described in Note (21) to our consolidated financial statements, we account for share-based compensation under FASB ASC Topic 718, “Compensation — Stock Compensation”. Under ASC Topic 718, the cost of all share-based payment transactions must be recognized in our consolidated financial statements based on their grant-date fair value over the vesting period, which is generally the period from the date of grant to the date when the share compensation is no longer contingent upon additional service from the employee, or the vesting period. We determine the fair value of our employees’ share options as of the grant date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.

Under this model, we make a number of assumptions regarding the fair value of the options, including:

the estimated fair value of our ordinary shares on the grant date;

the maturity of the options;

the expected volatility of our future ordinary share price;

the risk-free interest rate; and

the expected dividend rate.

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For the share options granted after our initial public offering, the fair value of our ordinary shares on the grant date is determined by the closing trade price of our ordinary shares on the grant date. Prior to 2011, due to the lack of a sufficient trading history at the time the options were issued, we estimated the expected volatility of our ordinary share price by referring to 11 comparable companies in the PV manufacturing business whose shares are publicly traded over the most recent period to be equal to the expected life of our employees’ share options. Starting in 2011, our calculation of expected volatility was based on the historical volatility of our stock price.

We had 5,169,567, 6,910,812 and 6,542,994 employee share options outstanding as of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The following table sets forth information regarding our employee share options outstanding as of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015:

	Number of shares underlying the stock options			Weighted average exercise price			Weighted average remaining contractual term		Aggregate intrinsic value
Outstanding as of December 31, 2012		5,349,942		US$	4.55
Granted		—			—
Exercised		(178,750	)	US$	(3.65	)			US$	638
Forfeited or cancelled		(1,625	)	US$	(8.31	)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2013		5,169,567		US$	4.58
Granted		1,792,820		US$	4.17
Exercised		—			—			—		—
Forfeited or cancelled		(51,575	)	US$	(3.80	)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2014		6,910,812		US$	4.48
Granted		86,000		US$	0.84
Exercised		—		US$	—
Forfeited or cancelled		(453,818	)	US$	(7.43	)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2015		6,542,994		US$	4.23			4.49 years		—
Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2015		6,542,994		US$	4.23			4.49 years		—
Exercisable as of December 31, 2015		6,483,744		US$	4.04			4.44 years		—

In addition to share options, we have granted a total of 2,665,060 restricted shares under our 2006 stock incentive plan for the benefit of 81 participants, consisting of 715,920 restricted shares granted to four directors and officers of Yingli Green Energy and 1,949,140 restricted shares to 76 other employees and nonemployees, comprising 33,792 restricted shares that were forfeited, as of December 31, 2014. None of these restricted shares remained unvested as of December 31, 2015.

We recorded noncash share-based compensation expense of RMB15.9 million, RMB34.9 million and RMB12.0 million (US$1.8 million) as translated at the applicable average exchange rate prevailing during the period for the year ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015.

Changes in our estimates and assumptions regarding the expected volatility and valuation of our ordinary shares could significantly impact the estimated fair values of our share options and, as a result, our net income (loss) and the net income available to our ordinary shareholders.

Based on the closing price of our ADS of US$4.53 on December 31, 2015, the aggregate intrinsic value of the options outstanding as of December 31, 2015 was nil.

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Valuation of Inventories

Our inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market value. We routinely evaluate quantities and value of our inventories in light of current market conditions and market trends, and record a write-down against the cost of inventories for a decline in market value. Expected demand and anticipated sales prices are the key factors affecting our inventory valuation analysis. For purposes of our inventory valuation analysis, we develop expected demand and anticipated sales prices primarily based on sales orders and, to a far lesser extent, industry trends and individual customer analysis. We also consider sales and sales orders after each reporting period-end but before the issuance of our financial statements to assess the accuracy of our inventory valuation estimates. Historically, actual demand and sales prices have generally been consistent with or greater than expected demand and anticipated sales prices used for purposes of our inventory valuation analysis. The evaluation also takes into consideration new product development schedules, the effect that new products might have on sales of existing products, product obsolescence, customer concentrations, product merchantability and other factors. Market conditions are subject to change and actual consumption of inventories could differ from forecasted demand. Furthermore, the price of polysilicon, our primary raw material, is subject to fluctuations based on global supply and demand. Our management continually monitors changes in the purchase price we pay for polysilicon, including prepayments to suppliers, and the impact of such changes on our ability to recover the cost of inventory and our prepayments to suppliers. Our products have a long life cycle and obsolescence has not historically been a significant factor in the valuation of inventories. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, inventory write-downs due to the lower of cost or market assessment, which are included in the cost of revenues, were RMB5.0 million, RMB4.2 million, and RMB31.9 million (US$4.9 million), respectively.

Inventory Purchase Commitments

Until the third quarter of 2008, an industry-wide shortage of high purity polysilicon coupled with growing demand for PV modules caused polysilicon prices to increase. In order to ensure our adequate and timely supply of polysilicon, we entered into several long-term fixed price supply contracts from 2006 to 2011 under which polysilicon would be delivered from 2009 to 2020.

However, from the second quarter of 2011, the polysilicon price decreased significantly as the result of increased polysilicon manufacturing capacity and downward price pressure from the decreasing average selling price of PV modules. As a result, we recognized a provision of RMB851.7 million on the firm purchase commitments under our long-term fixed price polysilicon contracts as of December 31, 2011. The provision was determined by applying a methodology similar to that used in the lower of cost or market evaluation with respect to inventory. During the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, notwithstanding that the firm purchase commitments under our long-term fixed price contracts continued to be in effect, through negotiations with our vendors, we were able to obtain various pricing concessions from the vendors, which resulted in the actual purchase price paid by us to be less than the price stated in the contract. Our management believes that we will be able to continue to purchase polysilicon from these vendors at lower, renegotiated prices that are in line with the price prevailing in the open market. We therefore have reclassified the accrual for potential losses on inventory firm purchase commitments of RMB851.7 million as of December 31, 2012 to an accrual for loss contingency related to the inventory purchase commitments.

During the year ended December 31, 2013, we continued to negotiate and execute amendments for current purchases on a quarterly or monthly basis with two of the vendors (hereafter “Supplier B” and “Supplier C”) and obtained price concessions that allowed us to purchase polysilicon at renegotiated prices that were close to market prices and significantly lower than the prices specified in the long-term fixed price supply contracts with those vendors.

In addition, we continued to negotiate with these two vendors to amend the respective long-term fixed price supply contracts we had with them in order to remove the fixed price arrangements from those contracts. In October 2013, we entered into agreements with Supplier B to amend the long-term supply contract to include a price adjustment mechanism that allows us and Supplier B to renegotiate the purchase price on a quarterly basis within a specified price range set forth in the amendment based on prices then prevailing in the open market. We have not reached a similar agreement with Supplier C, but have continued to renegotiate prices on a quarterly or monthly basis to purchase polysilicon at prices closely approximating those available in the market. However, we refused to accept deliveries from Supplier C for a total of six months in 2012 and 2013 under the long-term fixed price supply contracts as our management determined after taking into consideration all relevant factors that it would be in our best interests not to accept those deliveries when they were due. As a result, because the contract has been substantially executed, Supplier C claimed that we had forfeited certain advance payments (see below for discussion of provision recorded in 2013 against these advances). Notwithstanding our refusal to accept deliveries for six months and Supplier C’s claim as described above, we and Supplier C continued our monthly or quarterly negotiations and we have accepted deliveries from Supplier C after we had refused to do so during those six months.

In 2013, we reassessed the probability of incurring a further loss under our long-term fixed price polysilicon contracts based on all of the developments in 2013 as well as considerations related to the more recent long-term fixed price contracts with another Supplier, Supplier A and recognized an additional provision of RMB393.0 million on the firm purchase commitments under our long-term fixed price polysilicon contracts as of December 31, 2013. The provision was determined by applying a methodology similar to that used in the lower of cost or market evaluation with respect to inventory, using our management’s best estimates of future purchase prices over the remaining terms of the contracts and applying such estimated purchase prices in the lower of cost or market evaluation. In estimating the renegotiated purchase prices, we considered the pertinent terms of each of the long-term supply contracts, the history and progress of renegotiation with the relevant vendors and the actual price concessions granted, developments in the polysilicon market based on available industry research data and the likelihood of achieving different levels of renegotiated prices for future periods. In addition to the estimated renegotiated purchase price, certain other key assumptions were used in measuring the loss accrual, which included but were not limited to (i) the estimated net realizable value of the PV modules manufactured from the polysilicon expected to be purchased under the long-term supply contracts; and (2) the normal profit margin of the PV modules for purposes of estimating the replacement cost (i.e., market) under the lower of cost or market model. In accordance with ASC 450-20, we did not take into consideration the discounting of the resultant accrual. We also considered the quantities that were required to be purchased and amount due on take or pay arrangements, as well as the history and progress of renegotiation with the relevant vendors and the actual concessions granted in developing the amount of the estimated loss contingencies.

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(a)

Development on the inventory firm purchase commitment with Supplier A for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015

As of December 31, 2013, we recognised a total liability for loss on inventory purchase commitments of RMB 1,244.7 million, after excluding the portion of RMB87.1 million recorded as a reduction of “Prepayment to suppliers” related to Supplier C, was all related to the long-term fixed price polysilicon contracts with Supplier A, based on the management’s assessment by applying a methodology similar to that used in the lower of cost or market evaluation with respect to inventory.

In 2015, after our assessment by using same methodology mentioned above, no additional contingency losses for inventory firm purchase commitment with Supplier A was determined to be required in 2015. However, due to significant fluctuation in the foreign exchange rates between the RMB and US$ and given that the inventory purchase commitment to Supplier A is dominated in US dollar, which is different from the related entities’ functional currency, a foreign exchange re-measurement loss of RMB 77.7 million was recorded as additional provision. No such provision was recognised in 2014 since the foreign exchange rate was stable and the provision caused by the foreign exchange rate fluctuation was immaterial.

We also had prepayments relating to the purchase contracts with Supplier A. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, prepayments made by us to Supplier A remained RMB 224.0 million (US$34.5 million). In 2014 and 2015, due to the anti-dumping duty and anti-subsidy investigation against Solar-Grade Polysilicon launched by the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, we did not make any purchase from Supplier A under the above-mentioned long-term fixed price supply contract, which was entered into in 2011 and was effective from 2013 to 2020. We received invoices from Supplier A under its take-or-pay obligation for failing to take the shipments from 2013 to 2015 and is currently in discussion with Supplier A to seek an acceptable solution to both parties in accordance with the long-term supply contract. According to the long-term supply contracts, the minimum purchase amount approximates US$1.6 billion in total. We believes that, we will execute the agreements due to the “take or pay” obligation, which requires us to pay full amount to Supplier A according to the purchase and payment schedule as listed in the agreements, regardless of whether we actually purchase raw materials from Supplier A. In addition, we also believes that based upon the status of the negotiations with Supplier A, as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, it is reasonably assured that i) these prepayments are not legally forfeited; ii) these prepayments could be utilized for deliveries once we start purchasing from Supplier A. As a result, we believe that the total balance of the prepayments will be utilized for future purchases from Supplier A, and there was no need to make a reserve against the prepayments to this vendor in either 2014 or 2015.

The following table presents the movement of the reserve for inventory purchase commitment:

	Year ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
	(In thousands)
Beginning balance		(851,694	)		(1,244,743	)		(1,244,743	)		(192,155	)
Additions		(393,048	)		-			(77,705	)		(11,996	)
Ending balance		(1,244,743	)		(1,244,743	)		(1,322,448	)		(204,151	)

(b)

Development on the inventory firm purchase commitment with Supplier C for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015

We also have prepayments with respect to another supplier, Supplier C, for the purchase of polysilicon. In 2015, we failed to purchase from Supplier C the stated quantities under the long-term fixed price supply contracts as we determined, after taking into consideration all relevant factors, that it would be in our best interest not to accept those deliveries when they were due (in 2014, we purchased the required amounts of polysilicon from Supplier C and utilized the portion of prepayments related to 2014). As a result, because the contract has been substantially performed, Supplier C claimed that certain advance payments had been forfeited. Unlike the take or pay obligation for Supplier A described in paragraph (a) above, if we fail to take the full amount of the agreed annual quantity in any calendar year, we do not have to pay for the remaining annual commitment, but rather only forfeit the unutilized portion of the prepayment related to that year. We do not have an obligation to pay for any unpurchased portion of the stated quantities. We recognised provisions of RMB87.1 million and RMB71.2 million in 2013 and 2015, respectively.

In 2015, we made an assessment and determined that, for our best interest, we would continue not to purchase from Supplier C the stated quantities in the remaining execution period of these long-term fixed price supply contracts. As a result, an additional impairment of RMB450.8 million was provided based on the estimated shortage between the contractual procurement volume and the estimated procurement volume in the remaining execution period.

The following table presents the movement of the reserve against inventory purchase prepayments for vendor C:

	Year ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
	(In thousands)
Beginning balance		-			(87,134	)		(87,134	)		(13,451	)
Additions		(87,134	)		-			(522,050	)		(80,591	)
Ending balance		(87,134	)		(87,134	)		(609,184	)		(94,042	)

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Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

We establish an allowance for doubtful accounts for the estimated loss on receivables when collection may no longer be reasonably assured. We assess collectability of receivables based on a number of factors, including the customer’s financial condition and creditworthiness. We make credit sales to major strategic customers in Europe. To reduce credit risks relating to other customers, we require some of our customers to pay a major portion of the purchase price by letters of credit. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, our provisions for doubtful accounts amounted to RMB20.1 million, RMB228.8 million and RMB414.8 million (US$64.0 million), respectively. We recorded a reversal of allowance for doubtful accounts of RMB17.0 million, RMB59.5 million and RMB10.4 million (US$1.6 million) in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively, primarily due to the collection of a previously reserved amount from customers.

The following table sets forth the movement of allowance for doubtful accounts for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
	(In thousands)
Beginning balance		(287,351	)		(286,997	)		(250,514	)		(38,673	)
Additions		(20,063	)		(228,835	)		(414,759	)		(64,028	)
Reversal of allowance for doubtful accounts		16,998			59,464			10,414			1,608
Write-off of accounts receivable charged against the allowance		3,419			205,854			127,524			19,687
Ending balance		(286,997	)		(250,514	)		(527,335	)		(81,406	)

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth a summary of our results of operations for the periods indicated. Our historical results presented below are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2013						2014						2015
	RMB			%			RMB			%			RMB			US$			%
	(In thousands, except percentages)
Net revenues:
Sales of PV modules		12,510,809			93.2			12,179,474			94.2			8,464,779			1,306,737			84.9
Sales of PV systems		408,630			3			161,035			1.2			197,365			30,468			2.0
Other revenues		498,654			3.8			586,868			4.6			1,303,642			201,248			13.1
Total net revenues		13,418,093			100			12,927,377			100			9,965,786			1,538,453			100
Cost of revenues:
Cost of PV modules sales		(11,078,733	)		(82.6	)		(10,050,844	)		(77.7	)		(7,329,306	)		(1,131,450	)		(73.5	)
Cost of PV systems sales		(374,350	)		(2.8	)		(137,396	)		(1.1	)		(186,219	)		(28,747	)		(1.9	)
Cost of other revenues		(506,156	)		(3.7	)		(500,892	)		(3.9	)		(1,262,931	)		(194,964	)		(12.7	)
Total cost of revenues		(11,959,239	)		(89.1	)		(10,689,132	)		(82.7	)		(8,778,456	)		(1,355,161	)		(88.1	)
Gross profit (loss)		1,458,854			10.9			2,238,245			17.3			1,187,330			183,292			11.9
Operating expenses:
Selling expenses		(1,064,263	)		(7.9	)		(1,095,145	)		(8.5	)		(854,315	)		(131,884	)		(8.6	)
General and administrative expenses		(741,168	)		(5.5	)		(615,131	)		(4.8	)		(523,150	)		(80,760	)		(5.2	)
Research and development expenses		(288,558	)		(2.2	)		(573,792	)		(4.4	)		(396,991	)		(61,285	)		(4.0	)
Provisions for doubtful accounts receivable		(3,065	)		—			(169,371	)		(1.3	)		(404,345	)		(62,420	)		(4.1	)
Gains from disposal of long lived assets and land use rights		—			—			—			—			1,167,317			180,203			11.7
Impairment of long-lived assets		—			—			—			—			(3,804,116	)		(587,254	)		(38.2	)
Provision for prepayment in relation to inventory purchase commitments		(87,134	)		(0.7	)		—			—			(522,050	)		(80,591	)		(5.2	)
Provision for reserve for inventory purchase commitments		(393,048	)		(2.9	)		—			—			(77,705	)		(11,996	)		(0.8	)
Total operating expenses		(2,577,236	)		(19.2	)		(2,453,439	)		(19.0	)		(5,415,355	)		(835,987	)		(54.3	)
Loss from operations		(1,118,382	)		(8.3	)		(215,194	)		(1.7	)		(4,228,025	)		(652,695	)		(42.4	)
Equity in income of affiliates, net		1,197			—			2,245			—			(829	)		(128	)		0.0
Interest expense, net		(940,225	)		(7.0	)		(980,845	)		(7.6	)		(954,544	)		(147,356	)		(9.6	)
Foreign currency exchange losses, net		(32,230	)		(0.2	)		(243,386	)		(1.9	)		(132,709	)		(20,487	)		(1.3	)

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	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2013						2014						2015
	RMB			%			RMB			%			RMB			US$			%
	(In thousands, except percentages)
Other income		65,767			0.4			125,568			1			148,462			22,919			1.5
Income tax (expense) benefit		(31,025	)		(0.2	)		(89,723	)		(0.7	)		(731,191	)		(112,876	)		(7.3	)
Net loss		(2,054,898	)		(15.3	)		(1,401,335	)		(10.9	)		(5,898,836	)		(910,623	)		(59.2	)
Less: Loss attributable to the non-controlling interests		110,473			0.8			101,526			0.8			298,310			46,051			3.0
Net loss attributable to Yingli Green Energy		(1,944,425	)		(14.5	)		(1,299,809	)		(10.1	)		(5,600,526	)		(864,572	)		(56.2	)

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Year Ended December 31, 2015 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2014

Net Revenues. Our total net revenues were RMB9,965.8 million (US$1,538.5 million) in 2015, which decreased by 22.9% from RMB12,927.4 million in 2014. Our PV module shipment volume (including shipments for PV systems) in 2015 was 2,447.0 megawatts, a decrease of 27.2% from 3,361.3 megawatts in 2014. The decrease in total shipments was primarily due to the lower-than-expected utilization rate of our production facilities for our in-house PV modules as a result of tight cash flow in 2015. The decrease in total net revenues year-over-year was mainly due to reduction in total PV module shipment and decline in our average selling prices of PV modules around the world, especially in China.

Net revenues from sales of PV modules were RMB8,464.8 million (US$1,306.7 million), or 84.9% of total net revenues in 2015, compared to RMB12,179.5 million, or 94.2% of total net revenues in 2014. Our PV module sales in China in 2015 were RMB2,714.8 million (US$419.1 million), or 27.2% of our total net revenues, which decreased from RMB4,550.9 million, or 35.2% of our total net revenues in 2014. Our PV module sales in Japan in 2015 were RMB2,613.5 million (US$403.5 million), or 26.2% of our total net revenues, which increased from RMB2,415.6 million, or 19.8% of our total net revenues in 2014. Our PV module sales in the United States in 2015 were RMB1,235.2 million (US$190.7 million), or 12.4% of our total net revenues which decreased from RMB2,301.5 million, or 17.8% of our total net revenues in 2014.

Net revenues from sales of PV cells, wafers and raw materials were RMB686.1 million (US$105.9 million), or 6.9% of total net revenues in 2015, which increased from RMB439.6 million, or 3.4% of total net revenues in 2014.

Net revenues from PV cells and PV modules processing fee were RMB389.5 million (US$60.1 million), or 3.9% of total net revenues in 2015. We did not generate such revenues in 2014.

Net revenues from sales of PV systems were RMB197.4 million (US$30.5 million), or 2.0% of total net revenues in 2015, which increased from RMB161.0 million, or 1.2% of total net revenues in 2014. Most of our net revenues from sales of PV systems in 2015 were derived from China.

Other revenues were RMB228.1 million (US$35.2 million), or 2.3% of total net revenues in 2015, which increased from RMB147.2 million, or 1.1% of total net revenues in 2014.

Cost of Revenues. The cost of PV modules sales as a percentage of net revenues from PV modules increased to 86.6% in 2015, from 82.5% in 2014. This increase was primarily due to an increase in unit production cost of PV modules as a result of the lower-than-expected utilization rate of production facilities and decline in total net revenues.

Gross Profit. As a result of the factors described above, our gross profit was RMB1,187.3 million (US$183.3 million) in 2015, which decreased from gross profit of RMB2,238.2 million in 2014. Our gross margin was 11.9% in 2015, which decreased from 17.3% in 2014.

Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses were RMB5,415.4 million (US$836.0 million) in 2015, which increased from RMB2,453.4 million in 2014. Operating expenses as a percentage of net revenue increased to 54.3% in 2015 from 19.0% in 2014. The increase was mainly due to,

Impairment of long-lived assets. Due to lower-than-expected utilization of certain production facilities, we did an impairment analysis on our long-lived assets in 2015 and recorded an impairment loss of approximately RMB3.8 billion for property, plant and equipment with respect to the production facilities based on the difference between carrying value and fair value of such long-lived assets. We did not record such impairment loss in 2014.

Provision for reserve for inventory purchase commitments under long-term polysilicon supply contracts. In 2015, we recorded provisions of approximately RMB77.7 million for the inventory purchase commitments with certain supplier under our long-term polysilicon supply contracts as a result of the reassessment of the purchase commitments under those supply contracts. No such provision was made in 2014.

Provision for prepayment in relation to inventory purchase commitments under long-term polysilicon supply contracts. In 2015, we recorded provisions of approximately RMB522.1 million for the prepayments to certain supplier under our long-term polysilicon supply contract, which included: 1) Provision of RMB71.3 million due to that we failed to purchase contractual volume as stated in the long-term contract in 2015; 2) Provision of RMB450.8 million as we estimated that we will also fail to purchase contractual volume as stated in the long-term contract in the remaining contract period in the future. No such provision was made in 2014.

Provision for doubtful accounts receivable. As a result of certain customers’ prolonged failure to settle accounts receivable and the continuing deterioration of their financial condition and creditworthiness, we made a total provision of RMB404.3 million (US$62.4 million) in 2015 for the doubtful accounts receivable related to these customers, while we made provision for doubtful accounts receivable of RMB169.4 million in 2014.

The increase in our operating expenses was partially offset by,

Gain on disposal of land use rights. In 2015, Fine Silicon disposed its land use rights and we recognized a disposal gain of approximately RMB1.2 billion, while we did not recognize such gain in 2014.

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Selling expenses. Our selling expenses were RMB854.3 million (US$131.9 million) in 2015, which decreased from RMB1,095.1 million in 2014. The decrease was primarily due to a lower freight and insurance costs as a result of decreased total PV module shipments.

General and administrative expenses. Our general and administrative expenses decreased to RMB523.2 million (US$80.8 million) in 2015 from RMB615.1 million in 2014..

Research and development expenses. Our research and development expenses decreased to RMB397.0 million (US$61.3 million) in 2015 from RMB573.8 million in 2014. The decrease in research and development expenses from 2015 to 2014 was mainly due to our balanced control of research and development projects as a result of the tight cash flow.

Loss from Operations. Loss from operations was RMB4,228.0 million (US$652.7 million) in 2015, compared to RMB215.2 million in 2014. As a result of the cumulative effect of the above factors, operating loss margin was 42.4% in 2015, compared to 1.7% in 2014.

Interest Expenses, Net. Net interest expenses were RMB954.5 million (US$147.4 million) in 2015, which decreased from RMB980.8 million in 2014. The slight decrease in interest expenses in 2015 was mainly due to reduction in the principal of our borrowings, primarily as a result of the repayment of the bank loans and two medium-term notes due in May 2015 and October 2015. The weighted average interest rate for our borrowings in 2015 was 6.39%, which slightly decreased from 6.44% in 2014.

Foreign Currency Exchange Losses. Foreign currency exchange losses were RMB132.7 million (US$20.5 million) in 2015, compared to RMB243.4 million in 2014. The decrease in foreign exchange loss year-over-year was mainly due to less depreciation of Euros and Japanese Yen against Renminbi in 2015, and to the fact that we had a balance of net current assets denominated in Euro and Japanese Yen.

Income Tax Expense. We recognized an income tax expense of RMB731.2 million (US$112.9 million) in 2015, compared to an income tax expense of RMB89.7 million in 2014. The increase of income tax expense year-over-year was primarily due to assessment on recovery of deferred income tax assets which resulted in an additional valuation allowance of deferred income tax assets in 2015.

Loss Attributable to the Non-controlling Interests. In 2015, loss attributable to the non-controlling interests was RMB298.3 million (US$46.1 million), compared to RMB101.5 million in 2014.

Net Loss Attributable to Yingli Green Energy. As a result of the cumulative effect of the above factors, our net loss attributable to Yingli Green Energy was RMB5,600.5 million (US$864.6 million) in 2015, compared to RMB1,299.8 million in 2014.

Year Ended December 31, 2014 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2013

Net Revenues. Our total net revenues were RMB12,927.4 million in 2014, which decreased by 3.7% from RMB13,418.1 million in 2013. Our PV module shipment volume (including shipments for PV systems) in 2014 was 3,361.3 megawatts, an increase of 4% from 3,234.3 megawatts in 2013. The increase in total shipments was primarily due to proven performance of our products, our differentiated market channels and end market diversification. The decrease in total net revenues year-over-year was mainly due to an industry-wide decline in the average selling price of PV modules in 2014 compared to 2013, which decrease was partially offset by the increase in total shipments.

Net revenues from sales of PV modules were RMB12,179.5 million, or 94.2% of total net revenues in 2014, compared to RMB12,510.8 million, or 93.2% of total net revenues in 2013. Our PV module sales in Germany were RMB671.5 million, or 5.2% of our total net revenues in 2014, which decreased from RMB2,439.1 million, or 18.2% of total net revenues in 2013. In 2014, the shipment volume has increased to 3,361 megawatts, an increase of 3.9% from the 2013 volume of 3,234 megawatts. However, the 2014 shipment volume included about 260.6 megawatts shipment sold to the Company’s project assets (for which revenue has been eliminated in consolidation). The volume sold to third party has decreased by 3.0% which led to the decrease of revenue of 2.7% from 2013 to 2014. Our PV module sales in the United States in 2014 were RMB2,301.5 million, or 17.8% of our total net revenues which decreased from RMB2,906.3 million, or 21.7% of our total net revenues in 2013. Our PV module sales in China in 2014 were RMB4,550.9 million, or 35.2% of our total net revenues, which increased from RMB4,546.5 million, or 33.9% of our total net revenues in 2013.

Net revenues from sales of PV systems were RMB161.0 million, or 1.2% of total net revenues in 2014, which decreased from RMB408.6 million, or 3.0% of total net revenues in 2013. Most of our net revenues from sales of PV systems in 2014 were derived from China. Other revenues amounted to RMB586.9 million in 2014, primarily from sales of raw materials and low efficiency PV cells, compared to RMB498.7 million in 2013. Other revenues as a percentage of total net revenues were 4.6% in 2014 and 3.8% in 2013.

Cost of Revenues. The cost of PV modules sales as a percentage of net revenues from PV modules decreased to 82.5% in 2014, from 88.6% in 2013. This decrease was primarily a result of a decrease in polysilicon cost and our continuous efforts in reducing polysilicon consumption per watt and non-polysilicon processing costs.

The cost of PV systems sales as a percentage of net revenues from PV systems decreased 85.3% in 2014, from 91.6% in 2013.

Gross Profit. As a result of the factors described above, our gross profit was RMB2,238.2 million in 2014, which improved from gross profit of RMB1,458.9 million in 2013. Our gross margin was 17.3% in 2014, which improved from 10.9% in 2013.

Operating Expenses. Our operating expenses were RMB2,453.4 million in 2014, which decreased from RMB2,577.2 million in 2013. Operating expenses as a percentage of net revenue decreased to 19.0% in 2014 from 19.2% in 2013. The decrease in operating expenses from 2013 to 2014 was due primarily to lower general and administrative expenses of RMB615.1 million in 2014, which decreased from RMB741.2 million in 2013. The decrease in general and administrative expenses in 2014 was primarily caused by our efforts to control costs. General and administrative expenses as a percentage of net revenues decreased to 4.8% in 2014 from 5.5% in 2013. The decrease in operating expenses from 2013 to 2014 was partially offset by the following factors:

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Selling Expenses. Our selling expenses were RMB1,095.1 million in 2014, which increased from RMB1,064.3 million in 2013. The increase was primarily due to the expenditure of some large market promotion activities and restructuring of overseas offices from general and administrative function to overseas market expansion function.

General and Administrative Expenses. Our general and administrative expenses were RMB615.1 million, which decreased from RMB741.2 million in 2013. The general and administration expenses significantly decreased due to the restructuring of overseas offices from general and administrative function to overseas market expansion function.

Research and Development Expenses. Our research and development expenses increased to RMB573.8 million in 2014 from RMB288.6 million in 2013. Our research and development expenses in 2014 primarily resulted from our continuous and more focused research and development efforts.

Provision on Inventory Purchase Commitments under Long-Term Polysilicon Supply Contracts. We did not recognize any such provision in 2014. In 2013, we recognized a provision of RMB480.2 million on inventory purchase commitments under our long-term polysilicon supply contracts as a result of our having re-assessed our commitments under those contracts based on then-current prices for polysilicon prevailing in the open market and the status of our performance of, and negotiations with our suppliers under, the supply contracts.

Loss from Operations. Loss from operations was RMB215.2 million in 2014, compared to RMB1,118.4 million in 2013. As a result of the cumulative effect of the above factors, operating loss margin was 1.7% in 2014, compared to 8.3% in 2013.

Interest Expenses, Net. Net interest expenses were RMB980.8 million in 2014, which increased from RMB940.2 million in 2013. The increase in interest expense in 2014 was mainly a result of a slight increase in our weighted average interest rate and a reduced level of capitalised interest expenses relating to construction in progress which was transferred into fixed assets in 2014. The weighted average interest rate for our borrowings in 2014 was 6.44%, which slightly increased from 6.31% in 2013.

Foreign Currency Exchange Losses. Foreign currency exchange losses were RMB243.4 million in 2014, compared to RMB32.2 million in 2013. These foreign currency exchange losses were due primarily to the depreciation in 2014 of the Euro and the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi.

Income Tax Expense. We recognized an income tax expense of RMB89.7 million in 2014, compared to an income tax expense of RMB31.0 million in 2013.

Loss Attributable to the Non-controlling Interests. In 2014, loss attributable to the non-controlling interests was RMB101.5 million, compared to RMB110.5 million in 2013.

Net Loss Attributable to Yingli Green Energy. As a result of the cumulative effect of the above factors, our net loss attributable to Yingli Green Energy was RMB1,299.8 million in 2014, compared to RMB1,944.4 million in 2013.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

We require a significant amount of cash to fund our operations. We also have a significant amount of debt outstanding and debt service requirements to satisfy. We may also require cash to meet our future capital requirements, which may be difficult to predict.

Cash Flows and Working Capital

Our ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time largely depends on the ability of our management to successfully execute our business plan (including increasing sales while decreasing operating costs and expenses) and, if required, the ability to obtain additional funds from third parties, including banks, or from the issuance of additional equity or debt securities. There is substantial uncertainty in this regard. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Us and the PV Industry -There is substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern”.

The primary sources of our financing have been borrowings from banks and other third parties, private placements of our debt, equity and equity-linked securities as well as our initial public offering, follow-on offerings, convertible senior notes offering, and medium-term notes offering. As of December 31, 2015, we had RMB1,240.7 million (US$191.5 million) in cash, RMB346.9 million (US$53.6 million) in restricted cash, RMB9,124.2 million (US$1,408.5 million) in outstanding short-term borrowings (including the current portion of our long-term debt, RMB357 million of the 2010 MTNs that became due on October 13, 2015 and RMB1.4 billion of the 2011 MTNs that became due on May 12, 2016), RMB300.0 million (US$46.3 million) of the 2012 MTNs that will become due on May 3, 2017, and RMB2,405.9 million (US$371.4 million) in outstanding long-term debt (excluding the current portion).

As of December 31, 2015, our cash consisted of cash on hand, cash in bank accounts and interest-bearing savings accounts, and our restricted cash consisted of bank deposits for securing letters of credit, letters of guarantee granted to us and bank deposits for securing loan facilities.

Our outstanding short-term borrowings from banks were made principally to support our working capital requirements and to repay other short-term borrowings. Our short-term borrowings from banks have a term of less than one year and expire at various times throughout the year. We have historically negotiated renewals of certain of these borrowings shortly before they were to mature.

Our outstanding long-term debt as of December 31, 2015 was RMB2,405.9 million (US$371.4 million), all of which were long-term bank borrowings. Such borrowings were made principally to fund our manufacturing facility expansion projects, increased working capital needs and to replace short-term loans with higher interest rates.

In October 2010, under a plan to issue up to RMB2.4 billion RMB-denominated unsecured five-year medium-term notes registered with the PRC National Association of Financial Market Institutional Investors, Tianwei Yingli completed its First Tranche Issue of RMB-denominated unsecured five-year medium-term notes in the amount of RMB1.0 billion, or the 2010 MTNs, which matured on October 13, 2015. The 2010 MTNs bore a fixed interest rate of 4.3% per annum for the first three years, which increases to 5.7% per annum for the remaining two years. In May 2011, the Second Tranche Issue of RMB-denominated unsecured five-year medium-term notes in the amount of RMB1.4 billion, or the 2011 MTNs, was completed by Tianwei Yingli, which matured on May 12, 2016. The 2011 MTNs bore a fixed interest rate of 6.15% per annum. Tianwei Yingli repaid approximately 70% of the 2010 MTNs including interest thereon in a total amount of RMB700 million before the 2010 MTNs matured on October 13, 2015. The remaining portion of the 2010 MTNs and the full amount of the 2011 MTNs have not yet been repaid by Tianwei Yingli as of the date of this annual report.

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In August 2010, Tianwei Yingli entered into a two-year RMB1.0 billion loan agreement at an interest rate applicable to its credit rating, which is renewed quarterly with the Export-Import Bank of China.

In March 2011, Yingli China entered into a 45-month RMB1.0 billion loan agreement at a floating interest rate of the three- to five-year Renminbi benchmark loan rate plus an additional 10% per annum with the Bank of Communications Co., Ltd. The loan is secured by Yingli China’s fixed assets. The loan was fully paid in 2014.

In May 2011, Yingli China entered into a 42-month RMB1.16 billion loan agreement with Bank of China and China CITIC Bank at an interest rate of the three-to-five year Renminbi benchmark loan rate plus an additional surcharge of 5% per annum. As of December 31, 2015, Yingli China had drawn down RMB481 million (US74.3 million) under this loan agreement. The loan is guaranteed by Yingli Green Energy and Yingli Group.

In May 2012, Yingli China completed its issuance of RMB1.5 billion in aggregate amount of RMB-denominated unsecured medium-term notes. The issuance is composed of RMB300 million in aggregate amount of RMB-denominated five-year medium-term notes, or the 2012 MTNs, and RMB1.2 billion in aggregate amount of RMB-denominated three-year medium-term notes, or the 2012 three-year MTNs. The 2012 MTNs bear a fixed interest rate of 6.01% per annum and will mature on May 3, 2017. The 2012 three-year MTNs bear a fixed interest rate of 5.78% per annum and matured on May 3, 2015. Yingli China fully repaid the 2012 three-year MTNs, together with interest, before their due date.

In April 2013, Yingli China entered into a total RMB1.01 billion working capital loan agreement with China Development Bank. The loan comprises a US$110 million USD-denominated one-year working capital loan bearing an interest rate equal to the 6-month London Interbank Offered Rate, or the LIBOR, plus a surcharge of 500 basis points (5.00%) per annum, which was repaid in April 2015, and a US$55.0 million USD-denominated three-year working capital loan bearing an interest rate equal to the 6-month LIBOR plus a surcharge of 520 basis points (5.20%) per annum, which is unsecured and repayable upon maturity.

Historically we have been able to repay our borrowings mostly from refinancing or new or additional borrowings from our shareholders, related parties, other third parties as well as proceeds from our initial public offering, follow-on offerings, the convertible senior notes offering and medium-term notes offerings. We assess our cash flow position from time to time and, if appropriate, we plan to use the cash generated from our operations and to utilize a portion of the proceeds from future debt or equity offerings to prepay some of our outstanding credit facilities in order to improve our balance sheet position. If we are unable to obtain alternative funding or to generate the cash we need from our operations, our business and prospects may suffer. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Us and the PV Industry — We require a significant amount of cash to fund our operations as well as meet future capital requirements our debt repayment obligations. If we cannot obtain additional capital financing and liquidity when we need it, our growth prospects and profitability business, financial condition and results of operation may be materially and adversely affected. Certain financing activities may also dilute your equity interests in us and cause other material adverse effects on our financial condition and results of operations”.

A number of our loan agreements contain financial covenants that require us to maintain certain financial ratios, including debt-to-asset ratios. The worsening operating environment that has generally affected companies operating in our industry since the fourth quarter of 2008 had led to breaches and potential future breaches of certain financial covenants under some of our loan agreements. We had been in breach of certain financial covenants, such as debt-to-asset ratios, under certain loan agreements with commercial banks in China, which would have triggered cross-default provisions under most of other relevant loan agreements. As of May 16, 2016, we have obtained written waivers from all the relevant banks with which we have these affected loan agreements, waiving such past breaches and/or cross-defaults. In response to potential future breaches, we have had to negotiate with the relevant lenders terms of prepayment or to amend those financial covenants to prevent actual breaches from occurring, or requesting waivers of such financial covenants from those banks. Examples of amendments to such financial covenants would be to reset the financial covenants for the relevant loan agreements or to begin testing for compliance with the financial covenants at a deferred date. However, if we need in the future to renegotiate with our lenders again with respect to prepayment terms or to amend financial covenants or other relevant provisions, or to request waivers for financial covenants under such loan agreements to address potential breaches, we cannot assure you that we will be able to reach an agreement with any lender or to obtain any waiver so as to avoid a breach of an affected loan agreement. If we are found to be in breach of one or more financial covenants under any loan agreement and are not able to obtain a waiver from the relevant lender or to prepay the loan, such breach would constitute an event of default under the loan agreement. As a result, repayment of the indebtedness under the relevant loan agreement may be accelerated, which in turn may require us to repay the entire principal amount including interest, if any, accrued on certain of our other existing indebtedness under cross-default provisions in our existing loan agreements. If we are required to repay a significant portion or all of our existing indebtedness prior to its maturity, we may lack sufficient financial resources to do so. Furthermore, any breach of those financial covenants also will restrict our ability to pay dividends. Any of those events could have a material and adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and business prospects. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Us and the PV Industry — Tianwei Yingli is currently in payment default of the 2010 MTNs and 2011 MTNs, and we have breached in the past, and may breach in the future, certain financial and restrictive covenants of our loan agreements, which may result in lenders accelerating repayment of the affected loans and trigger cross-default provisions of other loans and borrowings, and we used to be overdue, and are still overdue, in some of our payment obligations under other financing arrangements, all of which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our creditworthiness to borrow or obtain other financings in the future”.

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We have significant working capital commitments because suppliers of high-purity polysilicon require us to make prepayments in advance of shipment. As of December 31, 2015, our prepayments to suppliers were RMB1,212.6 million (US$187.2 million), including amounts paid to related parties of RMB230.4 million (US$35.6 million).

Currently, a significant portion of our revenue is derived from credit sales to our customers, generally with payments due within four months. Sales to a small number of major customers exposed us to additional and more concentrated credit risks since a significant portion of our outstanding accounts receivable is derived from sales to a limited number of customers. As of December 31, 2015, our five largest outstanding accounts receivable balances outstanding accounted for approximately 27.6% of our total outstanding accounts receivable. The failure of any of these customers to meet their payment obligations would materially and adversely affect our financial position, liquidity and results of operations. Although we have been able to maintain adequate working capital primarily through short-term borrowings, in the future we may not be able to secure additional financing on a timely basis or on terms acceptable to us or at all.

As a result of the reduced scale of our operations, our working capital decreased in 2015. Our inventories were RMB1,484.3 million (US$229.1 million) as of December 31, 2015, compared to RMB2,099.1 million as of December 31, 2014. We also make prepayments for equipment purchases. Our prepayments for equipment purchases amounted to RMB122.3 million, RMB327.3 million, and RMB81.8 million (US$12.6 million) as of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.

The following table sets forth a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
	(In thousands)
Net cash provided by operating activities		352,551			433,953			984,667			152,007
Net cash provided by / (used in) investing activities		(670,585	)		(315,845	)		1,413,458			218,199
Net cash used in financing activities		(629,450	)		(182,686	)		(2,249,652	)		(347,286	)
Effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(31,903	)		28,154			23,223			3,585
Net increase / (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(979,387	)		(36,424	)		171,695			26,505
Cash and cash equivalents at the beginning of the year		2,084,865			1,105,478			1,069,054			165,034
Cash and cash equivalents at the end of the year		1,105,478			1,069,054			1,240,749			191,539

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Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities consisted primarily of our net loss, offset or mitigated by non-cash adjustments, such as depreciation and amortization, loss/(gain) on disposal of property, plant and equipment, disposal gain from long-live assets and land use right in relation to a subsidiary, gain on disposal of subsidiaries, provision for doubtful accounts receivable, loss on sale of accounts receivable , write-down of inventories to net realizable value, equity in loss/(income) of affiliates, net, amortization of debt issuance cost, share-based compensation, amortization of earned assets related government grants received in a prior period, deferred income tax (benefit)/expense, foreign currency exchange (gains)/ losses, net, unrealized gain of financial instruments, impairment of long-lives assets, provision for prepayment in relation to inventory purchase commitments, provision for reserve for inventory purchase commitments and adjusted by changes in operating assets and liabilities, such as restricted cash related to purchase of inventory and other operating activities, accounts receivable, inventories, prepayments to suppliers, value-added tax recoverable, amounts due from and prepayments to related parties, prepaid expenses and other assets, accounts payable, advances from customers, amounts due to related parties, other current liabilities and accrued expenses and other liabilities. The fluctuations of net cash provided by operating activities largely correspond to the changes in net income or net loss.

Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 was RMB984.7 million (US$152.0 million), primarily attributable to a net loss of RMB5,898.8 million (US$910.6 million) as positively adjusted for certain items such as depreciation and amortization RMB1.2 billion (US$183.0 million), provision for doubtful accounts receivable of RMB404.3 million (US$62.4 million), write-down of inventories to net realizable value of RMB31.9 million (US$4.9 million), equity in loss of affiliates, net of RMB0.8 million (US$0.1 million), amortization of debt issuance cost of RMB4.2 million (US$0.6 million), share-based compensation of RMB12.0 million (US$1.8 million), deferred income tax expense of RMB695.9 million (US$107.4 million), foreign currency exchange losses of RMB39.1million (US$6.0 million), impairment of long-lived assets of RMB3,804 million (US$587.3 million), provision for prepayment in relation to inventory purchase commitments of RMB522.1 million (US$80.6 million), provision for reserve for inventory purchase commitments of RMB77.7 million (US$12.0 million), a decrease in restricted cash related to purchase of inventory and other operating activities of RMB755.7 million (US$116.7 million), a decrease in accounts receivable of RMB1,458.5 million (US$225.2 million), a decrease in prepayments to suppliers of RMB92.6 million (US$14.3 million), a decrease in value-added tax recoverable of RMB90.9 million (US$14.0 million), an increase in amounts due to related parties of RMB855.8 million (US$132.1 million), an increase in other current liabilities and accrued expenses of RMB484.0 million (US$74.7 million), an increase in other liabilities of RMB59.2 million (US$9.1 million), partially offset by certain items such as gain on disposal of property, plant and equipment of RMB33.4 million (US$5.2 million),disposal gain from long-lived assets and land use right in relation to a subsidiary of RMB1,167.3 million (US$180.2 million), gain on disposal of subsidiaries of RMB33.2 million (US$5.1 million), amortization of earned assets related government grants received in a prior period of RMB56.9 million (US$8.8 million), an increase in inventories of RMB276.2 million (US$42.6 million), an increase in amounts due from and prepayments to related parties of RMB672.9 million (US$103.9 million), an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of RMB8.6 million (US$1.3 million), a decrease in accounts payable of RMB1,232.6 million (US$190.3 million), a decrease in advances from customers of RMB209.5 million (US$32.3 million).

Net cash provided by operating activities was RMB434.0 million in 2014, primarily resulting from improvements in operating efficiency and significant decrease in net losses.

Net cash provided by operating activities was RMB352.6 million in 2013, primarily resulting from improvements in operating efficiency and significant decrease in net losses.

Investing Activities

Net cash provided by/(used in) investing activities largely reflects our government grants for property, plant and equipment, purchase of property, plant and equipment and investment in project assets, purchase of project assets, restricted cash related to purchase of property, plant and equipment, proceeds from sale of equipment under sale-leaseback agreement, payments for land and land use rights, equity investments, proceeds from disposal of long-term investment and investment in affiliates, loans made to related parties, proceeds from repayment of loans made to related parties, proceeds from disposal of subsidiaries, proceeds from disposal of plant, property and equipment and proceeds from disposal of long-live assets and land use right in relation to a subsidiary.

Net cash provided by investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2015 amounted to RMB1,413.5 million (US$218.2 million), primarily as a result of government grants for property, plant and equipment, change of restricted cash related to purchase of property, plant and equipment balances, proceeds from disposal of long-term investment and investment in affiliates, proceeds from repayment of loans made to related parties, proceeds from disposal of subsidiaries, proceeds from disposal of plant, property and equipment and proceeds from disposal of long-live assets and land use right in relation to a subsidiary in each of the periods. The increase from 2014 to 2015 was primarily due to proceeds from disposal of long-live assets and land use right in relation to a subsidiary, proceeds from disposal of plant, property and equipment.

Net cash used in investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2014 amounted to RMB315.8 million, primarily as a result of government grants for property, plant and equipment, purchase of property, plant and equipment, change of restricted cash related to purchase of property, plant and equipment balances, proceeds from sale of equipment under sale-leaseback agreement, payments for land use rights, equity investments, proceeds from disposal of long-term investment, loans made to related parties, proceeds from disposal of plant, property and equipment and proceeds from repayment of loans made to related parties in each of the periods.

Net cash used in investing activities was RMB670.6 million in 2013, primarily due to purchase of new facilities for conducting upgrades and maintenance purposes.

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Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2015 was RMB2,249.7 million (US$347.3 million), primarily consisting of proceeds from short-term borrowings of RMB7.2 billion (US$1.1 billion), proceeds from long-term debt of RMB254.0 million (US$39.2 million), repayment of short-term borrowings of RMB8.5 billion (US$1.3 billion), repayment of long-term debt of RMB68.0 million (US$10.5 million), repayment of medium-term notes of RMB1.8 billion (US$285.5 million), proceeds from failed sale-leaseback agreement of RMB250.0 million (US$38.6 million), repayment of capital and financing lease obligation of RMB60.0 million (US$9.3 million), receipt of deposit for capital and financing lease of RMB60.0 million (US$9.3 million), payment for deposit for lease of RMB1.0 million (US$0.2 million), decrease in restricted cash related to guarantee of bank borrowings of RMB220.1 million (US$34.0 million), proceeds from disposal of a subsidiary with land use rights of RMB265.0 million (US$40.9 million), contribution from non-controlling interest holders of RMB18.0 thousand (US$3.0 thousand).

Net cash used in financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2014 was RMB182.7 million, primarily consisting of proceeds from short-term borrowings of RMB8.9 billion, repayment of short-term borrowings of RMB9.2 billion, repayment of long-term borrowings of RMB280.4 million and repayment of capital and financing lease obligation of RMB81.2 million, decrease in restricted cash related to guarantee of bank borrowings of RMB5.1 million, issuance of ordinary shares of RMB517.3 million and contribution from non-controlling interest holders of RMB1.0 million.

Net cash used in financing activities was RMB629.5 million in 2013, primarily due to the repayment of bank loans of RMB8,591.7 million, partially offset by the proceeds from bank loans of RMB7,950 million, restricted cash of RMB14.3 million related to guarantees of bank borrowings and the proceeds from borrowings from Hainan Yingli’s non-controlling interest holders of RMB100 million.

Inflation

Since our inception, inflation in China has not materially affected our results of operations. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the change in the consumer price index in China was negative 2.6%, 2.0%, and 1.4% in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.

Dividends from Subsidiaries

We intend indefinitely to reinvest undistributed earnings accumulated in and after 2008 in the PRC and therefore have not recognized a deferred income tax liability with respect to those earnings; and restrictions under PRC law on the remittance of dividends outside the PRC have not had a material adverse effect on our liquidity or capital resources. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks Related to Doing Business in China— Dividends we may receive from our operating subsidiaries located in the PRC may be subject to PRC withholding tax”.

Liquidity and Going Concern

For the year ended December 31, 2015, we incurred a net loss of RMB 5,898.8 million (US$910.6 million). As of December 31, 2015, we had a total deficit attributable to our shareholders of RMB 5,939.7 million (US$916.9 million) and a deficit in working capital of RMB 7.3 billion (US$1.1 billion). As of December 31, 2015, we had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of RMB 1,587.7 million (US$245.1 million), short-term borrowings, including current portion of medium-term notes and long-term debt of RMB 9,124.2 million (US$1,408.5 million), long-term debts of RMB 2,405.9 million (US$371.4 million) and medium-term notes of RMB 300 million (US$46 million). Tianwei Yingli, one of the our major manufacturing subsidiaries, failed to fully repay the 2010 MTNs due on October 13, 2015. The principal and accrued interest on the 2010 MTNs were in the aggregate amount of RMB 1.1 billion (US$163.2 million) while only RMB 700 million (US$108 million) was repaid. Tianwei Yingli also failed to repay the 2011 MTNs with principal and accrued interest in the aggregate amount of RMB 1.45 billion (US$224.5 million) that became due on May 12, 2016. Our liquidity is primarily dependent on our ability to maintain adequate cash flows from operations, to renew or rollover our short-term borrowings and to obtain adequate external financings to support our working capital and meet our obligations and commitments when they become due.

We have carried out a review of our cash flow forecast for the twelve months ending December 31, 2016. In preparing the cash flow forecast, our management has considered our historical cash requirements, our expected debt repayment obligations in 2016, our plan to further reduce operating costs and expenses, as well as the alternative financing plans discussed in detail below. Our management also made the assumption that there will be no significant decrease of our shipments of modules and gross profit margin.

Alternative Financing Plans

We are currently exploring a variety of alternative financing plans to improve our liquidity and financial position.

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Debt Restructuring and Introducing Strategic Investors

As of December 31, 2015, we had medium-term notes, or MTNs, of RMB 2,057.0 million outstanding. Of the total RMB 2,057.0 million of MTNs, RMB 357.0 million of the 2010 MTNs were due on October 13, 2015; RMB1.4 billion of the 2011 MTNs were due on May 12, 2016; and RMB 300.0 million of the 2012 MTNs will become due on May 3, 2017. We have had meetings with the noteholders several times and are in negotiation with the noteholders for the repayment schedule of the MTNs. We proposed to the noteholders not to require us repaying the MTNs before we have the ability to repay the outstanding MTNs. We have had negotiations with the noteholders and different funding resources for the ways of repayment of the MTNs, such as 1) introduction of strategic investors to invest in us or our subsidiaries, 2) introduction of new creditors to grant new borrowings to us, and 3) sales of certain long-lived assets including land use rights to get additional funds. The plan for the sales of long-lived assets, if executed, will take more than one year to complete. As of the date of this annual report, these negotiations are still in progress.

We are also in negotiation proactively with certain investors for potential strategic investments in us or our major subsidiaries. Such debt restructuring and strategic investments, if successfully completed, will further increase our liquidity and improve our debt-to-equity ratio.

Renewal or Rollover of Borrowings and other Financing Arrangements

We have maintained good credit records and relationships with our major lending banks and other financial institutions in China. In addition, we have obtained financing through other arrangements, such as sale and lease back of certain machinery and equipment and sale and repurchase of certain equity interest in our subsidiary. We have failed to fulfill our payment obligations under some of these arrangements in the past. As of December 31, 2015, we had RMB175 million of payment obligation overdue under our agreement with a leasing company for sale and lease back of certain machinery and equipment and RMB100 million of payment obligation overdue under our agreement with a third party for sale and repurchase of 5.50% equity interest of Hainan Yingli. As of December 31, 2015, we recorded the RMB175 million and RMB100 million of payment obligation overdue as borrowings and payables, respectively. We are still in negotiation with these third parties about the extension of our payment schedules under the relevant agreements.

There can be no assurance, however, that such expected financing plans will be successfully completed or completed on terms acceptable to us. Our financing plans for our continuing operations, even if successful, may not result in sufficient cash flow to finance and maintain our business. Facts and circumstances including recurring losses, negative working capital, net cash outflows, and uncertainties on the repayment of the debts raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. The financial statements included in this annual report do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) ("ASU 2014-09"). ASU 2014-09 supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, and most industry-specific guidance. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new standard will require us to separate performance obligations within a contract, determine total transaction costs, and ultimately allocate the transaction costs across the established performance obligations. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date, which delays the effective date of ASU 2014-09 by one year. As a result, ASU 2014-09 will become effective for us beginning in fiscal 2018 under either full or modified retrospective adoption, with early adoption permitted as of the original effective date of ASU 2014-09. We are currently assessing the potential significant effects of these changes on our consolidated financial statements.

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In February 2015, the FASB issued the ASU 2015-02, "Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis". The objective of issuing the amendments in this Update is to change the analysis that a reporting entity must perform to determine whether it should consolidate certain types of legal entities. The amendments in this Update are an improvement to current US GAAP because they simplify the Codification and reduce the number of consolidation models through the elimination of the indefinite deferral of Statement 167 and because they place more emphasis on risk of loss when determining a controlling financial interest. The amendments in this Update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. If an entity early adopts the amendments in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. A reporting entity may apply the amendments in this Update using a modified retrospective approach by recording a cumulative-effect adjustment to equity as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. A reporting entity also may apply the amendments retrospectively. We plan to apply this standard beginning in 2016 and does not expect this guidance to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

In April 2015, the FASB issued the ASU No. 2015-03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs ("ASU 2015-03"), which changes the presentation of debt issuance costs in financial statements. Under ASU 2015-03, an entity will present such costs in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the related debt liability rather than as an asset. Amortization of the costs will continue to be reported as interest expense. In August 2015, the FASB issued the ASU No. 2015-15—Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements ("ASU 2015-15"), which incorporates the SEC staff's announcement that clarifies the exclusion of line-of-credit arrangements from the scope of ASU 2015-03. The ASU clarifies that debt issuance costs related to line-of-credit arrangements can be deferred and presented as an asset that is subsequently amortized over the time of the line-of-credit arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings on the line-of-credit arrangement. ASU 2015-03 is effective retrospectively for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015. We are currently assessing the potential significant effects of these changes on our consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2015, the total balance of deferred debt issuance cost included in prepaid expenses and other current assets on our consolidated balance sheet was RMB1.6 million (US$0.2 million).

In September 2015, the FASB issued the ASU No. 2015-16, Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments, which eliminates the requirement for acquirers in a business combination to account for measurement-period adjustments retrospectively. Instead, acquirers must recognize measurement-period adjustments during the period in which they determine the amounts, including the effect on earnings of any amounts that would have been recorded in previous periods if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. This update is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015, with early adoption permitted. We are currently assessing the potential significant effects of these changes on our consolidated financial statements.

In November 2015, the FASB issued the ASU No. 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, to simplify the presentation of deferred income taxes. The amendments in this Update require that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. The amendments in this Update apply to all entities that present a classified statement of financial position. The current requirement that deferred tax liabilities and assets of a tax-paying component of an entity be offset and presented as a single amount is not affected by the amendments in this Update. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this Update may be applied either prospectively to all deferred tax liabilities and assets or retrospectively to all periods presented. If an entity applies the guidance prospectively, the entity should disclose in the first interim and first annual period of change, the nature of and reason for the change in accounting principle and a statement that prior periods were not retrospectively adjusted. If an entity applies the guidance retrospectively, the entity should disclose in the first interim and first annual period of change the nature of and reason for the change in accounting principle and quantitative information about the effects of the accounting change on prior periods. We are currently assessing the potential significant effects of these changes on our consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2015, total balances of current deferred tax assets and current deferred tax liabilities was nil and RMB4.1 million (US$0.6 million), respectively.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. This accounting standard retains the current accounting for classifying and measuring investments in debt securities and loans, but requires equity investments to be measured at fair value with subsequent changes recognized in net income, except for those accounted for under the equity method or requiring consolidation. This guidance also changes the accounting for investments without a readily determinable fair value and that do not qualify for the practical expedient to estimate fair value. A policy election can be made for these investments whereby estimated fair value may be measured at cost and adjusted in subsequent periods for any impairment or changes in observable prices of identical or similar investments. This revised guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. We are currently assessing the potential significant effects of these changes on our consolidated financial statements.

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In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. This accounting standard requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities related to lease arrangements longer than 12 months on the balance sheet. This standard also requires additional disclosures by lessees and contains targeted changes to accounting by lessors. The updated guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and early adoption is permitted. The recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee have not significantly changed from previous GAAP. We are currently assessing the potential significant effects of these changes on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-06, Contingent Put and Call Options in Debt Instruments. The amendments in this Update apply to all entities that are issuers of or investors in debt instruments (or hybrid financial instruments that are determined to have a debt host) with embedded call (put) options. The Amendments in this Update clarify the requirements for assessing whether contingent call (put) options that can accelerate the payment of principal on debt instruments are clearly and closely related to their debt hosts, which is one of the criteria for bifurcating an embedded derivative. An entity performing the assessment under the amendments in this Update is required to assess the embedded call (put) options solely in accordance with the four-step decision sequence. Consequently, when a call (put) option is contingently exercisable, an entity does not have to assess whether the event that triggers the ability to exercise a call (put) option is related to interest rates or credit risks. The amendments are an improvement to GAAP because they eliminate diversity in practice in assessing embedded contingent call (put) options in debt instruments. For public companies, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. An entity should apply the amendments in this Update on a modified retrospective basis to existing debt instruments as of the beginning of the fiscal year for which the amendments are effective. We are currently assessing the potential significant effects of these changes on our consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-07, Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting. The amendments in this Update eliminate the requirement that when an investment qualified for use of the equity method as a result of an increase in the level of ownership interest or degree of influence, an investor must adjust the investment, results of operations, and retained earnings retroactively on a step-by-step basis as if the equity method had been in effect during all previous periods that the investment had been held. The amendments require that the equity method investor add the cost of acquiring the additional interest in the investee to the current basis of the investor's previous held interest and adopt the equity method of accounting as of the date the investment becomes qualified for equity method accounting. Therefore, upon qualifying for the equity method of accounting, no retroactive adjustment of the investment is required. The amendments in this Update require that an entity that has an available-for-sale equity security that becomes qualified for the equity method of accounting recognize through earnings the unrealized holding gain or loss in accumulated other comprehensive income at the date the investment becomes qualified for use of the equity method. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016. The amendments should be applied prospectively upon their effective date to increase in the level of ownership interest or degree of influence that result in the adoption of the equity method. Earlier application is permitted. We are currently assessing the potential significant effects of these changes on our consolidated financial statements.

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Research and Development

The primary focus of our research and development efforts is on improving our manufacturing processes at every stage of our production in order to improve the output quality at each stage and deliver more energy-efficient and aesthetically improved PV products at a lower cost. We currently produce multicrystalline polysilicon ingots primarily weighing up to 800 kilograms. Our research goals with regard to wafer cutting techniques include improving the surface and internal physical characteristics of our wafers so as to decrease the wafer breakage rate and increase the number of wafers produced from each ingot, as well as reduce the wafer thickness. We are also improving our ingot casting and crystal growing processes to reduce the amount of time required for ingot formation, increase ingot output and reduce the cost of raw materials.

We believe that PV cells made from crystalline silicon will continue to dominate the PV market in the foreseeable future. Therefore, our research and development efforts as they relate to PV cells have focused on improving technologies and processing techniques to increase the conversion efficiency and the power output of our PV cells, all of which were traditionally made from multicrystalline silicon. Starting from June 2009, we have been in collaboration with the Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, a leading solar research center in Europe, and Tempress Systems, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Amtech Systems, Inc., a global supplier of production and automation systems and related supplies for the manufacture of PV cells, to implement Project PANDA, a research and development project for next-generation high efficiency monocrystalline PV cells. Our 600 megawatts of PANDA production capacity for each of the ingots and wafers, cells and modules in Baoding, Hebei Province started initial production in the second quarter of 2011. We successfully produced next-generation cells with an average cell conversion efficiency rate of 20.5% on the PANDA commercial production lines in 2015 with a high record of cell conversion efficiency rate of 21.5% in the lab. We also seek to reduce the breakage rate and failure rate and increase the success rate and conversion efficiency of our PV cells through the use of advanced equipment and improved manufacturing processes at each stage of our production. To ensure the competitiveness of our products, we closely monitor the development by our competitors of new-generation PV cells, such as thin film cells, that may or may not be made from crystalline silicon and will seek to respond to challenges and opportunities posed by new technology as appropriate.

We have upgraded our module assembly techniques to accommodate the delicate nature of thinner PV cells. We are researching new solutions to lengthen our PV modules’ life span and make them more reliable, and to further increase the conversion efficiency of our PV cells and PV modules through the use of new materials and new technologies. In addition, we are working to improve our technologies to manufacture PV modules that can be used as construction materials. We are also exploring multipurpose applications of our off-grid PV systems, and collaborating with international PV system installers and integrators by participating in large on-grid PV system projects in order to accumulate more experience and knowledge with respect to such projects.

Our research and development expenses were RMB288.6 million, RMB573.8 million, and RMB397.0 million (US$61.3 million) in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.

Trend Information

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events since December 31, 2015 that are reasonably likely to have a material and adverse effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that caused the disclosed financial information not to be necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial conditions.

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have not entered into any financial guarantees or other commitments to guarantee the payment obligations of third parties. We have not entered into any derivative contracts that are recorded as financial receivables or liabilities, or that are not reflected in our consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, we do not have any retained or contingent interest in assets transferred to an unconsolidated entity that serves as credit, liquidity or market risk support to such entity. We do not have any variable interest in any unconsolidated entity that provides financing, liquidity, market risk or credit support to us or that engages in leasing, hedging or research and development services with us.

Under the joint venture contract, Tianwei Baobian has a right to subscribe for a number of ordinary shares newly issued by us to be determined by a predetermined formula set forth in the joint venture contract. See “Item 4.A. History and Development of the Company —Joint Venture Contract — Subscription Right”.

Tabular Disclosure of Contractual Obligations

Our contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2015 are set forth in the table below.

	Payment Due by Period
	Total		Less Than 1 Year		1-3 Years		3-5 Years		More Than 5 Years
	(In thousands of RMB)
Borrowings from banks and other parties(1)		10,726,434		7,762,416		2,015,982		945,961		2,075
Medium-term notes(2)		2,202,543		1,895,030		307,513		-		-
Commitments for capital expenditures		1,256,106		1,130,496		125,610		-		-
Commitments for the purchase of raw materials		16,145,082		218,185		3,052,235		3,891,548		8,983,114
Financing and capital lease		409,137		101,888		133,226		96,914		77,109
Total		30,739,302		11,108,015		5,634,566		4,934,423		9,062,298

(1) Includes interest of RMB971.4 million accrued at the interest rate applicable under the loan agreement, the interest rate was between 2.5% and 13.1%. For borrowings with a floating rate, the most recent rate as of December 31, 2015 was applied.

(2) Includes interest of RMB127.5 million accrued at the interest rate applicable under the loan agreement.

Safe Harbor

This annual report contains forward-looking statements that relate to future events, including our future operating results and conditions, our prospects and our future financial performance and condition, all of which are largely based on our current expectations and projections. The forward-looking statements are contained principally in the sections titled “Item 3.D. Risk Factors,” “Item 4. Information on the Company” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects”. These statements are made under the “safe harbor” provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

You can identify these forward-looking statements by terminology such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “future,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “estimate,” “is/are likely to” or other and similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements relating to:

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our beliefs regarding our abilities to secure sufficient funds to meet our cash needs for our operations and repayment of our existing debts;

our expectations regarding the worldwide demand for electricity and the market for solar energy;

our beliefs regarding the effects of environmental regulation, lack of infrastructure reliability and long-term fossil fuel supply constraints;

our beliefs regarding the inability of traditional fossil fuel-based generation technologies to meet the demand for electricity;

our beliefs regarding the importance of environmentally friendly power generation;

our expectations regarding governmental support for the deployment of solar energy;

our beliefs regarding the acceleration of adoption of solar technologies;

our expectations regarding advancements in our technologies and cost savings from such advancements;

our beliefs regarding the competitiveness of our PV products;

our beliefs regarding the advantages of our business model;

our expectations regarding the scaling of our manufacturing capacity;

our expectations regarding entering into or maintaining joint venture enterprises and other strategic investments;

our expectations regarding revenue growth and our ability to achieve profitability resulting from increases in our production volumes;

our expectations regarding our ability to secure raw materials in the future;

our expectations regarding the price trends of PV modules and polysilicon;

our beliefs regarding our ability to successfully implement our strategies;

our future business development, results of operations and financial condition; and

competition from other manufacturers of PV products, other renewable energy systems and conventional energy suppliers.

The forward-looking statements made in this annual report relate only to events or information as of the date on which the statements were made in this annual report. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update or revise publicly any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, after the date on which the statements were made or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events. You should read this annual report completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect.

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ITEM 6. DIRECTORS, SENIOR MANAGEMENT AND EMPLOYEES

Directors and Senior Management

The following table sets forth information regarding our directors and executive officers as of the date of this annual report.

Name	Age	Position
Liansheng Miao	60	Chairperson of board of directors and chief executive
Xiangdong Wang	53	Director and vice president
Iain Ferguson Bruce(1)(2)	75	Independent director
Ming Huang(1)(2)	52	Independent director
Zheng Xue(1)(2)	45	Independent director
Junmin Liu	66	Independent director
Dengyuan Song	58	Chief technology officer
Yiyu Wang	39	Director and Chief financial officer
Jingfeng Xiong	50	Vice president
Zhiheng Zhao	67	Vice president

(1) Audit committee member.

(2) Compensation committee member.

Mr. Liansheng Miao is the chairperson of the board of directors, the founder and chief executive officer of Yingli Green Energy. Prior to founding Tianwei Yingli in 1998, Mr. Miao was the chairperson of Yingli Group. Mr. Miao is an executive director of the Photovoltaic Committee of the China Renewable Energies Association, vice chairperson of the China Rural Area Electricity Supply Association and vice chairperson of the China Cells Industry Association. Mr. Miao is also a director of the Hebei New and High Technology Industry Association and a director of the New Energy Chamber of Commerce of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce. Mr. Miao received his bachelor’s degree in business management from Beijing Economics Institute and his master’s degree in business administration from Peking University in China.

Mr. Xiangdong Wang is a director and vice president of Yingli Green Energy. Prior to joining Tianwei Yingli in 2001, he worked as the general accountant for Baoding Public Transportation Co., a PRC company that provides urban public transportation services, Baoding Coal Co., a PRC company engaged in the purchase and distribution of liquefied petroleum gas and liquefied natural gas, and Baoding Sewage Treatment Plant, a sewage treatment facility, each located in Baoding, China. Mr. Wang received his bachelor’s degree in economics from Renmin University of China, and received his master’s degree in economics from Hebei University in China.

Mr. Iain Ferguson Bruce is an independent member of our board of directors and the chairperson of the audit committee and compensation committee of our board of directors. His directorship became effective upon the completion of our initial public offering in June 2007. Mr. Bruce joined KPMG in Hong Kong in 1964 and was elected to its partnership in 1971. He was the senior partner of KPMG from 1991 until his retirement in 1996 and also concurrently served as chairman of KPMG Asia Pacific from 1993 to 1997. Since 1964, Mr. Bruce has been a member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland, and is a fellow of the Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants, with over 50 years of international experience in accounting and consulting. He is also a fellow of The Hong Kong Institute of Directors and the Hong Kong Securities and Investment Institute (formerly known as Hong Kong Securities Institute). Mr. Bruce is an independent non-executive director of Citibank (Hong Kong) Limited and MSIG Insurance (Hong Kong) Limited. Mr. Bruce is currently an independent non-executive director of Goodbaby International Holdings Limited, a manufacturer of infants’ and children’s products, Louis XIII Holdings Limited (formerly known as Paul Y. Engineering Group Limited), a construction and engineering company, Tencent Holdings Limited, a provider of Internet services and mobile value-added services, and Wing On Company International Ltd., a department store operating and real property investment company; all of these companies are listed on The Stock Exchange of Hong Kong Limited. In addition, Mr. Bruce also serves as an independent non-executive director of Noble Group Limited, a commodity trading company that is listed on The Singapore Exchange Securities Trading Limited. He was also an independent non-executive director of Vitasoy International Holdings Ltd., a beverage manufacturing company, and retired from that company’s board on 4 September 2014, and was the chairman of KCS Limited until August 1, 2015. He was also an independent non-executive director of Sands China Ltd., a gaming and hospitality company, and resigned on March 11, 2016.

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Professor Ming Huang is an independent member of our board of directors and a member of the audit committee and compensation committee of our board of directors. He was elected to our board in August 2008. Professor Huang also serves as an independent nonexecutive director of Qihoo 360 Technology Co., Ltd., Fantasia Holdings Group Co., Ltd., China Medical System Holdings Limited, JD.com, WH Group, and Guosen Securities Co., Ltd. Professor Huang has been a professor of finance at the Johnson Graduate School of Management at Cornell University in the United States since July 2005. He also serves as the La Caixa Professor of Finance at China Europe International Business School. Previously, he held a series of faculty and administrative positions at Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Graduate School of Business at Stanford University, and the Chicago Graduate School of Business. Professor Huang’s academic research primarily focuses on behavioral finance, credit risk and derivatives. Professor Huang received his bachelor’s degree in physics from Peking University, his doctorate in theoretical physics from Cornell University and his doctorate in finance from Stanford University.

Mr. Zheng Xue is an independent member of our board of directors and a member of the audit committee and compensation committee of our board of directors. His directorship became effective on September 19, 2011. Since May 2015, Mr. Xue has been the chief financial officer of China Music Corporation, one of the largest digital music companies in China. Prior to that, Mr. Xue was chief financial officer of LightInTheBox.com, which is a China-based global online retailer. Prior to joining LightInTheBox.com in 2011, he served as chief financial officer of ATMU Inc., which is the largest automated teller machines sourcing company in China. Prior to joining ATMU Inc. in 2010, he served as an advisor of Asia Alternatives Management LLC since 2009. Prior to his affiliation with Asia Alternatives Management LLC, Mr. Xue was a venture partner of Softbank China & India Holdings, a wholly owned subsidiary of Softbank Corp, and manager of Bodhi Investments LLC, which focuses on early stage companies in China and India from 2006 to 2009. He also worked at ChinaCast Education Corporation from 2006 to 2009, Target Media from 2005 to 2006 and eLong Inc. from 2003 to 2005 as professional chief financial officer or director, respectively. Prior to joining eLong Inc. in 2003, Mr. Xue worked for eight years in investment banking in the United States and China. Mr. Xue studied at Tsinghua University in China and received his bachelor’s degree in physics from University of Illinois and his MBA degree from the University of Chicago in the United States.

Professor Junmin Liu is an independent member of our board of directors and was elected to our board in August 2008. He is a professor in the Economics Department at Nankai University in China. Professor Liu began his teaching career in September 1982 and has been teaching at Nankai University since December 1992. Professor Liu's research and study focus on macroeconomics, virtual economies and finance. Professor Liu received his Master's degree in economics and his doctorate in economics, both from Nankai University.

Dr. Dengyuan Song is the chief technology officer of Yingli Green Energy. Dr. Song has more than 27 years of experience in the research and development of solar cells, silicon materials, and semiconductor PV devices in both Australia and China, including nearly 10 years of research and development in polycrystalline silicon solar cells, thin-film solar cells and third-generation solar cells at the ARC Photovoltaics Centre of Excellence at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. Prior to joining the University of New South Wales, Dr. Song served as a professor at Hebei University in China, where his teaching and research covered a broad spectrum of topics, including solar cells, silicon materials, photoelectric devices and automation engineering. Dr. Song has published and presented over 150 papers in scientific and technical journals and at various PV industry conferences. He received his bachelor’s degree in microelectronics engineering in 1982 from Hebei University and his doctorate in photovoltaic engineering in 2005 from the University of New South Wales in Australia.

Mr. Yiyu Wang is a director and the chief financial officer of Yingli Green Energy. Mr. Wang served as the chief strategic officer of Yingli Green Energy from 2006 to 2013. Prior to joining us in December 2006, Mr. Wang worked as a senior audit manager and an audit manager at the accounting firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers since 1996. From 2003 to 2004, Mr. Wang worked at PricewaterhouseCoopers in Sydney, Australia. Mr. Wang received his bachelor’s degree in international finance from Shanghai University in China.

Mr. Jingfeng Xiong is a vice president of Yingli Green Energy. Mr. Xiong has been with Tianwei Yingli since 2000, and he has served in a variety of roles, including as the Manager for Wafer, Cell, and Module Workshops, respectively, Quality Manager, Technical Department Manager, System Application Department Manager, and Chief Engineer. In addition, Mr. Xiong initiated and led research and development projects for optimizing operations and automating our vertically integrated production lines to improve yield rates, cost savings and increase cell conversion efficiencies. He received a bachelor’s degree in electronics in 1999 from Hebei University and his EMBA degree from Nankai University in China.

Mr. Zhiheng Zhao is a vice president of Yingli Green Energy. He was the head of the project department of Tianwei Baobian, a manufacturer of large electricity transformers and the holder of the minority interest in Tianwei Yingli, and later became the factory general manager, overseeing the production of special transformers. Mr. Zhao also worked as the vice president of Tianwei Baobian, general manager of the Baoding Electric Transformer Manufacturing Company, an electricity transformer manufacturer, and general manager of the Baoding Special Converter Manufacturing Factory, a manufacturer of special electricity converters, each located in Baoding, China. Mr. Zhao studied management engineering and graduated from the East China Institute of Heavy Machinery in China.

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The business address of our directors and executive officers is c/o Tianwei Yingli New Energy Resources Co., Ltd., No. 3399 North Chaoyang Avenue, Baoding, People’s Republic of China.

Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers

In 2015, the aggregate cash compensation paid to our executive officers and directors was RMB11.7 million (US$1.8 million). For options and restricted shares granted to officers and directors, see “— 2006 Stock Incentive Plan”.

2006 Stock Incentive Plan

The 2006 Stock Incentive Plan was adopted by our shareholders and board of directors in December 2006. The 2006 Stock Incentive Plan provides for the grant of options, limited stock appreciation rights and other stock-based awards such as restricted shares. The purpose of the plan is to aid us and our affiliates in recruiting and retaining key employees, directors or consultants of outstanding ability and to motivate such employees, directors or consultants to utilize their best efforts on behalf of us and our affiliates by providing incentives through the granting of awards. Our board of directors believes that our company’s long-term success is dependent upon our ability to attract and retain talented individuals who, by virtue of their ability, experience and qualifications, make important contributions to our business.

Administration. The 2006 Stock Incentive Plan is administered by the compensation committee of our board of directors, or in the absence of a compensation committee, the board of directors. The committee is authorized to interpret the plan, to establish, amend and rescind any rules and regulations relating to the plan, and to make any other determinations that it deems necessary or desirable for the administration of the plan. The committee determines the provisions, terms and conditions of each award, including, but not limited to, the exercise price for an option, vesting schedule of options and restricted shares, forfeiture provisions, form of payment of exercise price and other applicable terms.

Change of Control. The 2006 Stock Incentive Plan defines a “change of control” as the occurrence of any of the following events: (i) the sale or disposition, in one or a series of related transactions, of all or substantially all, of our assets to any third party; (ii) any third party is or becomes the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of more than 50% of the total voting power of our voting stock or any entity which controls us (counting the shares that such third party has the right to acquire) by way of merger, consolidation, tender, exchange offer or otherwise; or (iii) during any period of two consecutive years, individuals who at the beginning of such period constituted the board (together with any new directors elected or nominated by such board) cease for any reason to constitute a majority of the board, then in office. Upon a change of control, the compensation committee may decide that all outstanding awards that are exercisable or otherwise unvested or subject to lapse restrictions will automatically be deemed exercisable or otherwise vested or no longer subject to lapse restrictions, as the case may be, as of immediately prior to such acquisition. The compensation committee may also, in its sole discretion, decide to cancel such awards for fair value, provide for the issuance of substitute awards that will substantially preserve the otherwise applicable terms of any affected awards previously granted, or provide that affected options will be exercisable for a period of at least 15 days prior to the acquisition but not thereafter.

Amendment and Termination of Plan. Our board of directors may at any time amend, alter or discontinue the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan. Amendments to or alterations of the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan are subject to shareholder approval if they increase the total number of shares reserved for the purposes of the plan or change the maximum number of shares for which awards may be granted to any participant, or if shareholder approval is required by law or by stock exchange rules or regulations. Any amendment, alteration or termination of the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan must not adversely affect awards already granted without the written consent of the recipient of such awards. Unless terminated earlier, the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan will continue in effect for a term of ten years from the date of adoption.

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Amendment No. 1 to the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan. Our board of directors approved in April 2007 and our shareholders approved in May 2007, Amendment No. 1 to the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan, which amended our 2006 Stock Incentive Plan to increase the number of ordinary shares that we are authorized to issue from 3,394,054 shares to 8,240,658 shares. Among these shares, up to 2,715,243 shares may be issued for the purpose of granting awards of restricted shares and up to 5,525,415 shares may be issued for the purpose of granting options. The amendment did not change any other material provisions of the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan.

Amendment No. 2 to the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan. Our board of directors approved in July 2009 and our shareholders approved in August 2009, Amendment No. 2 to the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan, which amended our 2006 Stock Incentive Plan to increase the number of ordinary shares that we are authorized to issue from 8,240,658 shares to 12,745,438 shares. Among these shares, up to 2,715,243 shares may be issued for the purpose of granting awards of restricted shares and up to 10,030,195 shares may be issued for the purpose of granting options. The amendment did not change any other material provisions of the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan.

Options. An option granted under the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan will have specified terms set forth in an option agreement and will also be subject to the provisions of the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan, which include the following principal terms. The compensation committee will determine in the relevant option agreement the purchase price per share upon exercise of the option, with the purchase price to be no less than 100% of the fair market value of the shares on the option grant date. The compensation committee will also determine in the relevant option agreement whether the option granted and vested under the award agreement will be exercisable following the recipient’s termination of service with us. If the ordinary shares covered by an option are not exercised or purchased on the last day of the period of exercise, they will terminate. The term of an option granted under the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan may not exceed ten years from the date of grant. The consideration to be paid for our ordinary shares upon exercise of an option or purchase of shares underlying the option include cash, check or other cash equivalents, ordinary shares, consideration received by us in a cashless exercise, or any combination of the foregoing methods of payment. Options granted under the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan are not transferable and may not be assigned, alienated, pledged, attached, sold or otherwise transferred or encumbered by the option holders, but the compensation committee may permit the options to be exercised by and paid to certain persons or entities related to the option holders.

Granted Options. Each of the relevant option award agreements provides for the vesting of options, provided the option holder remains a director, officer, employee or consultant of ours. Following the option holder’s termination of service with us for any reason, the option, to the extent not then vested, will be cancelled by us without consideration. Upon a change of control, the options will, to the extent not then vested and not previously canceled, become fully vested and exercisable immediately. As of May 16, 2016, options to purchase an aggregate of 1,246,104 ordinary shares have been forfeited and cancelled by us without consideration.

Restricted Shares. Restricted shares issued under the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan will have specified terms set forth in an award agreement and will also be subject to the provisions of the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan. Unless otherwise permitted by the compensation committee, restricted shares are not transferable and may not be assigned, alienated, pledged, attached, sold or otherwise transferred or encumbered at any time prior to becoming vested or during any period in which we may repurchase them.

Granted Restricted Shares. Restricted shares are issued to DBS Trustees Limited, or the trustee, for the benefit of the trust participants, which consist of directors and officers of ours or Tianwei Yingli, our other employees and nonemployee consultants pursuant to award agreements and a trust deed. The trustee will hold the restricted shares in trust and will be the registered holder of the restricted shares until such shares are vested, forfeited or repurchased by us. Our board of directors has appointed a managing committee to provide recommendations, advice or instructions to the trustee in connection with the administration of the trust. The restricted stock award agreements and the trust deed contain, among other things, provisions concerning the constitution and structure of the trust, and vesting and forfeiture of the restricted shares, our right to repurchase the restricted shares within a period after vesting of the restricted shares, distribution to trust participants, transfer restrictions, dividends and voting rights, and the consequences of third-party acquisition.

Each of the relevant award agreements provides for the vesting of restricted shares, provided that the option holder remains a director or officer of ours or Tianwei Yingli or our employee or consultant. Restricted shares granted for the benefit of a trust participant will also fully vest upon termination of service resulting from death or disability of the trust participant that is due to work-related reasons. Following a trust participant’s termination of service with us, unless such termination results from the trust participant’s death or disability that is due to work-related reasons, the restricted shares granted for the benefit of such trust participant will, to the extent not then vested, be forfeited without any consideration. As of May 16, 2016, 33,792 restricted shares have been forfeited without any consideration.

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For a period of six months after any restricted shares are vested, the trustee will be required to, upon our written request, sell all or part of the vested restricted shares to us at fair market value. The trustee will distribute the repurchase price paid by us, and any dividends accumulated on the repurchased shares from their vesting dates, to us as the agent of the applicable trust participants. Any vested restricted shares that are not repurchased by us during that six-month period will be distributed to us as the agent of the applicable trust participants either in specie or in cash at the option of the applicable trust participants. We will then distribute the repurchase price, the restricted shares or cash, as the case may be, to the applicable trust participants after withholding relevant taxes in accordance with applicable laws.

The restricted shares will not be entitled to dividends paid on the ordinary shares until such restricted shares are vested. The restricted shares will have the same voting rights as our other ordinary shares. All voting rights of the restricted shares will be exercised by the trustee in accordance with the managing committee’s instructions before the restricted shares are vested, and in accordance with the instructions of the applicable trust participants after the restricted shares are vested. Upon a change of control, all restricted shares granted to the trustee for the benefit of the trust participants will become fully vested immediately.

As the date of this annual report, an aggregate of 2,665,060 restricted shares issued to the trustee for the benefit of 81 trust participants were all vested, comprising 33,792 restricted shares forfeited for three former employees.

Social Insurances and Housing Provident Fund

Pursuant to the relevant PRC regulations, we are required to make contributions to social insurances and housing provident fund for each employee, including our executive officers. See “Item 6.D. Employees”.

Board Practices

Terms of Directors and Executive Officers

Our officers are appointed by and serve at the discretion of the board of directors. At each annual general meeting one third of our directors (save for the chairman of the board and any managing director) are subject to retirement by rotation and otherwise hold office until such time as they are removed from office by ordinary resolution or the unanimous written resolution of all shareholders. A director will be removed from office automatically if, among other things, the director (i) becomes bankrupt or has a receiving order made against him or her or suspends payment or makes a compromise with his creditors, or (ii) dies or is found by us to be or becomes of unsound mind, or (iii) is absent from meetings of our board of directors for six consecutive months and our board of directors resolves that his office should be vacated.

Board of Directors

The following describes the board of directors of Yingli Green Energy. For a description of Tianwei Yingli’s board of directors, see “Item 4.A. History and Development of the Company —Joint Venture Contract — Tianwei Yingli’s Management Structure and Board of Directors”.

Our board of directors currently has seven directors, including four independent directors. Under our current articles of association, our board of directors consists of at least two directors. Our directors are elected by the holders of ordinary shares. At each annual general meeting, one third of our incumbent directors (other than the chairperson of our board and any managing director) will be subject to reelection. A director is not required to hold any shares in the company in order to qualify as a director.

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Committees of the Board of Directors

Our board of directors has established an audit committee and a compensation committee. We have adopted a charter for each such committee.

Audit Committee

Our audit committee consists of Messrs. Iain Bruce, Ming Huang and Zheng Xue and is chaired by Mr. Bruce. Mr. Bruce is a director with accounting and financial management expertise as required by the NYSE corporate governance rules, or the NYSE rules. We believe that all of the members of our audit committee satisfy the “independence” requirements of the NYSE rules and Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. Our audit committee consists solely of independent directors. The audit committee oversees our accounting and financial reporting processes and the audits of our financial statements. The audit committee is responsible for, among other things:

selecting our independent registered public accounting firm and pre-approving all auditing and non-auditing services permitted to be performed by our independent registered public accounting firm;

reviewing with our independent registered public accounting firm any audit problems or difficulties and management’s response;

reviewing and approving all proposed related-party transactions, as defined in Item 404 of Regulation S-K under the Securities Act;

discussing the annual audited financial statements with management and our independent registered public accounting firm;

reviewing major issues as to the adequacy of our internal controls and any special audit steps adopted in light of material control deficiencies;

annually reviewing and reassessing the adequacy of our audit committee charter;

such other matters that are specifically delegated to the audit committee by our board of directors from time to time;

meeting separately and periodically with management and our internal and independent registered public accounting firm; and

reporting regularly to the full board of directors.

Compensation Committee

Our compensation committee consists of Messrs. Iain Bruce, Ming Huang and Zheng Xue and is chaired by Mr. Bruce. We believe that all of the members of our compensation committee satisfy the “independence” requirements of the NYSE rules. Our compensation committee assists the board in reviewing and approving the compensation structure for our directors and executive officers, including all forms of compensation to be provided to our directors and executive officers. Members of the compensation committee are not prohibited from direct involvement in determining their own compensation. Our chief executive officer may not be present at any committee meeting during which his compensation is deliberated. The compensation committee is responsible for, among other things:

approving and overseeing the compensation package for our executive officers;

reviewing and making recommendations to the board with respect to the compensation of our directors;

reviewing and approving corporate goals and objectives relevant to the compensation of our chief executive officer, evaluating the performance of our chief executive officer in light of those goals and objectives, and setting the compensation level of our chief executive officer based on this evaluation; and

reviewing periodically and making recommendations to the board regarding any long-term incentive compensation or equity plans, programs or similar arrangements, annual bonuses, employee pension and welfare benefit plans.

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Interested Transactions

A director may vote in respect of any contract or transaction in which he or she is interested, provided that (i) the nature of the interest of any directors in such contract or transaction is disclosed by him or her at or prior to its consideration and any vote in that matter, (ii) any required approvals from our audit committee are obtained and (iii) the chairman of the relevant board meeting does not disqualify him or her from voting.

Remuneration

The directors may determine remuneration to be paid to the directors. The compensation committee assists the directors in reviewing and approving the compensation structure for the directors.

Borrowing

The directors may, on our behalf, borrow money, mortgage or charge our undertaking, property and uncalled capital, and issue debentures or other securities directly or as security for any debt obligations of us or of any third party.

Qualification

There is no shareholding qualification for directors.

Employment Agreements

We have entered into employment agreements with all of our executive officers. Under these agreements, each of our executive officers is employed for a specified time period. We may terminate his or her employment for cause at any time, with prior written notice, for certain acts of the executive officer, including but not limited to, a conviction of a felony, or willful gross misconduct by the executive officer in connection with his or her employment, and in each case if such acts have resulted in material and demonstrable financial harm to us. An executive officer may, with prior written notice, terminate his or her employment at any time for any material breach of the employment agreement by us that is not remedied promptly after receiving from the employee to remedy such breach. Furthermore, either party may terminate the employment agreement at any time without cause upon advance written notice to the other party. Upon termination, the executive officer is generally entitled to severance pay of at least one month’s salary.

Each executive officer has agreed to hold, both during and subsequent to the terms of his or her agreement, in confidence and not to use, except in pursuance of his or her duties in connection with employment, any of our confidential information, technological secrets, commercial secrets and know-how. Our executive officers have also agreed to disclose to us all inventions, designs and techniques resulting from work performed by them, and to assign to us all right, title and interest in such inventions, designs and techniques.

Employees

We had 19,306, 17,912 and 14,533 employees as of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The following table sets forth the number of our employees categorized by our areas of operations and as a percentage of our total employees as of December 31, 2015.

	As of December 31, 2015
	Number of Employees		Percentage of Total
Manufacturing		9,563		65.80	%
Manufacturing Support		1,693		11.65	%
Research and Development		800		5.50	%
Procurement, Sales and Marketing		308		2.12	%
Management and Administrative		494		3.40	%
Logistics and Others		1,675		11.53	%
Total		14,533		100	%

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Our success depends to a significant extent upon our ability to attract, retain and motivate qualified personnel. Many of these employees have overseas education and industry experience, and we periodically send our technical personnel overseas for advanced study and training. Our employees also receive annual training courses in subjects relevant to their positions within our company. Substantially all of our employees are based in China.

Pursuant to the relevant PRC regulations, we are required to make contributions for each employee at a rate of 20% of a standard salary base as determined by the local social security bureau to a defined contribution retirement scheme organized by the local social security bureau. In addition, we are also required to make contributions for each employee at rates of 6%-11%, 1%-2% and 0.9%-1.7% of a standard base for medical insurance benefits, unemployment and other statutory benefits, respectively. We are also required to make contributions to housing provident fund for our employees, which varies, according to the locations and salary bands, from hundreds to thousands of RMB monthly for each employee. In accordance with the local regulation in China where we have operations, we are required to make these contributions on a monthly basis, and will be subject to penalties if we delay any of such contributions for more than three months. Due to our tight cash flow in 2015, some of our subsidiaries failed to fully make contributions to the social insurances and housing provident fund for their employees on time and the amount overdue was approximately RMB80.0 million as of May 16, 2016. As such, these subsidiaries are not in compliance with local regulations on social insurances and housing provident fund, and could be subject to penalties from local regulatory authorities. We have engaged in active discussions with the relevant local regulatory authorities, clarifying our situation to them and seeking their understanding. While the local regulatory authorities indicated that they understood our situation and had not imposed any penalties on us yet, there can be no assurance that they will not impose penalties on us in the future. We plan to gradually pay all overdue amounts before the end of 2016. See “Item 3.D. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Us and the PV Industry — We failed to fully make contributions to the social insurances and housing provident fund for our employees, which may subject us to penalties from local regulatory authorities and cause disputes with our employees”.

Our employees are not subject to any collective bargaining agreements. We have not been involved in any material labor disputes. We believe that we have a good relationship with our employees.

Share Ownership

The following table sets forth information with respect to the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares, as of the date of this annual report, the most recent practicable date, by:

each of our directors and executive officers;

all of our directors and executive officers as a group; and

each person known to us to own beneficially more than 5.0% of our ordinary shares.

	Ordinary Shares Beneficially Owned (1)(2)
	Number of Shares		%
Liansheng Miao(3)		52,498,252		28.74
Xiangdong Wang		*		*
Iain Ferguson Bruce		*		*
Ming Huang		*		*
Zheng Xue		*		*
Junmin Liu		*		*
Dengyuan Song		*		*
Yiyu Wang		*		*
Jingfeng Xiong		*		*
Zhiheng Zhao		*		*
All directors and executive officers as a group		54,012,335		29.33
Principal Shareholders and 5% Shareholders:
Yingli Power Holding Company Ltd.(4)		51,600,652		28.39

* Less than 1% of our outstanding share capital.

(1)

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 of the General Rules and Regulations under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and includes voting or investment power with respect to the securities.

(2)

Percentage of beneficial ownership of each person listed is based on 181,763,770 ordinary shares outstanding and, as applicable, (i) the ordinary shares underlying share options exercisable by such person and (ii) restricted ordinary shares awarded to such person that can be vested, in each case within 60 days of the date of this annual report, not including share options that can be exercised early, in the discretion of the holder, into unvested ordinary shares.

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(3)

Represents 51,600,652 of our ordinary shares owned by Yingli Power, our principal shareholder, which is 100% beneficially owned by the family trust of Mr. Miao, and 272,000 restricted shares that were vested and 680,000 stock options exercisable. Mr. Miao’s business address is c/o Tianwei Yingli New Energy Resources Co., Ltd., No. 3399 North Chaoyang Street, Baoding, People’s Republic of China.

(4)

Represents 51,600,652 of our ordinary shares beneficially owned by Yingli Power. Yingli Power is 100% beneficially owned by the family trust of Mr. Liansheng Miao. The mailing address of Yingli Power is Romasco Place, Wickhams Cay 1, P.O. Box 3140, Road Town, Tortola, British Virgin Islands.

As of April 7, 2016, 128,602,330 or 70.7% of our outstanding ordinary shares in the form of ADSs, are held by 16 record holders in the United States. Because many of these shares are held by brokers or other nominees, we cannot ascertain the exact number of beneficial shareholders with addresses in the United States. None of our shareholders has voting rights that are different from those of any other shareholders. We are not aware of any arrangement that may, at a subsequent date, result in a change of control of our company.

Please refer to “Item 6.B. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers — 2006 Stock Incentive Plan” for information regarding options and restricted shares granted to our directors, officers, employees and consultants.

ITEM 7. MAJOR SHAREHOLDERS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Major Shareholders

Please refer to “Item 6.E. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Share Ownership”.

Related Party Transactions

We adopted an audit committee charter, which requires that the audit committee review all related party transactions on an ongoing basis and that all such transactions be approved by the committee. Set forth below is a description of all of our related party transactions since the beginning of 2012.

Transactions with Yingli Group

We sold PV modules and PV systems with a total price of RMB601.7 million, RMB268.2 million, and RMB683.3 million (US$105.5 million) to Yingli Group, a PRC company controlled by Mr. Liansheng Miao, and its subsidiaries in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, we had accounts receivable of RMB278.0 million and RMB455.4 million (US$70.3 million) from Yingli Group and its subsidiaries, and the outstanding balance of advance payment made by Yingli Group and its subsidiaries was RMB282.8 million and RMB101.3 million (US$15.6 million), respectively.

We purchased raw materials and services with a total price of RMB1,111.8 million, RMB814.8 million, and RMB640.8 million (US$98.9 million) from the subsidiaries of Yingli Group in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, we had accounts payable of RMB287.9 million and RMB160.6 million (US$24.8 million), and prepayments of RMB34.4 million and RMB225.7 million (US$34.8 million), respectively, in connection with these purchases.

In 2013, 2014 and 2015, we purchased natural gas with a total price of RMB15.1 million, RMB13.2 million, and RMB11.1 million (US$1.7 million), respectively, from Baoding CNPC Kunlun Natural Gas Co., Ltd., an affiliate of Yingli Group. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, we had accounts payable of nil and RMB74.6 thousand (US$11.5 thousand), respectively, to Baoding CNPC Kunlun Natural Gas Co., Ltd. in connection with these purchases.

We purchased services with a total price of RMB134.4 million, RMB220.8 million, and RMB239.1 million (US$36.9 million) from the subsidiaries of Yingli Group in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The services mainly included construction services, freight services, system installation services and packaging services. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, we had accounts payable of RMB122.3 million and RMB87.2 million (US$13.5 million), and prepayments of RMB10.2 million and RMB54.5 million (US$8.4 million) respectively, in connection with these purchases.

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In 2012, we paid custom duty in an amount of RMB32.2 million on behalf of Shuntong Wuliu Co., Ltd., or Shuntong Wuliu, a PRC company jointly established by Yingli Beijing and a subsidiary of Yingli Group. As of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, the outstanding balance due from Shuntong Wuliu amounted to RMB2.5 million, nil and nil, respectively.

In 2012 and 2013, Hainan Yingli made one-year entrusted loans of RMB50.0 million and RMB25.0 million to Hainan Yedao Harvest Real Estate Development Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Yingli Group, at an interest rate of 5.4% and 6.0% per annum respectively, and collected RMB65.0 million in 2013 in respect of the above mentioned loans. The outstanding balance of this loan was RMB10 million as of December 31, 2013. In 2014, Hainan Yingli collected RMB10 million (US$1.6 million) in respect of the above mentioned loans and made a loan of RMB40 million(US$6.4 million) to Hainan Yedao Harvest Real Estate Development Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Yingli Group, at an interest rate of 6.0%. In 2015, Yingli Group disposed the 100% equity interest in the aforementioned subsidiary to a third party and the balance of RMB40 million was reclassified as receivable.

In 2012 and 2013, Lixian Yingli, Fine Silicon and Yingli Energy (China) entered into a sales-leaseback and financial leasing transaction with Tianjin Xinhai Financial Leasing Co., Ltd., or Xinhai Leasing, a subsidiary of Yingli Group. Under this transaction in 2012 and 2013, Lixian Yingli, Fine Silicon and Yingli Energy (China) paid a total of RMB14.5 million and RMB17.5 million, respectively, to Xinhai Leasing as deposits to guarantee this transaction. These deposits will be returned when the transaction is completed. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, Lixian Yingli, Fine Silicon and Yingli Energy(China) had paid a total of RMB32.0 million and RMB32.0 million (US$4.9 million) respectively to Xinhai Leasing.

Certain Other Related Party Transactions

In 2013, 2014 and 2015, we sold PV modules to Tibet Tianwei Yingli New Resources Co., Ltd., or Tibet Yingli, a subsidiary 50% owned by Tianwei Yingli, amounting to RMB10 million, RMB14.8 million, and RMB5.4 million (US$0.8 million), respectively. As of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, we had receivables amounting to RMB10.9 million, RMB11.7 million, and RMB16.9 million (US$2.6 million), respectively, due from Tibet Yingli in connection with these sales. In 2014 and 2015, Yingli China purchased PV systems in the amount of RMB2.0 million and nil from Tibet Yingli. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, we had accounts payable to Tibet Yingli of RMB17.6 million and RMB12.2 million (US$1.9 million), respectively.

In 2013, 2014 and 2015, we sold PV modules with a total price of RMB187.5 million, RMB81.0 million and nil, respectively, to Hainan Tianneng Power Co., Ltd, or Hainan Tianneng, in which we hold a 26.53% equity interest. As of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, we had accounts receivable of RMB156.6 million, RMB84.0 million and RMB40.0 million (US$6.2 million), respectively, due from Hainan Tianneng.

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In 2010, we borrowed RMB3.7 million from Beijing Zhonghe Zhengshi Investment Management and Consulting Company, a non-controlling shareholder of Yingli Beijing. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, RMB10.0 thousand and RMB10.0 thousand (US$1.5 thousand), respectively, of such borrowing remained outstanding.

Employment Agreements

See “Item 6.C. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Board Practices — Employment Agreements”.

Stock Incentive Plan

The 2006 Stock Incentive Plan was adopted by our shareholders and board of directors in December 2006 and was amended in May 2007 and August 2009. The 2006 Stock Incentive Plan provides for the grant of options, limited stock appreciation rights and other stock-based awards such as restricted shares. The purpose of the plan is to aid us and our affiliates in recruiting and retaining key employees, directors or consultants of outstanding ability and to motivate such employees, directors or consultants to utilize their best efforts on behalf of us and our affiliates by providing incentives through the granting of awards. Our board of directors believes that our long-term success is dependent upon our ability to attract and retain talented individuals who, by virtue of their ability, experience and qualifications, make important contributions to our business. See “Item 6.B. Directors, Senior Management and Employees — Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers — 2006 Stock Incentive Plan”.

Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Consolidated Statements and Other Financial Information

See “Item 18. Financial Statements”.

Legal and Administrative Proceedings

We may from time to time become a party to various legal or administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of our business.

On June 21, 2010, we commenced an arbitration proceeding against International Commercial E Industrial, S.A., or INCEISA, a Spanish Solar product distributor, at the International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce. We commenced the arbitration seeking recovery of certain unpaid accounts receivable of approximately US$7.04 million and €14.47 million by INCEISA under the terms of a written settlement agreement. On October 11, 2011, the arbitral tribunal granted an award directing INCEISA to pay us over US$2.29 million and €15.98 million, respectively, as damages for breach of contractual obligations, as well as associated legal and arbitration cost. As of the date of this annual report, we are still in the process of registering and enforcing such award in Spain in accordance with relevant rules and regulations. In November 2014, the local court finally recognized the arbitration award in favor of us and we are currently enforcing the award against INCEISA.

In October 2012, we received notice of an antitrust and unfair competition lawsuit filed by Solyndra, LLC (a U.S.-based solar company) against us and our subsidiary, Yingli Green Energy Americas, Inc., or Yingli Americas, and two other China-based solar manufacturers in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California. We and Yingli Americas filed our joint motion to dismiss all of the claims in an amended complaint by Solyndra’s liquidation trustee with our co-defendants (Suntech Power Holdings Co., Ltd., Suntech America, Inc., Trina Solar Ltd. and Trina Solar (U.S.) Inc.) in early March 2013. On April 9, 2014, we received an order denying defendants’ joint motion to dismiss Solyndra’s claims. In February 2016, we entered into an agreement to settle these claims, or the Settlement Agreement. According to the Settlement Agreement, we and Yingli Americas paid US$7.5 million to settle Solyndra’s claims. If the annual total sales of PV modules from us and all of our affiliates in any single calendar year between 2016 to 2018 to the United States and Canada and any of their respective territories or districts equals or exceeds 800 megawatts, we will pay Solyndra a single additional payment of US$10 million. The Settlement Agreement was approved by United States Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware, which is responsible for adjudicating the Solyndra bankruptcy, in March 2016. The aforementioned lawsuit against us has been dismissed with prejudice, and under the Settlement Agreement, Solyndra has released us and all of our affiliates from any further claims based on the same or any related facts or allegations. In 2015, we recognized provisions of settlement fee of US$7.5 million (RMB48.7 million) and we didn’t recognize any provisions for the conditional additional payment of US$10 million (RMB 64.8 million) since it is not probable that a liability has been incurred.

In October 2013, we received notice of an antitrust lawsuit with similar claims filed by another U.S.-based solar company, Energy Conversion Devices Liquidation Trust, or ECD, through its liquidating trustee, against us and the same China-based solar manufacturers in the U.S. District Court of the Eastern District of Michigan. On October 31, 2014, the Court granted our joint motion to dismiss the case. In November 2014, the plaintiff filed a motion for reconsideration, and a second motion to amend or alter the judgement and for leave to file an amended complaint, both of which were denied by the Court in September 2015. ECD has appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, and that appeal remains pending. A hearing on the appeal has been scheduled for June 15, 2016. While it is premature at this stage of the litigations to evaluate the likelihood of favorable or unfavorable outcomes, we believe that ECD’s claims lack merit. We intend to defend vigorously against those allegations.

In May and June 2015, two individual plaintiffs respectively filed purported class action securities fraud lawsuits against us, our chairperson and chief executive officer, Mr. Liansheng Mao, and our director and chief executive officer, Mr. Yiyu Wang, in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, both alleging, among other things, that we made false and misleading statements and failed to disclose certain material financial information. In October 2015, the cases were consolidated and the court appointed lead plaintiffs and lead counsel. In November 2015, lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint. The amended complaint contends that we and certain of our officers and directors made false or misleading statements between December 2, 2010 and May 15, 2015 regarding (i) the Chinese government’s Golden Sun program, which provided subsidies for solar projects in China; and (ii) our accounts receivable attributable to Chinese customers. The sole claim against us is for violation of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. In December 2015, we filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated suit. Plaintiffs filed an opposition to the motion on January 15, 2016, and we filed a reply on January 29, 2016. The Court heard oral argument on the motion on May 2, 2016. On May 10, 2016, the Court issued a written decision granting our motion to dismiss with leave to amend. Plaintiffs have until June 24, 2016 to file an amended complaint. While it is premature at this stage of the litigations to evaluate the likelihood of favorable or unfavorable outcomes, we believe that these plaintiffs’ claim lacks merit. We intend to defend vigorously against those allegations.

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With respect to anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations of CSPV wafers, cells, and modules from China initiated by the EU in 2012, the European Commission accepted an undertaking, or the Undertaking, made by a group of Chinese PV products exporters (including us) jointly with the China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Machinery and Electronic Products, or CCCME. Pursuant to the Undertaking, the Chinese exporters undertook to limit their exports of solar panels to the EU and set prices above a minimum price, in exchange for the EU agreeing to forgo the imposition of anti-dumping duties on these solar panels from China. CCCME is responsible for allocating the quota among these exporters, and we have been allocated a portion of the quota. On December 5, 2013, the Council of European Union adopted the final findings of the European Commission and imposed anti-dumping and anti-subsidy duties on CSPV modules and key components (i.e. cells) originating in or consigned from People’ s Republic of China. Wafers were excluded from the product scope. The anti-dumping duty rates ranged from 27.3% to 64.9%, while the anti-subsidy duty rates from 0% to 11.5%. The rates applicable to us are 35.5% and 6.3%, respectively. The definitive duties will be imposed for a two-year period starting from December 6, 2013. At the same time, the Council of European Union also confirmed the acceptance by European Commission of the Undertaking.

On November 7, 2012, the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) determined that CSPV modules produced from Chinese cells are materially injuring the U.S. CSPV cells and modules industry. The U.S. Department of Commerce, or the DOC, issued its final determinations on the rates of the anti-dumping, or AD, and countervailing duties, or CVD, on October 10, 2012, which became effective upon issuance of the final anti-dumping and countervailing duties orders in early December 2012. As a result of such final determinations, we, as a voluntary respondent, are subject to an average aggregated AD/CVD rate of 29.18%. However, this average aggregated AD/CVD rate might be subject to change due to the administrative review process initiated by DOC in early 2014. We are mandatory respondent in the first administrative review on the anti-dumping investigation and had obtained a much lower preliminary anti-dumping rate than in the original investigations.

On January 23, 2014, the DOC initiated a parallel AD investigation on CSPV products from Mainland China and Taiwan and CVD investigation on CSPV products from Mainland China. The products concerned are crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, and modules, laminates and/or panels consisting of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells, whether or not partially or fully assembled into other products, including building integrated materials. Subject merchandise also includes modules, laminates and/or panels assembled in Mainland China and Taiwan consisting of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells that are completed or partially manufactured within a customs territory other than Mainland China and Taiwan, using ingots, wafers that are manufactured in Mainland China and Taiwan, or cells where the manufacturing process begins in Mainland China and Taiwan and is completed in other countries. On December 23, 2014, the DOC published its confirmative final determination on these investigations by imposing punitive AD tariffs ranging from 26.71% to 165.04% and CVD tariffs ranging from 27.64% to 49.21%. As a separate rate company in these investigations, the AD&CVD tariffs applicable to the Company will be 52.31% and 38.43%, respectively. On February 10, 2015, the ITC issued its final injury determinations by confirming injury to the US CSPV module industry by Chinese CSPV module manufacturers. As a result of the determinations by DOC and ITC, Chinese modules integrating cells from third countries will be subject to the new AD and CVD tariffs when exported to the US. Although we have very limited sales of modules to the US incorporating third country cells, such determinations may adversely affect our business flexibility in the US market and our business in the US may be materially and adversely impacted.

On March 6 and March 12, 2014, Hainan Yingli received notices from the Department of Land, Environment and Resources of Hainan Province and Haikou Municipal Environmental Protection Bureau, respectively, requesting Hainan Yingli to (i) suspend partially its production lines, and (ii) apply for new environmental impact assessments for the increase in its production capacity due to equipment upgrades. See “Item 4.B. Business Overview — Environmental Matters”.

Dividend Policy

Since our incorporation, we have never declared or paid any dividends, nor do we have any present plan to pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares in the foreseeable future.

Our board of directors has complete discretion on whether to pay dividends, subject, in certain cases, to the approval of our shareholders. Even if our board of directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. If we pay any dividends, we will pay our ADS holders to the same extent as if they were holders of our ordinary shares, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable under the deposit agreement. Cash dividends on our ordinary shares, if any, will be paid in U.S. dollars.

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We are a Cayman Islands holding company and substantially all of our income, if any, will be derived from dividends we receive directly or indirectly from our operating subsidiaries located in the PRC. PRC regulations currently permit payment of dividends only out of accumulated profits, if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, in the discretion of their respective board of directors, Tianwei Yingli is required to allocate a portion of its after-tax profits to its reserve fund, enterprise development fund and employee bonus and welfare fund, and Yingli China is required to allocate at least 10% of its after-tax profits to its reserve fund until the cumulative amount of such reserve fund reaches 50% of its registered capital, as well as to its employee bonus and welfare fund. These reserve funds may not be distributed as cash dividends. Furthermore, if any of our PRC subsidiaries incurs debt in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us.

Under the EIT Law and its implementation rules issued by the State Council, both of which became effective on January 1, 2008, dividends from our PRC subsidiaries to Yingli Green Energy and Yingli International may be subject to a withholding tax rate of 10%, unless each of Yingli Green Energy and Yingli International are deemed to be a PRC “resident enterprise”.

Moreover, the EIT Law and its implementation rules specify that an income tax rate of 10% will be applicable to dividends payable to non-PRC investors who are considered as “non-resident enterprises” which have no establishment inside the PRC, or derive income not substantially connected with their establishments inside the PRC, to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC. We are a Cayman Islands holding company and substantially all of our income may be derived from dividends we receive directly or indirectly from our operating subsidiaries located in the PRC. If we declare dividends on such income, it is unclear whether such dividends will be deemed to be derived from sources within the PRC under the EIT Law and its implementation rules, and be subject to the 10% income tax. See “Item 10.E. Taxation — People’s Republic of China Taxation”.

Significant Changes

We have not experienced any significant changes since the date of our audited consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

ITEM 9. THE OFFER AND LISTING

Offer and Listing Details.

The ADSs, each representing one of our ordinary shares, have been listed on the NYSE since June 8, 2007 under the symbol “YGE”. The table below shows, for the periods indicated the high and low market prices on the NYSE for the ADSs and all prices have been retroactively adjusted to reflect the current ADS-to-ordinary share ratio of one ADS to ten ordinary shares, which became effective on December 28, 2015, for all periods presented.

	Market Price per ADS
	High		Low
Annual Highs and Lows
2011		133.4		28.7
2012		62.7		12.5
2013		81.3		17.0
2014		74.5		18.5
2015		24.2		3.3
Quarterly Highs and Lows
First Quarter 2014		72.4		42.5
Second Quarter 2014		48.8		26.8
Third Quarter 2014		40.3		31.0
Fourth Quarter 2014		32.2		20.3
First Quarter 2015		24.7		18.5
Second Quarter 2015		21.1		9.4
Third Quarter 2015		11.9		3.3
Fourth Quarter 2015		8.8		3.8
First Quarter 2016		5.0		3.2

Monthly Highs and Lows
October 2015		8.8		3.8
November 2015		7.7		6.4
December 2015		7.6		4.5
January 2016		4.7		3.2
February 2016		4.5		3.7
March 2016		5.0		4.4
April		5.2		4.4
May 2016 (through May 13, 2016)		3.6		3.0

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The closing price for the ADSs on the NYSE on May 13, 2016 was US$3.23 per ADS.

Plan of Distribution

Not Applicable.

Markets

The ADSs, each representing one of our ordinary shares, have been listed on the NYSE since June 8, 2007 under the symbol “YGE”.

Selling Shareholders

Not Applicable.

Dilution

Not Applicable.

Expenses of the Issue

Not Applicable.

ITEM 10. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Share Capital

Not Applicable.

Memorandum and Articles of Association

We incorporate by reference into this annual report the description of our third amended and restated memorandum of association contained in our F-1 registration statement (File No. 333-142851), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on May 11, 2007. Our shareholders adopted our third amended and restated memorandum and articles of association by unanimous resolutions on May 11, 2007.

Material Contracts

We have not entered into any material contracts other than in the ordinary course of business and other than those described in “Item 4. Information on the Company” or elsewhere in this annual report.

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Exchange Controls

Foreign Currency Exchange

Foreign currency exchange in China is primarily governed by the following rules:

Foreign Currency Administration Rules (1996), as amended; and

Administration Rules of the Settlement, Sale and Payment of Foreign Exchange (1996).

Under the Foreign Currency Administration Rules, the foreign exchange incomes of domestic entities and individuals can be remitted into China or deposited abroad, subject to the conditions and time limits to be issued by the PRC State Administration of Foreign Exchange, or SAFE. According to the Foreign Currency Administration Rules, the Renminbi is convertible for current account items, including the distribution of dividends, interest payments, trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions. Conversion of Renminbi for capital account items, such as direct investments, loans, securities investments, derivative transactions and repatriation of investments, however, is still subject to the approval of, and/or the registration with, SAFE or its local branches.

Taxation

Cayman Islands Taxation

The Cayman Islands currently levies no taxes on individuals or corporations based upon profits, income, gains or appreciation and there is no taxation in the nature of inheritance tax or estate duty. There are no other taxes likely to be material to us levied by the Government of the Cayman Islands except for stamp duties which may be applicable on instruments executed in, or brought within, the jurisdiction of the Cayman Islands. The Cayman Islands is not party to any double tax treaties. There are no exchange control regulations or currency restrictions in the Cayman Islands.

We have, pursuant to Section 6 of the Tax Concessions Law (1999 Revision) of the Cayman Islands, obtained an undertaking from the Governor-in-Council that:

(a) no law which is enacted in the Cayman Islands imposing any tax to be levied on profits, income or gains or appreciations shall apply to us or our operations:

(b) the aforesaid tax or any tax in the nature of estate duty or inheritance tax shall not be payable on our ordinary shares, debentures or other obligations.

The undertaking that we have obtained is for a period of 20 years from August 15, 2006.

People’s Republic of China Taxation

Under the “Enterprise Income Tax Law of the PRC,” or the EIT Law, which took effect as of January 1, 2008, enterprises established under the laws of non-PRC jurisdictions but whose “de facto management bodies” are located in the PRC are considered “resident enterprises” for PRC tax purposes and are generally subject to the uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate as to their worldwide income. Under the implementation rules for the EIT Law, a “de facto management body” is defined as a body that has substantial and overall management and control over the manufacturing and business operations, personnel, accounting, properties and other factors of an enterprise. On April 22, 2009, the State Administration of Taxation promulgated a circular which sets out criteria for determining whether “de facto management bodies” are located in China for overseas incorporated, domestically controlled enterprises. However, as this circular only applies to enterprises incorporated under laws of foreign countries or regions that are controlled by PRC enterprises or groups of PRC enterprises, it remains unclear how the tax authorities will determine the location of “de facto management bodies” for overseas incorporated enterprises that are controlled by individual PRC residents like us and some of our subsidiaries. Therefore, although substantially all of our management is currently located in the PRC, it is unclear whether PRC tax authorities would require or permit our overseas registered entities to be treated as PRC resident enterprises. If the PRC tax authorities determine that Yingli Green Energy and some of our subsidiaries, such as Yingli International, Yingli Capital, Yingli Hong Kong, Cyber Power and Cyber Lighting, are PRC resident enterprises, we and such subsidiaries may be subject to the enterprise income tax at the rate of 25% as to our global income. In April 2009, the State Administration of Taxation issued Circular Guoshuihan 2009 No. 203 (“Circular 203”) stipulating that entities which qualified for “High and New Technology Enterprise”, or “HNTE” status should apply with the relevant tax authorities to enjoy the reduced EIT rate of 15.0% provided under the EIT Law starting from the year when the HNTE certificate becomes effective. In addition, an entity which qualified for HNTE status can continue to enjoy its remaining tax holiday from January 1, 2008 provided that it has obtained the HNTE certificate according to the new recognition criteria set by the EIT Law and the relevant regulations.

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Moreover, the implementation rules for the EIT Law provide that a withholding tax rate of 10% is generally applicable to dividends paid to non-PRC investors who are “non-resident enterprises” and a withholding tax rate of 20% is generally applicable for non-PRC individual investors to the extent such dividends are derived from sources within the PRC, unless any such non-PRC investor’s jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China that provides for a different withholding arrangement. Furthermore, a circular issued by the MOF and the State Administration of Taxation on February 22, 2008 stipulates that undistributed earnings generated prior to January 1, 2008 are exempt from enterprise income tax. We are a Cayman Islands holding company, Yingli International is a British Virgin Islands intermediate holding company and Cyber Lighting is a Hong Kong intermediate holding company. The Cayman Islands and the British Virgin Islands where such holding companies are incorporated do not have a tax treaty with China. According to the Arrangement between Mainland China and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Prevention of Fiscal Evasion with respect to Tax on Income entered into in August 2006, or the Mainland and the Hong Kong Taxation Arrangement and its relevant regulations, subject to the confirmation of the in-charge local tax authority, dividends paid by a foreign-invested enterprise in China to its direct holding company in Hong Kong will be subject to withholding tax at a rate of no more than 5%, if the foreign investor is the “beneficial owner” and owns directly at least 25% of the equity interest of the foreign-invested enterprise. The State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Notice on How to Understand and Determine the Beneficial Owners in Tax Agreement in October 2009, or Circular 601, which provides guidance for determining whether a resident of a contracting state is the “beneficial owner” of an item of income under China’s tax treaties and tax arrangements. According to Circular 601, a beneficial owner generally must be engaged in substantive business activities. An agent or conduit company will not be regarded as a beneficial owner and, therefore, will not qualify for treaty benefits. The conduit company normally refers to a company that is set up for the purpose of avoiding or reducing taxes or transferring or accumulating profits. Substantially all of our income may be derived from dividends we receive from our operating subsidiaries located in the PRC. Thus, dividends for earnings accumulated beginning on January 1, 2008 payable to us by our subsidiaries in China, if any, will be subject to a 10% income tax or, in the case of the dividends paid to Cyber Lighting, 5% income tax (subject to the confirmation of the local tax authority) if we are considered as “non-resident enterprises” under the EIT Law.

Under the existing implementation rules of the EIT Law, it is unclear what will constitute income derived from sources within the PRC and therefore dividends paid by us to our non-PRC resident ADS holders and ordinary shareholders may be deemed to be derived from sources within the PRC and therefore be subject to the 10% PRC withholding tax for non-PRC investors who are non-resident enterprises and 20% PRC withholding tax for non-PRC investors who are individuals. Any gain realized on the transfer of the ADSs or ordinary shares by our non-PRC resident ADS holders and ordinary shareholders may be subject to the 10% or 20% PRC income tax if such gain is regarded as income derived from sources within the PRC.

In view of the issuance of Circular 601, it remains unclear whether any dividends to be distributed by us to our non-PRC shareholders and ADS holders whose jurisdiction of incorporation has a tax treaty with China providing for a different withholding arrangement will be entitled to the benefits under the relevant withholding arrangement.

Certain United States Federal Income Tax Consequences

The following summary describes certain United States federal income tax consequences to U.S. Holders (defined below) of the purchase, sale, and ownership of our ordinary shares or ADSs as of the date hereof. Except where noted, this summary deals only with ordinary shares and ADSs held as capital assets. As used herein, the term “U.S. Holder” means a beneficial owner of an ordinary share or ADS that is for United States federal income tax purposes:

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an individual citizen or resident of the United States;

a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States, any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

an estate the income of which is subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

a trust if it (1) is subject to the primary supervision of a court within the United States and one or more United States persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) has a valid election in effect under applicable United States Treasury regulations to be treated as a United States person.

This summary does not represent a detailed description of all of the United States federal income tax consequences which may be applicable to you in light of your particular circumstances or if you are subject to special treatment under the United States federal income tax laws, including if you are:

a dealer in securities or currencies;

a financial institution;

a regulated investment company;

a real estate investment trust;

an insurance company;

a tax-exempt organization;

a person holding our ordinary shares or ADSs as part of a hedging, integrated or conversion transaction, a constructive sale or a straddle;

a trader in securities that has elected the mark-to-market method of accounting for your securities;

a person liable for alternative minimum tax;

a person who owns or is deemed to own 10% or more of our voting stock;

a United States expatriate;

a partnership or other pass-through entity for United States federal income tax purposes; or

a person whose “functional currency” is not the United States dollar.

If a partnership (or other entity treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) holds our ordinary shares or ADSs, the tax treatment of a partner will generally depend upon the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. If you are a partner of a partnership holding our ordinary shares or ADSs, you should consult your tax advisors.

The discussion below is based upon the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), and regulations, rulings and judicial decisions thereunder as of the date hereof. These authorities may be replaced, revoked or modified, perhaps retroactively, so as to result in United States federal income tax consequences different from those discussed below. In addition, this summary is based, in part, upon representations made by the depositary to us and assumes that the deposit agreement, and all other related agreements, will be performed in accordance with their terms.

This summary does not contain a detailed description of all the United States federal income tax consequences to you in light of your particular circumstances and does not address the Medicare tax on net investment income or the effects of any state, local or non-United States tax laws. If you are considering the purchase, ownership or disposition of our ordinary shares or ADSs, you should consult your own tax advisors concerning the United States federal income tax consequences to you in light of your particular situation as well as any consequences arising under the laws of any other taxing jurisdiction.

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If you hold ADSs, for United States federal income tax purposes, you generally will be treated as the owner of the underlying ordinary shares that are represented by such ADSs. Accordingly, deposits or withdrawals of ordinary shares for ADSs will not be subject to United States federal income tax.

The following discussion assumes that we are not, and will not become, a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for United States federal income tax purposes as discussed below.

Distributions on ADSs or Ordinary Shares

The gross amount of distributions on the ADSs or ordinary shares (including amounts withheld to reflect any PRC withholding taxes) will be taxable as dividends, to the extent paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under United States federal income tax principles. Such income (including withheld taxes) will be includable in your gross income as ordinary income on the day actually or constructively received by you, in the case of the ordinary shares, or by the depositary, in the case of ADSs. Such dividends will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction allowed to corporations under the Code.

With respect to certain non-corporate U.S. Holders, certain dividends received from a qualified foreign corporation may be subject to reduced rates of taxation. A foreign corporation is treated as a qualified foreign corporation with respect to dividends received from that corporation on shares (or ADSs representing such shares) that are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States. United States Treasury Department guidance indicates that depositary shares such as the ADSs (which are listed on the NYSE), but not our ordinary shares, are treated as readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States for these purposes. Thus, while we believe that the ADSs currently should be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States for these purposes, we do not believe that dividends that we pay on our ordinary shares that are not represented by ADSs currently meet the conditions required for these reduced tax rates. There can be no assurance that the ADSs will be considered readily tradable on an established securities market in later years. A qualified foreign corporation also includes a foreign corporation that is eligible for the benefits of certain income tax treaties with the United States. In the event that we are deemed to be a PRC “resident enterprise” under PRC tax law (see “— People’s Republic of China Taxation”), we may be eligible for the benefits of the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC, and if we are eligible for such benefits, dividends we pay on our ordinary shares, regardless of whether such shares are represented by ADSs, may be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation. Non-corporate holders that do not meet a minimum holding period requirement during which they are not protected from the risk of loss or that elect to treat the dividend income as “investment income” pursuant to Section 163(d)(4) of the Code will not be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation regardless of our status as a qualified foreign corporation. In addition, the rate reduction will not apply to dividends if the recipient of a dividend is obligated to make related payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property. This disallowance applies even if the minimum holding period has been met. You should consult your own tax advisors regarding the application of these rules given your particular circumstances.

Non-corporate U.S. Holders will not be eligible for the reduced rates of taxation applicable to any dividends received from us if we are a PFIC in the taxable year in which such dividends are paid or in the preceding taxable year.

Under the PRC tax law, if the dividends paid by us are deemed to be derived from sources within the PRC, you may be subject to PRC withholding taxes on dividends paid to you with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares. Subject to certain conditions and limitations, PRC withholding taxes on dividends, if any, generally will be treated as foreign taxes eligible for credit against your United States federal income tax liability. For purposes of calculating the foreign tax credit, dividends paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares will be treated as income from sources outside the United States and will generally constitute passive category income. Further, in certain circumstances, if you have held ADSs or ordinary shares for less than a specified minimum period, or are obligated to make payments with respect to positions in substantially similar or related property, you will not be allowed a foreign tax credit for foreign taxes imposed on dividends paid on the ADSs or ordinary shares. The rules governing the foreign tax credit are complex. You should consult your own tax advisors regarding the availability of the foreign tax credit under your particular circumstances.

To the extent that the amount of any distribution exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits for a taxable year, as determined under United States federal income tax principles, the distribution will first be treated as a tax-free return of capital, causing a reduction in the adjusted basis of the ADSs or ordinary shares (thereby increasing the amount of gain, or decreasing the amount of loss, to be recognized by you on a subsequent disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares), and the balance in excess of adjusted basis will be taxed as capital gain recognized on a sale or exchange. However, we do not expect to calculate earnings and profits in accordance with United States federal income tax principles. Therefore, you should expect that a distribution will generally be treated as a dividend (as discussed above).

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Sale, Exchange or Other Disposition of ADSs or Ordinary Shares

For United States federal income tax purposes, you will recognize taxable gain or loss on any sale or exchange of ADSs or ordinary shares in an amount equal to the difference between the amount realized for the ADSs or ordinary shares and your tax basis in the ADSs or ordinary shares. Such gain or loss will generally be capital gain or loss. Capital gains of non-corporate U.S. Holders (including individuals) derived with respect to capital assets held for more than one year are eligible for reduced rates of taxation. The deductibility of capital losses is subject to limitations. Any gain or loss recognized by you will generally be treated as United States source gain or loss. However, in the event that we are deemed to be a PRC “resident enterprise” under PRC tax law (see “— People’s Republic of China Taxation”), we may also be treated as a PRC tax resident for purposes of the income tax treaty between the United States and the PRC. If any PRC tax were to be imposed on any gain from the disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares and if you are eligible for the benefits of the treaty, you may elect to treat such gain as PRC source gain under the treaty. If you are not eligible for the benefits of the treaty or you fail to make the election to treat any gain as PRC source, then you generally would not be able to use the foreign tax credit arising from any PRC tax imposed on the disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares unless such credit can be applied (subject to applicable limitations) against tax due on other income derived from foreign sources.

You are urged to consult your tax advisors regarding the tax consequences if a foreign withholding tax is imposed on a disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, including the availability of the foreign tax credit under your particular circumstances.

Passive Foreign Investment Company

We believe that for U.S. federal income tax purposes we were not a PFIC for our taxable year ended on December 31, 2015, and we do not expect to become one for our current taxable year or in the future, although there can be no assurance in this regard. If, however, we are or become a PFIC, you could be subject to additional United States federal income taxes on gain recognized with respect to the ADSs or ordinary shares and on certain distributions, plus an interest charge on certain taxes treated as having been deferred under the PFIC rules. Non-corporate U.S. Holders will not be eligible for reduced rates of taxation on any dividends received from us, if we are a PFIC in the taxable year in which such dividends are paid or in the preceding taxable year. You are urged to consult your tax advisors concerning the United States federal income tax consequences of holding ADSs or ordinary shares if we are considered a PFIC in any taxable year.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

In general, information reporting will apply to dividends in respect of the ADSs or ordinary shares and the proceeds from the sale, exchange or other disposition of the ADSs or ordinary shares that are paid to you within the United States (and in certain cases, outside the United States), unless you are an exempt recipient. Backup withholding may apply to such payments if you fail to provide a taxpayer identification number or certification of other exempt status or fail to report in full dividend and interest income. Backup withholding is not an additional tax and any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules will be allowed as a refund or a credit against your United States federal income tax liability provided the required information is timely furnished to the Internal Revenue Service.

Dividends and Paying Agents

Not Applicable.

Statement by Experts

Not Applicable.

Documents on Display

We have filed this annual report, including exhibits, with the SEC. As allowed by the SEC, in Item 19 of this annual report, we incorporate by reference certain information we previously filed with the SEC. This means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed separately with the SEC. The information incorporated by reference is considered to be part of this annual report.

You may read and copy this annual report, including the exhibits incorporated by reference in this annual report, at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549 and at the SEC’s regional offices in New York, New York and Chicago, Illinois. You can also obtain copies of this annual report, including the exhibits incorporated by reference in this annual report, from the SEC’s Public Reference Room and regional offices upon payment of a duplicating fee.

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The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports and other information regarding registrants that file electronically with the SEC. Our annual report and some of the other information submitted by us to the SEC may be accessed through this web site.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act prescribing the furnishing and content of quarterly reports and proxy statements, and officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act.

In accordance with NYSE Rule 203.01, we will post this annual report on our website www.yinglisolar.com. In addition, we will provide hardcopies of our annual report to shareholders, including ADS holders, free of charge upon request.

Subsidiary Information

Not Applicable.

ITEM 11. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Foreign Exchange Risk

Most of our sales are denominated in Euros or U.S. dollars, while a substantial portion of our costs and expenses is denominated in Renminbi, Euros and U.S. dollars. Under relevant PRC regulations, we are required to convert the foreign currencies we receive into Renminbi within specified time periods and prior to disbursement.

Fluctuations in currency exchange rates could have a significant effect on our financial stability due to a mismatch among various foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities. Fluctuations in exchange rates, particularly among the U.S. dollar, Euro and Renminbi, affect our net profit margins and would result in foreign currency exchange gains or losses on our foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities. Our exposure to foreign exchange risk primarily relates to foreign currency exchange gains or losses resulting from timing differences between the signing of sales contracts or raw material supply contracts and the receipt of payment and the settlement or disbursement relating to these contracts. For example, the depreciation of the Euro against the Renminbi, such as in the third quarter and the fourth quarter of 2014 and the first quarter of 2015, has adversely affected and could continue to adversely affect our total net revenues.

As of December 31, 2015, we held an equivalent of RMB2,902.1 million (US$448.0 million) in accounts receivable and prepayments to suppliers (excluding the non-current portion), of which an equivalent of RMB538.2 million (US$83.1 million) were denominated in U.S. dollars and RMB132.1 million (US$20.4 million) were denominated in Euros. As the substantial majority of our sales of our products and purchases of our raw materials are denominated in U.S. dollars and Euros, any significant fluctuations in the exchange rates between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar and/or the Euro could have a material and adverse effect on our results of operations. Moreover, we had significant monetary assets and liabilities denominated in U.S. dollars and Euros as of December 31, 2015, which consisted mainly of accounts receivable, prepayments to suppliers and accounts payable. Fluctuations in foreign exchange rates could also have a material adverse effect on the value of these monetary assets and liabilities denominated in U.S. dollars and Euros. Generally, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and Euro will result in foreign exchange losses for monetary assets denominated in U.S. dollars and Euros and foreign exchange gains for monetary liabilities denominated in U.S. dollars and Euros. Conversely, depreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and Euro will generally result in foreign exchange gains for monetary assets denominated in U.S. dollars and Euros and foreign exchange losses for monetary liabilities denominated in U.S. dollars and Euro.

Without taking into account the effect of the potential use of hedging or other derivative financial instruments, we estimate that a 10% appreciation of the Renminbi based on the foreign exchange rate on December 31, 2015 would result in our holding Renminbi equivalents of RMB483.2 million (US$74.6 million) for our accounts receivable and prepayments to suppliers denominated in U.S. dollars as of December 31, 2015. These amounts would represent net loss of RMB55.0 million (US$8.5 million) for our accounts receivable and prepayment to suppliers denominated in U.S. dollars as of December 31, 2015. Conversely, we estimate that a 10% depreciation of the Renminbi would result in our holding Renminbi equivalents of RMB590.6 million (US$91.2 million) for our accounts receivable and prepayments to suppliers denominated in U.S. dollars as of December 31, 2015. These amounts would represent net income of RMB52.4 million (US$8.1 million) for our accounts receivable and prepayment to suppliers denominated in U.S. dollars as of December 31, 2015.

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Without taking into account the effect of the potential use of hedging or other derivative financial instruments, we estimate that a 10% appreciation of the Renminbi based on the foreign exchange rate on December 31, 2015 would result in our holding Renminbi equivalents of RMB118.6 million (US$18.3 million) for our accounts receivable and prepayments to suppliers denominated in Euro as of December 31, 2015. These amounts would represent net loss of RMB13.5 million (US$2.1 million) for our accounts receivable and prepayment to suppliers denominated in Euros as of December 31, 2015. Conversely, we estimate that a 10% depreciation of the Renminbi would result in our holding Renminbi equivalents of RMB145.0 million (US$22.4 million) for our accounts receivable and prepayments to suppliers denominated in Euros as of December 31, 2015. These amounts would represent net income of RMB12.9 million (US$2.0 million) for our accounts receivable and prepayment to suppliers denominated in Euros as of December 31, 2015.

Yingli Green Energy’s functional currency is U.S. dollars. Assets and liabilities of Yingli Green Energy are translated into our reporting currency, the Renminbi, using the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated into our reporting currency, the Renminbi, at average rates prevailing during the year. The gains and losses resulting from the translation of financial statements of Yingli Green Energy are recognized as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income within shareholders’ equity. The functional currency of our PRC subsidiaries is the Renminbi. Tianwei Yingli translates transactions denominated in other currencies into Renminbi and recognizes any foreign currency exchange gains and losses in our statement of comprehensive income (loss).

In 2014, our net foreign currency exchange loss was RMB243.4 million, increased from RMB32.2 million in 2013, which was mainly due to depreciation of the U.S. dollar and the Euro against the Renminbi. However, the depreciation of Renminbi against U.S. dollar and the Euro in 2015 caused our foreign currency exchange loss to decrease to RMB132.7 million (US$20.5 million) in 2015 from RMB243.4 million in 2014. In addition, we have entered into hedging and foreign currency forward arrangements to limit our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. We expect that we will continue to be exposed to foreign currency exchange risk to the extent that our hedging and foreign currency forward arrangements do not cover all of our expected revenues denominated in foreign currencies. We cannot predict the effect of exchange rate fluctuations on our foreign exchange gains or losses in the future. We may continue to reduce the effect of such exposure through foreign currency forward or other similar arrangements, but because of the limited availability of such instruments in China, we cannot assure you that we will always find a hedging arrangement suitable to us, or that such derivative activities will be effective in managing our foreign exchange risk. The value of your investment in our company will be affected by the foreign exchange rate between U.S. dollars and Renminbi. For example, a decline in the value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar could reduce the U.S. dollar equivalent amounts of our financial results, the dividends Tianwei Yingli may pay us in the future and the value of your investment in us, all of which may have a material adverse effect on the value of the ADSs.

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to interest rate risk primarily relates to our interest expenses incurred by our short-term and long-term borrowings and interest income generated by excess cash invested in demand deposits. Such interest-earning instruments carry a degree of interest rate risk. As of December 31, 2015, we had RMB9,124.2 million (US$1,408.5 million) in outstanding short-term borrowings (including the current portion of medium-term notes and long-term debt), RMB300.0 million (US$46.3 million) in outstanding medium-term notes and RMB2,405.9 million (US$371.4 million) in outstanding long-term debt (excluding the current portion). We have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure due to the lack of such financial instruments in China. We have not been exposed nor do we anticipate being exposed to material risks due to changes in interest rates. However, our future interest expense may increase due to changes in interest rates prevailing in the open market. If market interest rates for short-term demand deposits increase in the near future, such increase may cause the amount of our interest income to rise. A hypothetical 10% increase in the average interest rate for our bank borrowings would result in an increase of approximately RMB901.9 million (US$139.2 million) in interest expense in 2015. We may use derivative financial instruments, such as interest rate swaps, to mitigate potential risks of interest expense increases due to changes in market interest rates.

ITEM 12. DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES OTHER THAN EQUITY SECURITIES

Debt Securities

Not Applicable.

Warrants and Rights

Not Applicable.

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Other Securities

Not Applicable.

American Depositary Shares

Fees and Charges Our ADS Holders May Have to Pay

The depositary may charge each person to whom ADSs are issued, including, without limitation, issuances against deposits of ordinary shares, issuances in respect of share distributions, rights and other distributions, issuances pursuant to a stock dividend or stock split declared by us or issuances pursuant to a merger, exchange of securities or any other transaction or event affecting the ADSs or deposited securities, and each person surrendering ADSs for withdrawal of deposited securities or whose ADRs are cancelled or reduced for any other reason, US$5.00 for each 100 ADSs (or any portion thereof) issued, delivered, reduced, cancelled or surrendered, as the case may be. The depositary may sell (by public or private sale) sufficient securities and property received in respect of a share distribution, rights and/or other distribution prior to such deposit to pay such charge.

The following additional charges will be incurred by our ADS holders, by any party depositing or withdrawing ordinary shares or by any party surrendering ADSs and/or to whom ADSs are issued (including, without limitation, issuances pursuant to a stock dividend or stock split declared by us or an exchange of stock regarding the ADSs or the deposited securities or a distribution of ADSs), whichever is applicable:

a fee of up to US$0.02 per ADS for any cash distribution made pursuant to the deposit agreement;

a fee of US$1.50 per ADR or ADRs for transfers of certificated or direct registration ADRs;

an aggregate fee of US$0.04 per ADS per calendar year (or portion thereof) for services performed by the depositary in administering the ADRs (which fee may be charged on a periodic basis during each calendar year and shall be assessed against holders of ADRs as of the record date or record dates set by the depositary during each calendar year and shall be payable at the sole discretion of the depositary by billing such holders or by deducting such charge from one or more cash dividends or other cash distributions);

a fee for the reimbursement of such fees, charges and expenses as are incurred by the depositary and/or any of its agents (including, without limitation, the custodian and expenses incurred on behalf of holders in connection with compliance with foreign exchange control regulations or any law or regulation relating to foreign investment) in connection with the servicing of the ordinary shares or other deposited securities, the sale of securities (including, without limitation, deposited securities), the delivery of deposited securities or otherwise in connection with the depositary’s or its custodian’s compliance with applicable law, rule or regulation (which fees and charges shall be assessed on a proportionate basis against holders as of the record date or dates set by the depositary and shall be payable at the sole discretion of the depositary by billing such holders or by deducting such charge from one or more cash dividends or other cash distributions);

a fee for the distribution or sale of securities, such fee being in an amount equal to the fee for the execution and delivery of ADSs referred to above which would have been charged as a result of the deposit of such securities (treating all such securities as if they were ordinary shares) but which securities or the net cash proceeds from the sale thereof are instead distributed by the depositary to those holders entitled thereto;

stock transfer or other taxes and other governmental charges;

cable, telex and facsimile transmission and delivery charges incurred at your request in connection with the deposit or delivery of shares;

transfer or registration fees for the registration of transfer of deposited securities on any applicable register in connection with the deposit or withdrawal of deposited securities;

in connection with the conversion of foreign currency into U.S. dollars, JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. shall deduct out of such foreign currency the fees, expenses and other charges charged by it and/or its agent (which may be a division, branch or affiliate) so appointed in connection with such conversion, and JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. and/or its agent may act as principal for such conversion of foreign currency; and

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fees of any division, branch or affiliate of the depositary utilized by the depositary to direct, manage and/or execute any public and/or private sale of securities under the deposit agreement.

We will pay all other charges and expenses of the depositary and any agent of the depositary (except the custodian) pursuant to agreements from time to time between us and the depositary. The charges described above may be amended from time to time by agreement between us and the depositary.

Fees and Other Payments Made by the Depositary to Us

The depositary anticipates providing us with certain amounts which may or may not be tied to those fees charged by the depositary in respect of the ADR program. Such amounts will be upon such terms and conditions as we and the depositary may agree from time to time. In 2015, we received from the depositary US$1.30 million relating to the ADS program.

PART II

ITEM 13. DEFAULTS, DIVIDEND ARREARAGES AND DELINQUENCIES

None.

ITEM 14. MATERIAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE RIGHTS OF SECURITY HOLDERS AND USE OF PROCEEDS

On October 17, 2007, our board of directors adopted a shareholders rights plan. Under this rights plan, one right was distributed with respect to each of our ordinary shares outstanding at the closing of business on October 26, 2007. These rights entitle the holders to purchase ordinary shares from us at half of the market price at the time of purchase in the event that a person or group obtains ownership of 15% or more of our ordinary shares (including by acquisition of the ADSs representing an ownership interest in the ordinary shares) or enters into an acquisition transaction without the approval of our board of directors. Under the terms of the shareholder rights plan, subject to certain conditions and exceptions, a “Yingli Power Entity”, which refers to Yingli Power or any of its affiliates, may hold ownership of 15% or more of our ordinary shares without entitling holders of the rights to purchase ordinary shares from us at half of the market price at the time of purchase. In June 2008, we amended the definition of “Yingli Power Entity” in our shareholder rights plan to include any pledgee, chargee or mortgagee of any ordinary shares held by Yingli Power or any transferee of such pledgee, chargee or mortgagee.

In February 2009, we entered into a supplemental agreement to the deposit agreement for the ADSs to provide for the distribution of certain information and other procedures in connection with our shareholders rights plan. In addition, the deposit agreement for the ADSs was amended in February 2009 to update the description of our reporting requirements under the Exchange Act.

We completed our initial public offering, in which we offered and sold 26,550,000 ordinary shares and several of our shareholders sold an aggregate of 2,950,000 ordinary shares, in the form of ADSs, at US$11.00 per ADS in June 2007, after our ordinary shares and ADSs were registered under the Securities Act. The aggregate price of the offering amount registered and sold was US$324.5 million, of which we received net proceeds of US$273.8 million. None of the transaction expenses included payments to directors or officers of our company or their associates, persons owning more than 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates. None of the net proceeds from the initial public offering were paid, directly or indirectly, to any of our directors or officers or their associates, persons owning 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates. The effective date of our registration statement on Form F-1 (File number: 333-142851) was June 7, 2007. Goldman Sachs (Asia) L.L.C. was the sole global coordinator, Goldman Sachs (Asia) L.L.C. and UBS AG were the joint book runners and Piper Jaffray & Co. and CIBC World Markets Corp. were the other underwriters of the offering. We have used all of the net proceeds received from our initial public offering.

In December 2007, we completed a convertible note offering and secondary offering, in which we offered and sold an aggregate of US$172.5 million of zero coupon convertible senior notes due 2012, and several of our shareholders sold an aggregate of 6,440,000 ordinary shares in the form of ADSs at US$31.00 per ADS, after our notes and ordinary shares and ADSs were registered under the Securities Act. The aggregate price of the notes amount registered and sold was US$172.5 million, of which we received net proceeds of US$168.2 million. None of the transaction expenses included payments to directors or officers of our company or their associates, persons owning more than 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates. None of the net proceeds from the offering were paid, directly or indirectly, to any of our directors or officers or their associates, persons owning 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates. The effective date of our registration statement for the notes, ordinary shares and ADSs on Form F-1 (File number: 333-147223) was December 10, 2007. Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC was the sole global coordinator, Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC, Goldman Sachs (Asia) L.L.C. and Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith Incorporated were the joint book runners and Piper Jaffray & Co. was the other underwriter of the offering. We have used all of the net proceeds received from our convertible note offering.

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In June 2009, we completed a follow-on public offering, in which we offered and sold an aggregate of 18,390,000 ordinary shares, and Yingli Power sold 3,000,000 ordinary shares, in the form of ADS, at US$13.00 per ADS, after our ordinary shares and ADSs were registered under the Securities Act. The aggregate price of the offering amount registered and sold was US$239.1 million, of which we received net proceeds of US$227.4 million. None of the transaction expenses included payments to directors or officers of our company or their associates, persons owning more than 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates. None of the net proceeds from the offering were paid, directly or indirectly, to any of our directors or officers or their associates, persons owning 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates. The effective date of our registration statement on Form F-3 (File number: 333-142851) was November 28, 2008. Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. was the sole global coordinator, Deutsche Bank Securities Inc., Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC and Citigroup Global Markets Inc. were the joint book runners and Piper Jaffray & Co. was the other underwriter of the offering.

We have used approximately US$50.0 million of the net proceeds received from our June 2009 following-on public offering to repay the loan facility provided by ADM Capital to Yingli China, our subsidiary.

In April 2014, we completed a follow-on public offering in which we offered and sold an aggregate of 25,000,000 ordinary shares in the form of ADS, at US$3.50 per ADS, after our ordinary shares and ADSs were registered under the Securities Act. We received net proceeds of US$83.0 million from the offering. None of the transaction expenses included payments to directors or officers of our company or their associates, persons owning more than 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates. None of the net proceeds from the offering were paid, directly or indirectly, to any of our directors or officers or their associates, persons owning 10% or more of our equity securities or our affiliates. The effective date of our registration statement on Form F-3 (File number: 333-191031) was April 15, 2014. Deutsche Bank Securities Inc. and Goldman Sachs (Asia) L.L.C. were the joint bookrunners, and HSBC Securities (USA) Inc. was a co-manager of the offering.

We have used approximately US$25 million of the net proceeds received from our April 2014 offering to invest in downstream solar projects through a joint venture fund with Shanghai Sailing Capital Management Co., Ltd., or the Fund. However, due to a delay in investing in the downstream solar projects by the Fund, the Fund did not call for the second tranche of fund injection. Consequently, we spent approximately US$30 million to invest in our self-developed solar projects to expand our downstream business.

The remaining net proceeds from the follow-on offerings in June 2009 and April 2014 have been used for general corporate purposes, including funding our working capital needs.

On December 28, 2015, we effected a change of the ratio of our ADSs to ordinary shares from one (1) ADS representing one (1) ordinary share to one (1) ADS representing ten (10) ordinary shares.

ITEM 15. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this annual report, an evaluation has been carried out under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined under Rules 13a-15e and 15d-15(e) promulgated under the Exchange Act. Based on that evaluation, our chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that as of December 31, 2015, our disclosure controls and procedures were ineffective because of the material weakness described below under “Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting”. We will undertake the remedial steps to address the material weakness in our disclosure controls and procedures as set forth below under “Management’s Plan for Remediation of Material Weaknesses”.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act, for our company. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of a company’s assets, (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that a company’s receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of a company’s management and directors, and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of a company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

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Because of its inherent limitations, a system of internal control over financial reporting can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to consolidated financial statement preparation and presentation and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

As required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and related rules as promulgated by the SEC, our management assessed the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 using criteria established in “Internal Control-Integrated Framework 2013” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

As a result of our management’s evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting, a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting was identified as of December 31, 2015, which was that we lacked sufficient accounting and financial reporting personnel to formalize and carry out key controls over the reporting process with respect to certain significant and complex accounting assessments and the preparation of our financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements.

The material weakness described above may result in a material misstatement to our quarterly or annual consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected. As a result of the material weakness, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was ineffective as of December 31, 2015.

Management’s Plan for Remediation of Material Weaknesses

Our management has been engaged in, and continues to be engaged in, making necessary changes and improvements to our internal control system to address the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting described above. In particular, we plan to (1) engage an external accounting firm with sufficient experienced U.S. certified public accountants to review the accounting of our complex accounting assessments; (2) provide more comprehensive training on U.S. GAAP to our accounting team and other relevant personnel; (3) enhance our accounting manual to provide our accounting team with more comprehensive guidelines on the policies and controls over financial reporting under U.S. GAAP and SEC rules and requirements; and (4) hire more finance personnel who have adequate U.S. GAAP knowledge.

Attestation Report of the Registered Public Accounting Firm

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015 has been audited by PwC, an independent registered public accounting firm, which has also audited our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2015. PwC’s report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting is included on page F-2 of this annual report.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management has evaluated whether any changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during our last fiscal year have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Based on the evaluation we conducted, our management has concluded that, other than the material weakness as disclosed above, no such changes occurred during the period covered by this annual report on Form 20-F.

ITEM 16A. AUDIT COMMITTEE FINANCIAL EXPERT

Our Board of Directors has determined that Mr. Iain Ferguson Bruce qualifies as “audit committee financial expert” as defined in Item 16A of Form 20-F. All of the members of our audit committee satisfy the “independence” requirements of the NYSE rules and Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Exchange Act.

ITEM 16B. CODE OF ETHICS

Our board of directors has adopted a code of ethics that applies to our directors, officers, employees and agents, including certain provisions that specifically apply to our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, chief operating officer, chief technology officer, vice presidents and any other persons who perform similar functions for us. We have filed our code of business conduct and ethics as an exhibit to our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-142851), as amended, initially filed with the SEC on May 11, 2007. We hereby undertake to provide to any person without charge, a copy of our code of business conduct and ethics within ten working days after we receive such person’s written request.

ITEM 16C. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The following table sets forth the aggregate fees by categories specified below in connection with certain professional services rendered by our principal external auditors, for the periods indicated. We did not pay any other fees to our auditors during the periods indicated below.

	For the Year Ended December 31,
	2014		2015
	(In thousands of RMB)		(In thousands of RMB)		(In thousands of US$)
Audit fees(1)		9,300		9,300		1,436
Tax fees(2)		—		177		27
All other fees(3)		—		—		—

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(1) Audit fees means the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered by our principal auditors for the audit of our annual financial statements or services that are normally provided by the auditors in connection with statutory and regulatory filings or engagements.

(2) Tax fees means the aggregate fess billed in each of the fiscal year listed for professional services rendered for preparation and submission of tax returns.

(3) All other fees refer to the aggregate fees billed in each of the fiscal years listed for professional services rendered for due diligence and assistance in sustainability analysis.

ITEM 16D. EXEMPTIONS FROM THE LISTING STANDARDS FOR AUDIT COMMITTEES

Not applicable.

ITEM 16E. PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

Not applicable.

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ITEM 16F. CHANGE IN REGISTRANT’S CERTIFYING ACCOUNTANT

We changed our principal independent registered public accounting firm in June 2014 and the disclosure called for by this item has been previously reported in our annual report on Form 20-F for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014 filed with the SEC on May 15, 2015.

ITEM 16G. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

We are a “foreign private issuer” (as such term is defined in Rule 3b-4 under the Exchange Act), and the ADSs, each representing one ordinary share, are listed on the NYSE. Under Section 303A of the NYSE Listed Company Manual, NYSE listed companies that are foreign private issuers are permitted to follow home country practice in lieu of the corporate governance provisions specified by the NYSE with limited exceptions. The following summarizes some significant ways in which our corporate governance practices differ from those followed by domestic companies under the listing standards of the NYSE.

Under the NYSE Listed Company Manual, or the NYSE Manual, U.S. domestic listed companies are required to have a nominating/corporate governance committee, composed entirely of independent directors. In addition to identifying individuals qualified to become board members, the nominating/corporate governance committee must develop and recommend to the board a set of corporate governance principles. We do not have a nominating/corporate governance committee, and the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands does not require companies incorporated in Cayman Islands to have a nominating/corporate governance committee. Currently, our board of directors performs the duties of the nominating/corporate governance committee and regularly reviews our corporate governance principles and practice.

The NYSE Manual also requires U.S. domestic listed companies to regularly hold executive sessions for non-management directors, or an executive session that only includes independent directors at least once a year. We are not subject to this requirement under the Cayman Islands laws and have decided to follow our home country practice on this matter. In addition, the NYSE Manual requires shareholder approval for certain matters, such as requiring that shareholders must be given the opportunity to vote on all equity compensation plans and material revisions to those plans, which is not required under the Cayman Islands laws. We intend to comply with the requirements of Cayman Islands laws only in determining whether shareholder approval is required.

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ITEM 16H. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not Applicable.

PART III

ITEM 17. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Not Applicable

ITEM 18. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following financial statements are filed as part of this annual report, together with the reports of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms:

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2014 and 2015

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity/(Deficit) for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

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ITEM 19. EXHIBITS

Exhibit Number		Description of Document
1.1		Third Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association of Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-147223), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on November 7, 2007)

2.1		Form of Registrant’s American Depositary Receipt (included in Exhibit 2.3)

2.2		Registrant’s Specimen Certificate for Ordinary Shares (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-142851), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on May 11, 2007)

2.3		Form of Amended and Restated Deposit Agreement among the Registrant, the depositary and holders of American Depositary Receipts issued thereunder (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.(A) from our Post-Effective Amendment No. 1 to our registration statement on Form F-6 (File No. 333-159990) filed with the Commission on December 17, 2015)

2.4		Trust Deed, dated January 19, 2007, between the Registrant and DBS Trustee Limited relating to the Registrant’s 2006 Stock Incentive Plan Restricted Stock Award Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.17 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-142851), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on May 11, 2007)

2.5		Rights Agreement, dated as of October 17, 2007, between Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited and RBC Dexia Corporate Services Hong Kong Limited, as Rights Agent, which includes the Form of Right Certificate as Exhibit A and the Summary of Rights as Exhibit B (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.1 from our registration statement on Form 8-A (File No. 001-33469), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on October 17, 2007)

2.6		Amendment No. 1 to Rights Agreement, dated as of June 2, 2008, between Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited and RBC Dexia Corporate Services Hong Kong Limited, as Rights Agent (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 from our registration statement on Form 8-A (File No. 001-33469), as amended, filed with the Commission on June 3, 2008)

4.1		2006 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-142851), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on May 11, 2007)

4.2		Form of Employment Agreement between the Registrant and an Executive Officer of the Registrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-142851), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on May 11, 2007)

4.3		Joint Venture Contract of Baoding Tianwei Yingli New Energy Resources Co., Ltd., dated May 30, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.3 from our annual report on Form 20-F filed with the commission on May 15, 2015.)

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Exhibit Number		Description of Document
4.4		Credit Contract, dated November 29, 2010, between Tianwei Yingli, as borrower, and The Bank of East Asia (China) Limited, Beijing Branch, as lender (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.8 from our annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Commission on May 11, 2011)

4.10		Supply Agreement, dated November 13, 2006, between Wacker Chemie AG and Tianwei Yingli (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.29 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-142851), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on May 11, 2007)

4.12		Amendment No. 1 to Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.32 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-142851), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on May 11, 2007)

4.13		Amendment No. 2 to Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.23 from our annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Commission on June 25, 2010)

4.14		Supply Agreement, dated July 4, 2007, between Wacker Chemie AG and Tianwei Yingli (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.36 from our registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-147223), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on November 7, 2007)

4.15		Supplemental Agreement, dated November 6, 2008, between Tianwei Yingli, as borrower, and the lenders and the agent thereunder, relating to the Term Facility Agreement, dated August 29, 2008, by and between the parties thereto, or the Tianwei Yingli Term Facility Agreement (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 from our registration statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-155782), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on November 28, 2008)

4.16		Supplemental Deed, dated November 6, 2008, between the Registrant, as guarantor, and the lender and the agent under the Tianwei Yingli Term Facility Agreement, relating to the Corporate Guarantee, dated August 29, 2008, by and between the parties thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 from our registration statement on Form F-3 (File No. 333-155782), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on November 28, 2008)

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Exhibit Number		Description of Document
4.17		Loan Agreement, dated January 15, 2010, between Tianwei Yingli, as borrower, and Bank of China Limited, Baoding Branch, as lender (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.30 from our annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Commission on May 11, 2011)

4.18		Loan Agreement, dated April 4, 2013, between Yingli Energy (China) Company Limited and China Development Bank (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.23 from our annual report on Form 20-F filed with the Commission on April 11, 2014)

4.19		Loan Agreement, dated March 18, 2015, between Yingli Energy (China) Company Limited and China Development Bank (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.24 from our annual report on Form 20-F filed with the commission on May 15, 2015.)

4.20		Loan Agreement, dated March 30, 2015, between Yingli Energy (China) Company Limited and China Development Bank (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.25 from our annual report on Form 20-F filed with the commission on May 15, 2015.)

4.21*		Loan Agreement, dated December 30, 2015, between Yingli Energy (China) Company Limited and China Development Bank

8.1*		Subsidiaries of the Registrant

11.1		Code of Business Conduct and Ethics (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 99.1 from the registrant’s registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-142851), as amended, initially filed with the Commission on May 11, 2007)

12.1*		CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

12.2*		CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

13.1*		CEO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

13.2*		CFO Certification Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

15.1*		Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, PWC

15.2*		Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm, KPMG

101.INS*		XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

* Filed with this annual report

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SIGNATURES

The registrant hereby certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing its annual report on Form 20-F and that it has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

	YINGLI GREEN ENERGY HOLDING COMPANY LIMITED


	By:	/s/ Liansheng Miao
		Name: Liansheng Miao
		Title: Chairman and Chief Executive Officer
Date: May 16, 2016

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YINGLI GREEN ENERGY HOLDING COMPANY LIMITED AND

SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Financial Statements

Table of Contents

	Page

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms	F-2 ~ F-3

Consolidated Balance Sheets	F-4 ~ F-6

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss	F-7 ~ F-8

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity/(Deficit)	F-9 ~ F-10

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	F-11 ~ F-14

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-15 ~ F-75

F-1

Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of

Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited:

In our opinion, the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, consolidated statements of changes in equity/(deficit) and consolidated statements of cash flows present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2015 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United State of America. Also in our opinion, the Company did not maintain, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2015, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) because a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting related to the lack of sufficient accounting and financial reporting personnel to formalize and carry out key controls over the reporting process with respect to certain significant and complex accounting assessments and the preparation of the financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP and SEC reporting requirements existed as of that date. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weakness referred to above is described in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 15. We considered this material weakness in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2015 consolidated financial statements and our opinion regarding the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting does not affect our opinion on those consolidated financial statements. The Company's management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 15 of Form 20-F. Our responsibility is to express opinions on these financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our integrated audits. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2(a) to the financial statements, facts and circumstances including recurring losses, negative working capital, net cash outflows, and uncertainties on the repayment of the debts raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2(a). The accompanying financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

PricewaterhouseCoopers Zhong Tian LLP

Shanghai, the People’s Republic of China

May 16, 2016

F-2

Table of Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

The Board of Directors and Shareholders

Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, change in equity, and cash flows of Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited and subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2013. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the results of operations and the cash flows of Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited and subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2013, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

KPMG
Hong Kong, China
April 11, 2014

F-3

Table of Contents

YINGLI GREEN ENERGY HOLDING COMPANY LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets

As of December 31, 2014 and 2015

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

	Note	2014		2015
		RMB		RMB		US$
ASSETS

Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	(2)(c)		1,069,054		1,240,749		191,539
Restricted cash	(2)(f)		1,332,404		346,926		53,556
Accounts receivable, net	(3)		4,069,027		2,475,386		382,134
Inventories	(4)		2,099,082		1,484,314		229,139
Prepayments to suppliers	(2)(i),(18)		926,165		426,718		65,874
Value-added tax recoverable, current	(2)(p)		486,243		342,874		52,931
Amounts due from and prepayments to related parties	(23)		634,112		1,110,746		171,470
Deferred tax assets, current	(20)		465,961		—		—
Receivable from disposal of a subsidiary	(6)		—		470,000		72,555
Receivable from disposal of land use right of a subsidiary	(6)		—		246,276		38,018
Prepaid expenses and other current assets			242,249		259,393		40,043
*Total current* assets**			11,324,297		8,403,382		1,297,259
Amounts due from a related party	(23)		32,000		32,318		4,989
Long-term prepayments to suppliers	(2)(i),(18)		721,651		555,520		85,758
Investments in affiliated companies	(9)		423,301		459,721		70,969
Land, property, plant and equipment, net	(5),(8)		12,110,794		6,846,482		1,056,915
Project assets	(2)(j)		1,369,662		720,286		111,193
Land use rights	(6)		603,514		411,732		63,560
Intangible assets, net	(25)		58,610		58,360		9,009
Deferred tax assets, non-current	(20)		212,788		2,720		420
Value-added tax recoverable, non-current	(2)(p)		97,387		78,652		12,142
Other assets			154,446		71,109		10,977
Total assets			27,108,450		17,640,282		2,723,190

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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YINGLI GREEN ENERGY HOLDING COMPANY LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets — (Continued)

As of December 31, 2014 and 2015

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

	Note	2014		2015
		RMB		RMB		US$

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY/(DEFICIT)

Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings, including current portion of medium-term notes and long-term debt	(10),(11)		10,112,055		9,124,183		1,408,531
Accounts payable			5,237,989		3,960,458		611,389
Advances from customers			935,935		725,170		111,947
Amounts due to related parties	(23)		974,501		536,409		82,807
Deferred tax liabilities, current	(20)		4,301		4,093		632
Accrued warranty liability	(2)(s)		40,903		38,869		6,000
Short-term sales lease back and financing lease payable due to non-related parties	(16)		23,744		17,645		2,724
Short-term sales lease back and financing lease payable due to related parties	(16),(23)		47,859		57,248		8,838
Interest payable			162,657		121,364		18,735
Payables to non-controlling interest holders	(12)		107,790		135,339		20,893
Payables due to settlement of claims	(24)		—		48,702		7,518
Payables in relation to Golden Sun Program	(2)(p)		—		248,887		38,422
Other current liabilities and accrued expenses			428,992		642,350		99,162
Total current liabilities			18,076,726		15,660,717		2,417,598
Medium-term notes	(11)		1,713,308		300,000		46,312
Long-term debt, excluding current portion	(10)		2,858,153		2,405,898		371,407
Reserve for inventory purchase commitments	(18)		1,231,701		1,322,448		204,151
Accrued warranty liability, excluding current portion	(2)(s)		707,525		753,270		116,285
Long-term sales lease back and financing lease payable due to non-related parties	(16)		16,214		13,824		2,134
Long-term sales lease back and financing lease payable due to related parties	(16),(23)		280,640		242,267		37,400
Deferred other income	(2)(j)		791,788		812,788		125,473
Long-term payables to non-controlling interest holders	(12)		110,458		821,276		126,783
Other liabilities			20,256		19,945		3,078
Total liabilities			25,806,769		22,352,433		3,450,621

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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YINGLI GREEN ENERGY HOLDING COMPANY LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Balance Sheets — (Continued)

As of December 31, 2014 and 2015

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

	Note	2014			2015
		RMB			RMB			US$

Shareholders’ equity/(deficit):
Ordinary shares —	(13)
Par value: US$0.01
Authorized shares: 1,000,000,000
Issued shares: 187,490,478 and 187,490,478 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively
Outstanding shares: 181,763,770 and 181,763,770 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively			13,791			13,791			2,129
Additional paid-in capital			7,234,810			7,246,760			1,118,707
Treasury stock: 5,726,708 and 5,726,708 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively, at cost	(14)		(127,331	)		(127,331	)		(19,656	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income			312,110			180,025			27,791
Accumulated deficit			(7,650,744	)		(13,252,929	)		(2,045,900	)
Total deficit attributable to Yingli Green Energy			(217,364	)		(5,939,684	)		(916,929	)
Non-controlling interests	(15)		1,519,045			1,227,533			189,498
Total shareholders’ equity/(deficit)			1,301,681			(4,712,151	)		(727,431	)

Commitments and contingencies	(24)		—			—			—

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity/(deficit)			27,108,450			17,640,282			2,723,190

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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YINGLI GREEN ENERGY HOLDING COMPANY LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

	Note	2013			2014			2015
		RMB			RMB			RMB			US$

Net revenues	(17)
Non-related parties			12,693,841			12,583,775			9,333,490			1,440,843
Related parties	(23)		724,252			343,602			632,296			97,610
Total net revenues			13,418,093			12,927,377			9,965,786			1,538,453
Cost of revenues			11,959,239			10,689,132			8,778,456			1,355,161
Gross profit			1,458,854			2,238,245			1,187,330			183,292
Operating expenses
Selling expenses			1,064,263			1,095,145			854,315			131,884
General and administrative expenses			741,168			615,131			523,150			80,760
Research and development expenses			288,558			573,792			396,991			61,285
Provision for doubtful accounts receivable	(3)		3,065			169,371			404,345			62,420
Disposal gain from long-lived assets and land use right in relation to a subsidiary	(6)		—			—			(1,167,317	)		(180,203	)
Impairment of long-lived assets	(2)(j),(5)		—			—			3,804,116			587,254
Provision for reserve for inventory purchase commitments	(18)		393,048			—			77,705			11,996
Provision for prepayments in relation to inventory purchase commitments	(18)		87,134			—			522,050			80,591

Total operating expenses			2,577,236			2,453,439			5,415,355			835,987

Loss from operations			(1,118,382	)		(215,194	)		(4,228,025	)		(652,695	)

Other income (expense)
Equity in income/(loss) of affiliates, net	(9)		1,197			2,245			(829	)		(128	)
Interest expense			(971,597	)		(1,015,871	)		(977,176	)		(150,850	)
Interest income			31,372			35,026			22,632			3,494
Foreign currency exchange losses			(32,230	)		(243,386	)		(132,709	)		(20,487	)
Other income	(2)(j),(23)		65,767			125,568			148,462			22,919
Loss before income taxes			(2,023,873	)		(1,311,612	)		(5,167,645	)		(797,747	)
Income tax expense	(20)		(31,025	)		(89,723	)		(731,191	)		(112,876	)
Net loss			(2,054,898	)		(1,401,335	)		(5,898,836	)		(910,623	)

Less: Loss attributable to the non-controlling interests			110,473			101,526			298,310			46,051
Net loss attributable to Yingli Green Energy			(1,944,425	)		(1,299,809	)		(5,600,526	)		(864,572	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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YINGLI GREEN ENERGY HOLDING COMPANY LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss— (Continued)

For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

	Note	2013			2014			2015
		RMB			RMB			RMB			US$

Net loss			(2,054,898	)		(1,401,335	)		(5,898,836	)		(910,623	)
Foreign currency exchange translation adjustment, net of nil tax			49,089			23,040			(121,215	)		(18,712	)
Cash flow hedging derivatives, net of nil tax	(7)		(1,070	)		(273	)		(749	)		(116	)
Total comprehensive loss			(2,006,879	)		(1,378,568	)		(6,020,800	)		(929,451	)
Less: Comprehensive loss attributable to the non-controlling interest			(114,959	)		(100,980	)		(288,189	)		(44,488	)
Comprehensive loss attributable to Yingli Green Energy			(1,891,920	)		(1,277,588	)		(5,732,611	)		(884,963	)

Net loss per share:
Basic and diluted			(12.41	)		(7.49	)		(30.81	)		(4.76	)

Weighted average number of shares outstanding	(22)		156,619,791			173,613,085			181,763,770			181,763,770

Net loss per ADS
Basic and diluted			(124.15	)		(74.87	)		(308.12	)		(47.57	)

Weighted average number of ADS outstanding	(22)		15,661,979			17,361,309			18,176,377			18,176,377

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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YINGLI GREEN ENERGY HOLDING COMPANY LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity/(Deficit)

For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015

(Amounts in thousands, except share data)

	Ordinary share				Additional		Treasury Stock					Accumulated other						Total Yingli Green Energy			Non-			Total
	Numbers of Shares issued		Amount		paid-in capital		Number of shares		Treasury Stock			comprehensive income			Accumulated deficits			shareholders’ equity/(deficit)			controlling interests			shareholders’ equity/(deficit)
			RMB		RMB				RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB

Balance as of January 1, 2013		162,311,728		12,241		6,654,082		5,726,708		(127,331	)		237,384			(4,406,510	)		2,369,866			1,846,905			4,216,771
Net loss		—		—		—				—			—			(1,944,425	)		(1,944,425	)		(110,473	)		(2,054,898	)
Foreign currency exchange translation adjustment, net of nil tax													53,575						53,575			(4,486	)		49,089
Cash flow hedging derivatives, net of nil tax													(1,070	)					(1,070	)					(1,070	)
Issuance of ordinary shares upon exercise of stock options		178,750		11		3,994													4,005						4,005
Share-based compensation						14,203													14,203			1,682			15,885
Transactions with non-controlling interest holders						11,866													11,866			(105,695	)		(93,829	)
Profit distribution by a subsidiary																						(8,888	)		(8,888	)
Balance as of December 31, 2013		162,490,478		12,252		6,684,145		5,726,708		(127,331	)		289,889			(6,350,935	)		508,020			1,619,045			2,127,065

Balance as of January 1, 2014		162,490,478		12,252		6,684,145		5,726,708		(127,331	)		289,889			(6,350,935	)		508,020			1,619,045			2,127,065
Net loss																(1,299,809	)		(1,299,809	)		(101,526	)		(1,401,335	)
Foreign currency exchange translation adjustment, net of nil tax		—		—		—				—			22,494			—			22,494			546			23,040
Cash flow hedging derivatives, net of nil tax		—		—		—				—			(273	)		—			(273	)		—			(273	)
Issuance of ordinary shares		25,000,000		1,539		515,733				—			—			—			517,272			—			517,272
Share-based compensation		—		—		34,932				—			—			—			34,932			—			34,932
Capital injection from non-controlling interests holders		—		—		—				—			—			—			—			980			980
Balance as of December 31, 2014		187,490,478		13,791		7,234,810		5,726,708		(127,331	)		312,110			(7,650,744	)		(217,364	)		1,519,045			1,301,681

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YINGLI GREEN ENERGY HOLDING COMPANY LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity/(Deficit) — (Continued)

For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015

(Amounts in thousands, except share data)

	Ordinary share				Additional		Treasury Stock					Accumulated other						Total Yingli Green Energy			Non-			Total
	Numbers of shares issued		Amount		paid-in capital		Number of shares		Treasury Stock			comprehensive income			Accumulated deficits			shareholders’ equity/(deficit)			controlling interests			shareholders’ equity/(deficit)
			RMB		RMB				RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB

Balance as of January 1, 2015		187,490,478		13,791		7,234,810		5,726,708		(127,331	)		312,110			(7,650,744	)		(217,364	)		1,519,045			1,301,681
Net loss																(5,600,526	)		(5,600,526	)		(298,310	)		(5,898,836	)
Foreign currency exchange translation adjustment, net of nil tax		—		—		—				—			(131,336	)		—			(131,336	)		10,121			(121,215	)
Cash flow hedging derivatives, net of nil tax		—		—		—				—			(749	)		—			(749	)		—			(749	)
Share-based compensation		—		—		11,950				—			—			—			11,950			—			11,950
Capital injection from non-controlling interests holders		—		—		—				—			—			—			—			18			18
Non-cash purchase of non-controlling interest		—		—		—				—			—			(1,659	)		(1,659	)		(3,341	)		(5,000	)
Balance as of December 31, 2015		187,490,478		13,791		7,246,760		5,726,708		(127,331	)		180,025			(13,252,929	)		(5,939,684	)		1,227,533			(4,712,151	)
Balance as of December 31, 2015 — US$				2,129		1,118,707				(19,656	)		27,791			(2,045,900	)		(916,929	)		189,498			(727,431	)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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YINGLI GREEN ENERGY HOLDING COMPANY LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Amounts in thousands)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

	Note	Year Ended December 31,
		2013			2014			2015
		RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net loss			(2,054,898	)		(1,401,335	)		(5,898,836	)		(910,623	)

Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization			1,298,379			1,410,125			1,185,257			182,972
Loss/(Gain) on disposal of property, plant and equipment			21,567			16,604			(33,396	)		(5,155	)
Disposal gain from long-live assets and land use right in relation to a subsidiary	(6)		—			—			(1,167,317	)		(180,203	)
Gain on disposal of subsidiaries			—			(23,943	)		(33,191	)		(5,124	)
Provision for doubtful accounts receivable			3,065			169,371			404,345			62,420
Loss on sale of accounts receivable			11,840			8,885			—			—
Write-down of inventories to net realizable value			4,958			4,208			31,930			4,929
Equity in loss/(income) of affiliates, net			(1,197	)		(2,245	)		829			128
Amortization of debt issuance cost			31,484			21,051			4,153			641
Share-based compensation			15,885			34,932			11,950			1,845
Amortization of earned assets related government grants received in a prior period			(53,419	)		(49,557	)		(56,935	)		(8,789	)
Deferred income tax (benefit)/expense			(36,631	)		(976	)		695,905			107,429
Foreign currency exchange(gains)/ losses, net			(19,191	)		220,620			39,124			6,040
Unrealized gain of financial instruments			(12,302	)		—			—			—
Impairment of long-lives assets			—			—			3,804,116			587,254
Provision for prepayment in relation to inventory purchase commitments			87,134			—			522,050			80,591
Provision for reserve for inventory purchase commitments			393,048			—			77,705			11,996
Changes in operating assets and liabilities, net of the effect of acquisition and disposal:
Restricted cash related to purchase of inventory and other operating activities			(928,959	)		327,981			755,657			116,653
Accounts receivable			(777,831	)		(23,516	)		1,458,507			225,155
Inventories			343,583			61,612			(276,235	)		(42,643	)
Prepayments to suppliers			(94,444	)		(122,657	)		92,641			14,301
Value-added tax recoverable			(7,085	)		(16,731	)		90,927			14,037
Amounts due from and prepayments to related parties			(111,863	)		71,782			(672,916	)		(103,880	)
Prepaid expenses and other assets			(26,166	)		(60,896	)		(8,558	)		(1,321	)
Accounts payable			2,001,383			(401,766	)		(1,232,604	)		(190,281	)
Advances from customers			(114,875	)		334,333			(209,475	)		(32,337	)
Amounts due to related parties			104,279			(315,567	)		855,807			132,112
Other current liabilities and accrued expenses			178,168			(116,537	)		484,026			74,721
Other liabilities			96,639			288,175			59,201			9,139
Net cash provided by operating activities			352,551			433,953			984,667			152,007

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YINGLI GREEN ENERGY HOLDING COMPANY LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — (Continued)

(Amounts in thousands)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

	Note	Year Ended December 31,
		2013			2014			2015
		RMB			RMB			RMB			US$

Cash flows from investing activities
Government grants for property, plant and equipment			350,028			80,849			74,581			11,513
Purchase of property, plant and equipment			(1,191,016	)		(272,827	)		(231,211	)		(35,694	)
Purchase of project assets			—			(31,714	)		(106,478	)		(16,437	)
Restricted cash related to purchase of property, plant and equipment			—			26,797			9,735			1,504
Proceeds from sale of equipment under sale-leaseback agreement			100,000			83,266			—			—
Payments for land and land use rights			(18,643	)		—			(4,623	)		(714	)
Equity investments			(53,552	)		(209,792	)		(22,018	)		(3,399	)
Proceeds from disposal of long-term investment and investment in affiliates			2,514			1,941			47,054			7,264
Loans made to related parties			(25,000	)		(30,000	)		(51,800	)		(7,997	)
Proceeds from repayment of loans made to related parties			165,000			—			18,000			2,779
Proceeds from disposal of subsidiaries			—			—			20,349			3,141
Proceeds from disposal of plant, property and equipment			84			35,635			289,094			44,628
Proceeds from disposal of long-live assets and land use right in relation to a subsidiary	(6)		—			—			1,370,775			211,611
Net cash provided by /(used in) investing activities			(670,585	)		(315,845	)		1,413,458			218,199

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YINGLI GREEN ENERGY HOLDING COMPANY LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — (Continued)

(Amounts in thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$

Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from short-term borrowings		6,275,359			8,874,985			7,186,077			1,109,339
Proceeds from long-term debt		1,674,523			—			253,962			39,205
Repayment of short-term borrowings		(7,085,496	)		(9,219,533	)		(8,506,227	)		(1,313,135	)
Repayment of long-term debt		(1,506,168	)		(280,353	)		(67,952	)		(10,490	)
Repayment of medium-term notes		—			—			(1,849,654	)		(285,537	)
Proceeds from failed sale-leaseback agreement		—			—			249,987			38,591
Repayment of capital and financing lease obligation		(57,175	)		(81,185	)		(59,952	)		(9,255	)
Receipt of deposit for capital and financing lease		—			—			60,003			9,263
Payment of deposit for lease		(17,510	)		—			(1,000	)		(154	)
Proceeds from exercise of options		4,005			—			—			—
Restricted cash related to guarantee of bank borrowings		(14,271	)		5,148			220,086			33,975
Proceeds from disposal of a subsidiary with land use rights		—			—			265,000			40,909
Issuance of ordinary shares		—			517,272			—			—
Contribution from non-controlling interest holders		112,100			980			18			3
Dividend paid to non-controlling interest holders		(8,888	)		—			—			—
Purchase of non-controlling interest of a subsidiary		(5,929	)		—			—			—
Net cash used in financing activities		(629,450	)		(182,686	)		(2,249,652	)		(347,286	)
Effect of foreign currency exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents		(31,903	)		28,154			23,222			3,585
Net (decrease)/increase in cash and cash equivalents		(979,387	)		(36,424	)		171,695			26,505
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		2,084,865			1,105,478			1,069,054			165,034
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year		1,105,478			1,069,054			1,240,749			191,539

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YINGLI GREEN ENERGY HOLDING COMPANY LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — (Continued)

(Amounts in thousands)

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015
	RMB		RMB		RMB			US$

Interest paid, net of capitalized interest		1,084,766		1,031,902		1,008,220			155,642
Income tax paid		58,496		60,275		8,428			1,301
Non-cash investing and financing transactions:
Payables for purchase of property, plant and equipment		458,370		222,989		215,041			33,197
Payables for purchase of land use right		60		—		—			—
Payable for capital lease		224,252		3,802		—			—
Purchases of project assets included in other payables and amounts due to related parties		15,797		110,054		212,361			32,783
Receivables from disposal of subsidiaries		—		188,606		470,000			72,555
Receivable from disposal of land use rights		—		—		246,276			38,018
Decrease of payables to related parties due to disposal of VIE entities		—		—		(554,452	)		(85,593	)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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YINGLI GREEN ENERGY HOLDING COMPANY LIMITED AND SUBSIDIARIES

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

(1)

Organization and Description of Business

Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited (“Yingli Green Energy”) is incorporated in the Cayman Islands and was established on August 7, 2006. Yingli Green Energy and its subsidiaries (collectively, the “Company”) are principally engaged in the design, development, marketing, manufacture, installation and sale of photovoltaic (“PV”) products in the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) and overseas markets.

(2)

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and Significant Concentrations and Risks

(a)

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared and presented in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”).

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business are dependent on, among other things, the Company’s ability to operate profitably and to generate cash flows from operations, and the ability to pursue financing arrangements, including the renewal or rollover of its bank borrowings, to support its working capital requirements and its obligations and commitments on loans and borrowings when they become due.

For the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company incurred a net loss of RMB 5,898,836 (US$ 910,623). As of December 31, 2015, the Company had a total deficit attributable to the Company of RMB 5,939,684 (US$ 916,929) and a deficit in working capital of RMB 7,257,335 (US$ 1,120,339). As of December 31, 2015, the Company had cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash of RMB 1,587,675 (US$ 245,095) , short-term borrowings, including current portion of medium-term notes and long-term debt of RMB 9,124,183 (US$ 1,408,531), long-term debts of RMB 2,405,898(US$371,407) and medium-term notes of RMB 300,000(US$46,312). Baoding Tianwei Yingli New Energy Resources Co., Ltd. (“Tianwei Yingli”), one of the Company’s major manufacturing subsidiaries, failed to fully repay medium-term note due on October 13, 2015, the principal and interest payments in the aggregate amount of the medium-term note was RMB 1.1 billion (US$163.2million) while only RMB 700,000 (US$108,061) was repaid. Tianwei Yingli also failed to repay another RMB denominated unsecured five-year medium-term notes with principal and accrued interest in the aggregate amount of RMB 1.45 billion (US$224.5million) that became due on May 12, 2016. The liquidity of the Company is primarily dependent on its ability to maintain adequate cash flows from operations, to renew or rollover its short-term borrowings and to obtain adequate external financings to support its working capital and meet its obligations and commitments when they become due.

The Company has carried out a review of its cash flow forecast for the twelve months ending December 31, 2016. In preparing the cash flow forecast, the Company’s management has considered historical cash requirements of the Company, the Company’s expected debt repayment obligations in 2016, the Company’s plan to further reduce operating costs and expenses, as well as the alternative financing plans discussed in detail below. The Company’s management also made the assumption that there will be no significant decrease of the Company’s shipments of modules and gross profit margin.

Alternative Financing Plans

The Company is currently exploring a variety of alternative financing plans to improve the Company’s liquidity and financial position.

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Debt Restructuring and Introducing Strategic Investors

As of December 31, 2015, the Company had medium-term notes of RMB 2,057,000 outstanding(please refer to note (10)). Of the total RMB 2,057,000, medium-term notes of RMB 357,000 were due on October 13, 2015 (the “2010 MTNs”); medium-term notes of RMB1,400,000 were due on May 12, 2016 (the “2011 MTNs”); and medium-term notes of RMB 300,000 will become due on May 3, 2017 (the “Yingli China Registered Issue”). The Company has had meetings with the notes holders several times and is in negotiation with the note holders for the repayment schedule of the medium-term notes. The Company proposed to the notes holders not to require the Company repaying medium notes before the Company has the ability to repay the outstanding medium-term notes. The Company has had negotiations with the notes holders and different funding resources for the ways of repayment of the medium-term notes, such as 1) introduction of strategic investors to invest in the Company or the Company's subsidiaries, 2) introduction of new creditors to grant new borrowings to the Company, and 3) sales of certain long-lived assets including land use rights to get additional funds. The plan for the sales of long-lived assets, if executed, will take more than one year to complete. As of date of this annual report, these negotiations are still in progress.

The Company is also in negotiation proactively with certain investors for potential strategic investments in the Company or its major subsidiaries. Such debt restructuring and strategic investments, if successfully completed, will further increase the liquidity of the Company and improve its debt-to-equity ratio.

Renewal or Rollover of Borrowings and other Financing Arrangements

The Company has maintained good credit records and relationships with its lending banks and other financial institutions in China. In addition, the Company has obtained financing through other arrangements, such as sale and lease back of certain machinery and equipment and sale and repurchase of certain equity interest in its subsidiary. The Company has failed to fulfill its payment obligations under some of these arrangements in the past. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had RMB 175 million of payment obligation overdue under its agreement with a leasing company for sale and lease back of certain machinery and equipment and RMB 100 million of payment obligation overdue under its agreement with a third party for sale and repurchase of 5.50% equity interest of Hainan Yingli. As of December 31, 2015, the Company recorded the RMB 175 million and RMB 100 million of payment obligation overdue as borrowings and payables, respectively. The Company is still in negotiation with these third parties about the extension of our payment schedules under the relevant agreements.

There can be no assurance, however, that such expected financing plans will be successfully completed or completed on terms acceptable to the Company. The Company’s financing plans for its continuing operations, even if successful, may not result in sufficient cash flow to finance and maintain its business. Facts and circumstances including recurring losses, negative working capital, net cash outflows, and uncertainties on the repayment of the debts raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

(b)

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Yingli Green Energy and its subsidiaries. For consolidated subsidiaries where the Company’s ownership in the subsidiary is less than 100%, the equity interest not held by the Company is presented as non-controlling interests. All significant inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation.

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The Company applies the guidance codified in Accounting Standard Codification 810, Consolidations (“ASC 810”) on accounting for VIEs and their respective subsidiaries, which requires certain variable interest entities to be consolidated by the primary beneficiary of the entity in which it has a controlling financial interest. A VIE is an entity with one or more of the following characteristics: (a) the total equity investment at risk is not sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional financial support; (b) as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk lack the ability to make certain decisions, the obligation to absorb expected losses or the right to receive expected residual returns, or (c) an equity investor has voting rights that are disproportionate to its economic interest and substantially all of the entity’s activities are on behalf of the investor. Accordingly, the financial statements of the VIEs and VIEs’ subsidiaries are consolidated into the Company’s financial statements.

In 2014, the Company signed several contracts with Yingli PV Investment Group Co., Ltd. (“Yingli PV Group”) to construct all project assets on behalf of the Company. Each project asset is owned by a special purpose entity which is owned 100% by Yingli PV Group. According to the aforementioned contracts, 1) The Company could claim the ownership of these PV projects at any time during the PV project construction progress by demanding Yingli PV Group to transfer its 100% equity interests in these project asset companies to the Company; 2) if PV stations are sold to a third party as authorized by the Company, the Company would enjoy all income generated from the sales of the PV station; or 3) if the Company does not claim the ownership, the Company would enjoy all income generated from the operation of the PV station in the future. Given the terms of these contracts, these entities are VIEs and Yingli PV Group is acting as an agent of the Company. The Company is the primary beneficiary of these VIEs as it has both the ability to make the significant decisions of the VIEs and also, the right to the economic interests of the VIEs. Total numbers of project assets entities being consolidated under the contract aforementioned were 23 as of December 31, 2014.

In September 2015, the Company entered into an agreement with Yingli PV Group to terminate the above-mentioned construction contracts and the Company was no longer entitled to any rights or undertook any obligations under the aforementioned contracts. As a result, the Company disposed all the project assets under the VIE structure to Yingli PV Group. Total consideration for disposal of all entities under the VIE structure was RMB554,452 (US$85,593), which was based on the fair value of these VIEs. The disposal loss of RMB 6,852 (US$ 1,058), the difference between the consideration and the net book value of the VIEs of RMB 561,304 (US$ 86,650), (comprised of total assets of RMB 1,886,045 net of related liabilities of RMB 1,324,741 ), was recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss upon the disposal of project assets in 2015.

In 2015, the Company also entered into three separate agreements with three entities unrelated to the Company to transfer the Company’s 100% equity interest in three subsidiaries with project assets. The disposal gain of RMB 28,430 (US$ 4,389), the difference between the total consideration of RMB30,002 (US$ 4,631) and the total net book value of these three subsidiaries of RMB 1,572 (US$ 243), comprised of total assets of RMB 180,752 net of related liabilities of RMB 179,180, was recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss upon the disposal of project assets in 2015.

(c)

Significant Concentrations and Risks

Revenue concentrations

The Company’s business depends substantially on government incentives given to its customers. In many countries in which the Company sells its products, the market of the Company’s products would not be commercially viable on a sustainable basis without government incentives. This is largely in part caused by the cost of generating electricity from solar power currently exceeding and that is expected to continue to exceed the costs of generating electricity from conventional energy sources. The Company generated approximately 90%, 88% and 93% of its total net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively, from sales to customers in countries with known government incentive programs for the use of solar products. A significant reduction in the scope or discontinuation of government incentive programs would have a materially adverse effect on the demand of the Company’s products.

A significant portion of the Company’s net revenues are from customers located in the PRC, Japan, the United States of America (“USA”), Turkey, France, Germany and England. Revenues from customers located in the PRC, Japan, the USA, Turkey, France, Germany and England are as follows:

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	Year ended
	December 31, 2013		% of net revenue			December 31, 2014		% of net revenue			December 31, 2015				% of net revenue
	RMB					RMB					RMB		US$

PRC		4,546,482		34	%		4,550,915		35	%		4,078,476		629,608		41	%
Japan		972,604		7	%		2,487,949		19	%		2,723,800		420,482		27	%
USA		2,906,262		22	%		2,301,496		18	%		1,248,536		192,741		12	%
Turkey		22,118		0	%		118,305		1	%		550,799		85,029		5	%
France		156,557		1	%		191,071		1	%		363,635		56,136		4	%
Germany		2,439,058		18	%		671,534		5	%		170,518		26,323		2	%
England		403,014		3	%		998,203		8	%		80,255		12,389		1	%
Total		11,446,095		85	%		11,319,473		87	%		9,216,019		1,422,708		92	%

The Company derived significant revenue from sales outside of the PRC. As a result, the Company’s financial performance could be affected by events such as changes in foreign currency exchange rates, trade protection measures and changes in regional or worldwide economic or political conditions.

Management currently expects that the Company’s operating results will, for the foreseeable future, continue to depend on the sale of PV modules to a relatively small number of customers. The Company’s relationships with such key customers have been developed over a short period of time and are generally in their preliminary stages. Any factors adversely affecting the business operations of these customers could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business and results of operations.

In 2013, 2014 and 2015, sales to the top five customers accounted for approximately 15.2%, 13.9% and 19.4%, respectively, of the Company’s net revenues. There is no individual customer accounting for 10% or more of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015.

As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, the top five outstanding accounts receivable balances (net of provisions) accounted for approximately 27.2% and 27.6%, respectively, of the Company’s total outstanding accounts receivable. No individual customer has accounts receivables balances that accounted for more than 10% of the total balance as of December 31, 2014. One individual customer has accounts receivables balances that accounted for more than 10% of the total balance as of December 31, 2015.

Dependence on suppliers

Polysilicon is the most important raw material used in the production of the Company’s PV products. To maintain competitive manufacturing operations, the Company depends on timely delivery by its suppliers of polysilicon in sufficient quantities. The Company’s failure to obtain sufficient quantities of polysilicon in a timely manner could disrupt its operations, prevent it from operating at full capacity or limit its ability to expand as planned, which will reduce the growth of its manufacturing output and revenue.

In order to secure a stable supply of polysilicon and other raw materials, the Company makes prepayments to certain suppliers. Such amounts are recorded as prepayments to suppliers, prepayments to related party suppliers (included in “Amounts due from and prepayments to related parties”), and “Long-term prepayments to suppliers” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and amounted to RMB 1,681,562 and RMB1,212,614 (US$ 187,195) as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The Company makes the prepayments without receiving collateral for such payments. As a result, the Company’s claims for such prepayments would rank only as an unsecured claim, which exposes the Company to the credit risks of the suppliers. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, advances, net of any allowance, made to an individual supplier in excess of 10% of total prepayments to the suppliers are as follows:

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	December 31,
		2014		2015
	Location	RMB		RMB		US$

Supplier A	Singapore		212,612		224,029		34,584
Supplier B	South Korea		158,613		158,613		24,486
Supplier C	Germany		784,866		277,392		42,822
Total			1,156,091		660,034		101,892

The Company obtains some equipment to be used in its manufacturing process from a small number of selected equipment suppliers. In addition, some equipment has been customized based on the Company’s specifications, is not readily available from multiple vendors and would be difficult to repair or replace. If any of these suppliers were to experience financial difficulties or go out of business, the Company may have difficulties in repairing or replacing its equipment in the event of any damage to the manufacturing equipment or a breakdown of the production process. The Company’s ability to deliver products timely would suffer, which in turn could result in order cancellations and loss of revenue. A supplier’s failure to deliver the equipment in a timely manner with adequate quality and on terms acceptable to the Company could delay its capacity expansion of manufacturing facilities and otherwise disrupt its production schedule or increase its costs of production. The Company made deposits of RMB 327,275 and RMB 81,828 (US$ 12,632) as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively, for the purchase of equipment without receiving collateral for such payments. As a result, the Company’s claims for such payments would rank only as an unsecured claim, which exposes the Company to the credit risks of the equipment suppliers.

Concentrations of cash balances held at financial institutions

Cash balances include:

	December 31, 2014		December 31, 2015
	RMB equivalents		RMB equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents held by PRC entities

Denominated in RMB		667,813		296,853
Denominated in U.S. dollar (US$)		11,896		480,052
Denominated in European monetary unit (EURO)		91,808		5,350
Denominated in Japanese Yen (JPY)		59		—
Denominated in Great Britain Pound (GBP)		2,220		5
Denominated in other currencies:

Cash and cash equivalents held by non-PRC entities
Denominated in RMB		22		—
Denominated in US$		91,635		200,671
Denominated in EURO		45,558		76,295
Denominated in JPY		141,773		156,147
Denominated in GBP		129		8,151
Denominated in other currencies:		16,141		17,225
Total cash and cash equivalents		1,069,054		1,240,749

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	December 31, 2014		December 31, 2015
	RMB equivalents		RMB equivalents
Restricted cash held by PRC entities
Denominated in RMB		1,298,234		218,669
Denominated in US$		22,902		21,768
Denominated in EURO		9,509		8,872
Denominated in other currencies:
Restricted cash held by non-PRC entities
Denominated in US$		—		96,054
Denominated in EURO		1,625		1,455
Denominated in other currencies:		134		108
Total restricted cash		1,332,404		346,926

The bank deposits with financial institutions in the PRC are uninsured by any government authority. To limit exposure to credit risk relating to bank deposits, the Company primarily places bank deposits with large financial institutions in the PRC with acceptable credit rating. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, the Company had cash balances at two and one PRC individual financial institutions, respectively, that held cash balances in excess of 10% of the Company’s total cash balances. These bank deposits collectively accounted for approximately 37.2% and 34.4% of the Company’s total cash balances as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Management believes that these financial institutions are of high credit quality.

(d)

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management of the Company to make a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as well as with respect to the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant items subject to such estimates and assumptions include the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business acquisitions, the useful lives of property, plant and equipment and intangibles with definite lives, recoverability of the carrying values of property, plant and equipment, and intangible assets, the fair value of share-based payments, the collectability of accounts receivable, the realizability of inventories, prepayments and deferred income tax assets, the fair values of financial and equity instruments, the accruals for warranty obligations and loss contingency, and provision for inventory purchase commitments. The current economic environment has increased the degree of uncertainty inherent in those estimates and assumptions.

(e)

Foreign Currency

The Company’s reporting currency is the Renminbi (“RMB”). Assets and liabilities of foreign companies whose functional currency is not RMB are translated into RMB using the exchange rate on the balance sheet date. Revenues and expenses are translated at average rates prevailing during the year. Gains and losses resulting from the translation of financial statements of foreign companies are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income within shareholders’ equity.

Transactions denominated in currencies other than the functional currency are translated into the functional currency at the exchange rates prevailing at the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the functional currency using the applicable exchange rates at the balance sheet date. The resulting exchange differences are recorded in “foreign currency exchange gains (losses)” in the Consolidated Statements of comprehensive Loss. Transaction gains and losses resulting from intercompany foreign currency transactions that are of a long-term investment nature are treated in the same manner as translation adjustments and therefore excluded from the determination of net loss.

RMB is not freely convertible into foreign currencies. All foreign exchange transactions involving RMB must take place either through the People’s Bank of China (“PBOC”) or other institutions authorized to buy and sell foreign exchange. The exchange rate adopted for the foreign exchange transactions are the rates of exchange quoted by the PBOC.

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For the convenience of readers, certain 2015 RMB amounts have been translated into U.S. dollar amounts at the rate of RMB 6.4778 to US$1.00, the noon buying rate in the City of New York for cable transfers of RMB per U.S. dollar as set forth in the H.10 weekly statistical release of the Federal Reserve Board, as of December 31, 2015. No representation is made that RMB amounts could have been, or could be, converted into U.S. dollars at that rate or at any other certain rate on December 31, 2015, or at any other date.

(f)

Cash, Cash equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash on hand, cash in bank accounts, and interest bearing savings accounts with an initial term of three months or less.

Restricted cash of RMB 1,332,404 and RMB 346,926 (US$ 53,556) as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively, represents bank deposits for securing letters of credit and letters of guarantee granted to the Company, primarily for the purchase of inventory and equipment and the guarantee of the offshore bank borrowings. Such letters of credit and letters of guarantee expire within one year. The cash flows from bank deposits as the guarantee of the offshore bank borrowings are reported within cash flows for financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The cash flows from the bank deposits relating to purchases of inventory and equipment are reported within cash flows from operating activities and investing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows, respectively.

(g)

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based on a review of specifically identified accounts and aging data. Judgments are made with respect to the collectability of accounts receivable balances based on historical collection experience, customer specific facts and current economic conditions. Account balances are charged off against the allowance after all means of collection have been exhausted and the potential for recovery is considered remote.

Sale of Accounts Receivable

In 2013 and 2014, the Company entered into agreements to sell without recourse certain accounts receivable to several PRC banks. The buyers were responsible for servicing the receivables. The accounts receivables were determined to be legally isolated from the Company and its creditors, even in the event of bankruptcy or other receivership and the Company had surrendered control over the transferred receivables. As a result, the accounts receivables were considered sold and were therefore derecognized. The Company received proceeds from the sale of accounts receivable of RMB 677,795 and RMB 188,117 for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014, respectively, and had included the proceeds in net cash provided by operating activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows. The Company recorded a loss on the sale of accounts receivable of RMB 11,840 and RMB 8,885 for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014, respectively, which was included in “General and administrative expense”. There was no such transaction occurred in 2015.

(h)

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. Cost is determined by using the weighted-average cost method. Cost of work-in-progress and finished goods are comprised of direct materials, direct labour, and an allocation of related manufacturing overhead based on normal operating capacity.

Adjustments are recorded to write down the carrying amount of any obsolete and excess inventory to its estimated net realizable value. Certain factors could impact the realizable value of inventory, so the Company continually evaluates the recoverability based on assumptions about customer demand and market conditions. The evaluation may take into consideration historical usage, expected demand, anticipated sales price, new product development schedules, the effect new products might have on the sale of existing products, product obsolescence, customer concentrations, and other factors. The write-down is equal to the difference between the cost of inventory and the estimated market value based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected by management, additional inventory write-downs may be required that could negatively impact the Group’s gross margin and operating results. If actual market conditions are more favorable, the Company may have higher gross margin when products that have been previously written down are eventually sold.

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(i)

Prepayments to Suppliers

Advance payments for the future delivery of raw materials are made based on written purchase orders detailing product, quantity, pricing and are classified as “prepayments to suppliers” in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company’s supply contracts grant the Company the right to inspect products prior to acceptance. The amount in the balance of the “prepayments to suppliers” is and reclassified to “inventories” when inventory is received and passes quality inspection. Such reclassifications of RMB 245,906, RMB 340,007 and RMB 318,132 (US$ 49,111) for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively, are not reflected as cash outflows from operating activities. In addition, the Company agreed with one of its polysilicon suppliers, pursuant to which the Company offset the balance of prepayment to the supplier against the balance of accounts payable in the amount of US$ 23,338 (RMB 144,803) during 2013. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, total prepayments, net of any allowance, made to suppliers was RMB 721,651 and RMB 555,520 (US$ 85,758), respectively, representing the portion expected to be utilized after twelve months have been classified as “long-term prepayments to suppliers” in the consolidated balance sheets and relate to prepayments to suppliers for long-term supply agreements with deliveries scheduled to commence beyond the next twelve months at each respective balance sheet date.

For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, provisions of RMB 87,134, nil and RMB 522,050 (US$ 80,591) were recognized against the prepayments to suppliers, respectively. See note (18) to the consolidated financial statements.

(j)

Long-lived Assets

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is provided over the estimated useful lives of the asset, taking into consideration any estimated residual value, using the straight-line method. When items are retired or otherwise disposed of, income is charged or credited for the difference between net book value and proceeds received thereon. Ordinary maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, and replacements and betterments are capitalized. The estimated useful lives of property, plant and equipment are as follows:

Buildings		30 years
Machinery and equipment		4 -25 years
Furniture and fixtures		3 -5 years
Motor vehicles		8 -10 years

Depreciation of property, plant and equipment attributable to manufacturing activities is capitalized as part of the cost of inventory production, and expensed to cost of revenues when the inventory is sold.

Cost incurred in the construction of new facilities, including progress payments and deposits, interest and other costs relating to the construction, are capitalized and transferred out of construction in progress and into their respective asset categories when the assets are ready for their intended use, at which time depreciation commences.

Leases

Leases where substantially all the rewards and risks of ownership of assets remain with the leasing company are accounted for as operating leases. Other leases are accounted for as capital leases. Payments made under operating leases, net of any incentives received by the Company from the leasing company, are charged to the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss on a straight-line basis over the lease periods.

Leases that qualify as capital leases are recorded at the lower of the fair value of the asset or the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term generally using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate. Assets leased under capital leases are included in property, plant and equipment and generally are depreciated over the lease term. Lease payments under capital leases are recognized as a reduction of the capital lease obligation and interest expense.

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For a sale-leaseback transaction, an analysis is performed to determine if the Company can record a sale and remove the assets from the balance sheet and recognize the lease; and if so, to determine whether to record the lease as either an operating or capital lease. If the Company has continued involvement beyond a normal lease, the lease is accounted for as a capital lease transaction and the assets and related financing obligation are recognized on the balance sheet. The Company’s assets under the capital lease transaction were derecognized upon sale at the net book value and rebooked at the financed amount; and the differences between the net book value derecognized and the rebooked financed amount of the assets were deferred and amortized over the lease term. Accordingly, the asset is depreciated over its estimated useful life in accordance with the Company’s policy.

When the assets transaction does not qualify as a sale-leaseback transaction, it will be treated as a financing transaction.

If the sale-leaseback transactions involve asset other than real estate, those are evaluated to determine whether they are considered integral with real estate, in which case the sale-leaseback rules related to real estate are applied.

Refer to note (16) to the consolidated financial statement.

Project assets

Project assets consist primarily of costs relating to solar power projects in various stages of development that are capitalized prior to the sale of the solar power project. These costs include modules, installation and other development costs.

If a project is completed and begins commercial operation prior to entering into a sales agreement, which is at the point when the solar power plant is connected to grids and begins to generate electricity, costs capitalized in the construction of solar power plants under development will be transferred to solar power plants upon completion and when they are ready for its intended use. Any income generated by such project is accounted for as revenue. Depreciation is provided over the estimated useful lives of the projects assets (20-25 years), taking into consideration any estimated residual value, using the straight-line method, and expensed to cost of revenues.

As of December 31, 2015, project assets with carrying value of RMB235,229(US$36,313) were under construction, and project assets with carrying value of RMB485,057(US$74,880) had completed construction and started power generation.

For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, revenue related to the projects assets from power generation were nil, RMB 2,015 and RMB 30,836(US$ 4,760), respectively; deprecation of the project assets, which was recorded as “Cost of revenue”, was nil, and RMB 2,365, and RMB 37,855 (US$ 5,844), respectively.

Other Intangible Assets

Trademarks that have an indefinite useful life are not amortized, but instead are tested for impairment at least annually.

Intangible assets, other than trademarks, are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets. The Company’s amortizable intangible assets consist of technical know-how, customer relationships, order backlog and short-term supplier agreements with the following estimated useful lives:

Technical know-how		5.5-6 years
Customer relationships		5.5-6 years
Order backlog		1-1.5 years
Short-term supply agreements		0.5 year

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, such as property, plant, and equipment and intangible assets subject to amortization are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. If circumstances require a long-lived asset or asset group be tested for possible impairment, the Company first compares undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset or asset group to its carrying value. If the carrying value of the long-lived asset or asset group is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, an impairment is recognized to the extent that the carrying value exceeds its fair value. Fair value is determined through various valuation techniques including discounted cash flow models, quoted market values and third party independent appraisals, as considered necessary.

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Intangible assets that are not subject to amortization are tested annually for impairment at December 31, and are tested for impairment more frequently if events and circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired. For intangible assets that are not subject to amortization, an impairment loss is recognized to the extent that the carrying amount exceeds the asset’s fair value.

For the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2014, no impairment loss arose on long-lived assets. For the year ended December 31, 2015, a total impairment loss against property, plant and equipment amounted to RMB 3,804,116 (US$ 587,254) was recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. Please refer to note (5) for details.

Government grant

Government grants are recorded in the balance sheet when they are received and that the Company will comply with the conditions attaching to them.

Government grants, which are obtained by the Company for the purposes of purchase, construction or acquisition of the long-term assets, will be recorded as “Deferred other income” and included in “Deferred other income” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and are depreciated or amortized evenly over the useful lives of the related assets.

For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Company received government grants of RMB 350,028, RMB 80,849 and RMB 74,581 (US$ 11,513), respectively, related to the construction of the solar power plants and the procurement of machineries, which were recognized as deferred other income. The grants amortized and recorded in “Other income” in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive loss amounted to RMB 53,419, RMB 49,557 and RMB 56,935 (US$ 8,789 ) for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.

Government grants other than those related to assets, will be recorded as “Deferred other income” and recognized and recorded in “Other income” in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive loss in the period in which the related expenses are recognized if the grants are intended to compensate for future expenses or losses, and otherwise recognized and recorded in “Other income” in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive loss for the current period if the grants are used to compensate for expenses or losses that have been incurred.

(k)

Land and Land Use Rights

Land represents the cost of land acquired outside the PRC with indefinite useful life.

Land use rights represent the cost of rights to use land in the PRC. Land use rights are carried at cost and charged to expense on a straight-line basis over the respective periods of the rights of 45 - 50 years.

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(l)

Equity Investments

Investments in entities where the Company does not have a controlling financial interest, but has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investees, are accounted for using equity method accounting. Under the equity method accounting, the Company’s share of the investees’ results of operations is included in “Equity in Income/Loss of Affiliates” in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. Equity investments are accounted for under cost method when the Company does not have the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of the investees. Under the cost method of accounting, the Company records an investment in the equity of an investee as cost, and recognizes as income dividends received that are distributed from net accumulated earnings of the investee since the date of acquisition. The Company does not have available-for-sale investment.

In case the Company sells modules to its equity method investee, the profit derived from the transaction is eliminated to the extent of the Company’s shares in that investee, and the income is credited against “Investments in affiliated companies” in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and deferred until the project assets are ultimately sold to external customers.

The Company recognizes a loss when there is a loss in value of an equity investment which is other than a temporary decline. The process of assessing and determining whether an impairment on a particular equity investment is other than temporary requires a significant amount of judgment. To determine whether an impairment is other-than-temporary, management considers whether the Company has the ability and intent to hold the investment until recovery and whether evidence indicating the carrying value of the investment is recoverable outweighs evidence to the contrary. Evidence considered in this assessment includes the reasons for the impairment, the severity and duration of the decline in value, any change in value subsequent to year end, and forecasted performance of the investee.

(m)

Statutory Reserves

In accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the PRC, PRC enterprises are required to transfer 10% of their after tax profit, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standard and regulations to a general reserve fund until the balance of the fund reaches 50% of the registered capital of the enterprise. The transfer to this general reserve fund must be made before distribution of dividends. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, the PRC subsidiaries of the Company had appropriated RMB 499,383 and RMB 500,164 (US$ 77,212), respectively, to the general reserve fund, which is restricted from being distributed to the Company, and if applicable, to the non-controlling interests.

(n)

Derivative Financial Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company recognizes all derivative instruments as either assets or liabilities in the balance sheet at their respective fair values. For derivatives designated in hedging relationships, changes in the fair value are either offset through earnings against the change in fair value of the designated hedged item attributable to the risk being hedged or recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income, to the extent the derivative is effective at offsetting the changes in cash flows being hedged until the hedged item affects earnings.

The Company enters into derivative contracts that it intends to designate as a hedge of a forecasted transaction or the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (cash flow hedge). For all hedging relationships, the Company formally documents the hedging relationship and its risk management objective and strategy for undertaking the hedge, the hedging instrument, the hedged transaction, the nature of the risk being hedged, how the hedging instrument’s effectiveness in offsetting the hedged risk will be assessed prospectively and retrospectively, and a description of the method used to measure ineffectiveness. The Company also formally assesses, both at the inception of the hedging relationship and on an ongoing basis, whether the derivatives that are used in hedging relationships are highly effective in offsetting changes in cash flows of hedged transactions. For derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as part of a cash flow hedging relationship, the effective portion of the gain or loss on the derivative is reported as a component of other comprehensive income and reclassified into earnings in the same period or periods during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Gains and losses on the derivative representing either hedge ineffectiveness or hedge components excluded from the assessment of effectiveness are recognized in current earnings. The maximum term over which the Company is hedging exposures to the variability of cash flows for forecasted transaction is 12 months.

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The Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when it determines that the derivative is no longer effective in offsetting cash flows attributable to the hedged risk, the derivative expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, the cash flow hedge is designated because a forecasted transaction is not probable of occurring, or management determines to remove the designation of the cash flow hedge.

In all situations in which hedge accounting is discontinued and the derivative remains outstanding, the Company continues to carry the derivative at its fair value on the balance sheet and recognizes any subsequent changes in its fair value in in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive loss. When it is probable that a forecasted transaction will not occur, the Company discontinues hedge accounting and recognizes immediately in the Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive loss gains and losses that were accumulated in other comprehensive income related to the hedging relationship.

(o)

Share-based Payment

The Company measures the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award and recognizes the costs over the period the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, which generally is the vesting period. The Company estimates grant date fair value using the Black Scholes-Merton option pricing model. The Company recognizes compensation cost for an award with only service conditions that has a graded vesting schedule on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award, net of estimated forfeitures, provided that the cumulative amount of compensation cost recognized at any date at least equals the portion of the grant date value of such award that is vested at that date. Forfeiture rates are estimated based on historical and future expectations of employee turnover rates. The Company applies the fair value method for equity instrument issued to non-employee under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 505-50, Equity-based Payments to Non-employees (“ASC Topic 505-50”).

(p)

Revenue Recognition

Revenue is recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery of the product has occurred, the fee is fixed or determinable and collectability is reasonably assured. These criteria are determined in relation to the sale of the Company’s products or services as follows:

For all sales, the Company requires a contract or purchase order which specified pricing, quantity and product specifications.

For sales of PV modules from PRC to foreign customers, delivery of the products occurs at the point the product is delivered to the named port of shipment, which is when the risks and rewards of ownership are transferred to the customer. For sales of PV modules to domestic customers in PRC or by foreign subsidiaries, delivery of the product occurs at the point the product is received by the customer, which is when the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred.

Sales of PV systems consist of the delivery, assembly and installation of PV modules, related power electronics and other components. The Company considers the PV system to be delivered, and the risks and rewards of ownership transferred, when installation of all components is complete and customer acceptance is received. Customer acceptance is evidenced by a signed project acceptance document. The assembly and installation of PV systems is short, generally lasting between 1 to 3 months, and requires advance payments from the customer.

The Company recognizes revenue for solar power station constructed for commercial customers according to ASC 605-35, Revenue Recognition—Construction-Type and Production Type Contracts. Revenue is recognized on a percentage-of-completion basis, based on the ratio of total costs incurred to date to total projected costs. Provisions are made for the full amount of any anticipated losses on a contract-by-contract basis. The Company recognized nil loss for these types of contracts for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015. Costs in excess of billings are recorded where costs recognized are in excess of amounts billed to customers of purchased commercial solar power stations. Costs in excess of billings as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 amounted to RMB 20,713 and RMB 24,912 (US$ 3,846), respectively, and are included in accounts receivable in the consolidated balance sheets.

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Starting in 2015, the Company provides PV cell / PV module processing services to customers. Under certain of these processing service arrangements, the Company purchases raw materials from a customer and agrees to sell a specified quantity of PV cells / PV modules produced from such materials back to the same customer. The Company recognizes revenue from these processing transactions on a net basis, that is, the revenue is recorded based on the amount received for PV cells / PV modules sold less the amount paid for the raw materials purchased from the customer.

For sales of raw materials, PV cells and wafers, delivery occurs at the point the product is delivered to the customer, which is when the risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred. Delivery is evidenced by a signed customer acceptance form.

Shipping and handling fees billed to customers are recorded as revenues, and the related shipping or delivery costs of RMB 405,839, RMB 311,356 and RMB 239,519 (US$ 36,975) are recorded as selling expenses for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.

Advance payments received from customers for future sale of inventory are recognized as advances from customers in the consolidated balance sheets. Advances from customers are recognized as revenues when the conditions for revenue recognition described above have been satisfied. Advances from customers have been recognized as a current liability because the amount at each balance sheet date is expected to be recognized as revenue within twelve months.

In 2010 – 2012, a government subsidy project called “Golden Sun” program was proposed by the Ministry of Finance of PRC(“MOF”), to support and encourage PV stations installation. PV station owners could apply for a “Golden Sun” subsidy for the PV station to be constructed and solar companies may bid for the project as target vendors who would be authorized to supply PV modules to qualified PV station. According to detail implementation guidance, the government will give subsidy to each qualified PV station owners and the PV station owners’ obligation was to make sure that qualified PV stations would be successfully connected to national electric grid and pass the acceptance check by authorized supervisor appointed by the government (“government acceptance check”) within the period required by the government.

Instead of paying full subsidy to PV station owners directly, the government should pay partial subsidy to qualified suppliers on behalf of PV station owners as advance before the commencement of construction of PV stations. Yingli China was a successful bidder as the qualified supplier for “Golden Sun” program. For year ended December 31, 2015, as agreed with local government of Hebei Province, due to that certain PV stations didn’t start construction and passed the government acceptance check within the required period, subsidy with RMB 286,277 (US$ 44,194) that was received in 2010 would be clawed back. The Company therefore reclassified the government subsidy from “Advances from customers” to payables.

The sales of the subsidiaries in the PRC are subject to Value added tax (“VAT”) at a general rate at 17%, some of these subsidiaries have also been approved to use the “exempt, credit, refund” method on goods exported providing a tax refund at certain rate. Input VAT on purchases of raw materials and certain fixed assets can be deducted from output VAT. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, VAT recoverable represents the net difference between output and deductible input VAT and tax refund to be collected.

(q)

Research and Development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Its research and development costs consist primarily of compensation and related costs for personnel, material, supplies, equipment depreciation and laboratory testing costs.

(r)

Employee Benefits Plans

Pursuant to the relevant PRC regulations, the Company is required to make contributions for each PRC employee at a rate of 20% on a standard salary base as determined by the local Social Security Bureau, to a defined contribution retirement program organized by the local Social Security Bureau. In addition, the Company is also required to make contributions for each PRC employee at rates of 6%-11%, 1%-2%, 5%-12% and 0.9%-1.7% of standard salary base for medical insurance benefits, unemployment, housing fund and other statutory benefits, respectively. Total amount of contributions for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 was RMB 266,134, RMB 263,104 and RMB 229,452 (US$ 35,421), respectively.

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(s)

Warranty Cost

Before September 30, 2011, the Company’s multicrystalline PV modules are typically sold with a two or five-year limited warranty for defects in materials and workmanship, and a 10-year and 25-year warranty guaranteeing 90% and 80% of initial power generation capacity, respectively. Effective October 1, 2011, the Company implemented a new and improved warranty terms for multicrystalline PV module that guarantees 91.2% and 80.7% of initial power generation capacity for 10 years and 25 years, respectively. Further, in respect of monocrystalline Panda PV module, the Company guarantees 98.0%, 92.0% and 82.0% of initial power generation for the first year, 10 years and 25 years, respectively. In addition, based on customers’ specific requirements, the Company provides the multicrystalline PV modules with linear-based warranty which guarantees each year’s power output during the twenty-five-year warranty period. The Company bears the risk of warranty claims long after the Company has sold its products and recognized revenues. The Company has sold PV modules since January 2003, and none of the Company’s PV modules has been in use for the entire warranty periods. In connection with the Company’s PV system sales in the PRC, the Company provides a one- to five- year warranty against defects in the Company’s modules, storage batteries, controllers and inverters.

The Company performs industry-standard testing to test the quality, durability and safety of the Company’s products. As a result of such tests, management believes the quality, durability and safety of its products are within industry norms. Management’s estimate of the amount of its warranty obligation is based on the results of these tests, consideration given to the warranty accrual practice of other companies in the same industry and the Company’s expected failure rate and future costs to service failed products. The Company’s warranty obligation will be affected by its estimated product failure rates, the costs to repair or replace failed products and potential service and delivery costs incurred in correcting a product failure. Consequently, the Company accrues the equivalent of 1% of gross revenues as a warranty liability to accrue the estimated cost of its warranty obligations. To the extent that actual warranty costs differ significantly from estimates, the Company will revise its warranty provisions accordingly.

Actual warranty costs are charged against the accrued warranty liability. Warranty expense is recorded as selling expense.

Changes in the carrying amount of accrued warranty liability are as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$

Beginning balance		555,357			666,946			748,428			115,537
Warranty provision for the current year		125,900			120,780			84,520			13,048
Warranty costs incurred or claimed		(14,311	)		(39,298	)		(40,809	)		(6,300	)
Total accrued warranty cost		666,946			748,428			792,139			122,285
Less: accrued warranty cost, current portion		40,632			40,903			38,869			6,000
Accrued warranty cost, excluding current portion		626,314			707,525			753,270			116,285

(t)

Firm Purchase Commitment

The Company entered into several long-term fixed price contracts to purchase polysilicon to ensure an adequate supply of polysilicon to operate its plants. These contracts represent firm purchase commitments which are evaluated for potential market value losses. For years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, provision for reserve for inventory purchase commitments recognized was RMB 393,048, nil and RMB 77,705 (US$ 11,996), respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, provision for prepayments in relation to inventory purchase commitments recognized was RMB 87,134, nil and RMB 522,050 (US$ 80,591). See note (18) to the consolidated financial statements.

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(u)

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and any tax loss and tax credit carry forwards. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred income tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates or tax laws is recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss in the period the change in tax rates or tax laws is enacted. A valuation allowance is provided to reduce the amount of deferred income tax assets if it is considered more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized.

The Company recognizes in the consolidated financial statements the impact of an unrecognized tax benefit, if the position is not more likely than not of being sustained upon examination, based on the technical merits of the position. Recognized income tax benefits are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Company’s accounting policy is to accrue interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, if and when required, as interest expense and general and administrative expenses, respectively, in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

(v)

Commitments and Contingencies

Liabilities for loss contingencies arising from claims, assessments, litigation, fines and penalties and other sources are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated.

The Company is exposed to risks associated with liability claims in the event that the use of the PV products the Company sells results in injury. The Company does not maintain any third-party liability insurance coverage other than limited product liability insurance or any insurance coverage for business interruption. As a result, the Company may have to pay for financial and other losses, damages and liabilities, including, those in connection with or resulting from third-party product liability claims and those caused by natural disasters and other events beyond the Company’s control, out of its own funds, which could have a material adverse effect on its financial conditions and results of operations.

(w)

Segment Reporting

The Company uses the management approach in determining reportable operating segments. The management approach considers the internal organization and reporting used by the Company’s chief operating decision maker for making operating decisions, allocating resources and assessing performance as the source for determining the Company’s reportable segments. Management has determined that the Company has only one operating segment.

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(x)

Earnings Per Share

In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 260, Earnings Per Share, basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income attributable to ordinary shareholders by the weighted average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the year.

Diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to ordinary shareholders as adjusted for the effect of dilutive ordinary equivalent shares, if any, by the weighted average number of ordinary and dilutive ordinary equivalent shares outstanding during the year. Ordinary equivalent shares consist of the ordinary shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding share options (using the treasury stock method). Potential dilutive securities are not included in the calculation of dilutive earnings per share if the impact is anti-dilutive.

(y)

Fair Value Measurements

The Company utilizes valuation techniques that maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs to the extent possible. The Company determines fair value based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability in the principal or most advantageous market. When considering market participant assumptions in fair value measurements, the following fair value hierarchy distinguishes between observable and unobservable inputs, which are categorized in one of the following levels:

Level 1 Inputs: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date.

Level 2 Inputs: Other than quoted prices included in Level 1 inputs that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3 Inputs: Unobservable inputs for the asset or liability used to measure fair value to the extent that observable inputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability at measurement date.

The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to measurements involving significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The level in the fair value hierarchy within which a fair value measurement in its entirety falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.

See note (8) to the consolidated financial statements.

(z)

Reclassification of comparative figures

Certain comparative figures have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

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(aa)

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) ("ASU 2014-09"). ASU 2014-09 supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC Topic 605, Revenue Recognition, and most industry-specific guidance. The core principle of the guidance is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The new standard will require the Company to separate performance obligations within a contract, determine total transaction costs, and ultimately allocate the transaction costs across the established performance obligations. In August 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-14, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" (Topic 606): Deferral of the Effective Date, which delays the effective date of ASU 2014-09 by one year. As a result, ASU 2014-09 will become effective for the Company beginning in fiscal 2018 under either full or modified retrospective adoption, with early adoption permitted as of the original effective date of ASU 2014-09. The Company is currently assessing the potential significant effects of these changes on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In February 2015, the FASB issued the ASU 2015-02, "Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis". The objective of issuing the amendments in this Update is to change the analysis that a reporting entity must perform to determine whether it should consolidate certain types of legal entities. The amendments in this Update are an improvement to current US GAAP because they simplify the Codification and reduce the number of consolidation models through the elimination of the indefinite deferral of Statement 167 and because they place more emphasis on risk of loss when determining a controlling financial interest. The amendments in this Update are effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and for interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. If an entity early adopts the amendments in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. A reporting entity may apply the amendments in this Update using a modified retrospective approach by recording a cumulative-effect adjustment to equity as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. A reporting entity also may apply the amendments retrospectively. The Company plans to apply this standard beginning in 2016 and does not expect this guidance to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In April 2015, the FASB issued the ASU No. 2015-03, Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs ("ASU 2015-03"), which changes the presentation of debt issuance costs in financial statements. Under ASU 2015-03, an entity will present such costs in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the related debt liability rather than as an asset. Amortization of the costs will continue to be reported as interest expense. In August 2015, the FASB issued the ASU No. 2015-15—Presentation and Subsequent Measurement of Debt Issuance Costs Associated with Line-of-Credit Arrangements ("ASU 2015-15"), which incorporates the SEC staff's announcement that clarifies the exclusion of line-of-credit arrangements from the scope of ASU 2015-03. The ASU clarifies that debt issuance costs related to line-of-credit arrangements can be deferred and presented as an asset that is subsequently amortized over the time of the line-of-credit arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings on the line-of-credit arrangement. ASU 2015-03 is effective retrospectively for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015. The Company is currently assessing the potential significant effects of these changes on the Company's consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2015, the total balance of deferred debt issuance cost included in “Prepaid expenses and other current assets” was RMB1,595 (US$ 246) .

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In September 2015, the FASB issued the ASU No. 2015-16, Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments, which eliminates the requirement for acquirers in a business combination to account for measurement-period adjustments retrospectively. Instead, acquirers must recognize measurement-period adjustments during the period in which they determine the amounts, including the effect on earnings of any amounts that would have been recorded in previous periods if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. This update is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2015, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently assessing the potential significant effects of these changes on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In November 2015, the FASB issued the ASU No. 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, to simplify the presentation of deferred income taxes. The amendments in this Update require that deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent in a classified statement of financial position. The amendments in this Update apply to all entities that present a classified statement of financial position. The current requirement that deferred tax liabilities and assets of a tax-paying component of an entity be offset and presented as a single amount is not affected by the amendments in this Update. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for financial statements issued for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods, with early adoption permitted. The amendments in this Update may be applied either prospectively to all deferred tax liabilities and assets or retrospectively to all periods presented. If an entity applies the guidance prospectively, the entity should disclose in the first interim and first annual period of change, the nature of and reason for the change in accounting principle and a statement that prior periods were not retrospectively adjusted. If an entity applies the guidance retrospectively, the entity should disclose in the first interim and first annual period of change the nature of and reason for the change in accounting principle and quantitative information about the effects of the accounting change on prior periods. The Company is currently assessing the potential significant effects of these changes on the Company's consolidated financial statements. As of December 31, 2015, total balances of current deferred tax assets and current deferred tax liabilities was nil and RMB4,093 (US$632), respectively.

In January 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. This accounting standard retains the current accounting for classifying and measuring investments in debt securities and loans, but requires equity investments to be measured at fair value with subsequent changes recognized in net income, except for those accounted for under the equity method or requiring consolidation. This guidance also changes the accounting for investments without a readily determinable fair value and that do not qualify for the practical expedient to estimate fair value. A policy election can be made for these investments whereby estimated fair value may be measured at cost and adjusted in subsequent periods for any impairment or changes in observable prices of identical or similar investments. This revised guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently assessing the potential significant effects of these changes on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. This accounting standard requires lessees to recognize assets and liabilities related to lease arrangements longer than 12 months on the balance sheet. This standard also requires additional disclosures by lessees and contains targeted changes to accounting by lessors. The updated guidance is effective for interim and annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, and early adoption is permitted. The recognition, measurement, and presentation of expenses and cash flows arising from a lease by a lessee have not significantly changed from previous GAAP. The Company is currently assessing the potential significant effects of these changes on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

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In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-06, Contingent Put and Call Options in Debt Instruments. The amendments in this Update apply to all entities that are issuers of or investors in debt instruments (or hybrid financial instruments that are determined to have a debt host) with embedded call (put) options. The Amendments in this Update clarify the requirements for assessing whether contingent call (put) options that can accelerate the payment of principal on debt instruments are clearly and closely related to their debt hosts, which is one of the criteria for bifurcating an embedded derivative. An entity performing the assessment under the amendments in this Update is required to assess the embedded call (put) options solely in accordance with the four-step decision sequence. Consequently, when a call (put) option is contingently exercisable, an entity does not have to assess whether the event that triggers the ability to exercise a call (put) option is related to interest rates or credit risks. The amendments are an improvement to GAAP because they eliminate diversity in practice in assessing embedded contingent call (put) options in debt instruments. For public companies, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within those fiscal years. An entity should apply the amendments in this Update on a modified retrospective basis to existing debt instruments as of the beginning of the fiscal year for which the amendments are effective. The Company is currently assessing the potential significant effects of these changes on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-07, Simplifying the Transition to the Equity Method of Accounting. The amendments in this Update eliminate the requirement that when an investment qualified for use of the equity method as a result of an increase in the level of ownership interest or degree of influence, an investor must adjust the investment, results of operations, and retained earnings retroactively on a step-by-step basis as if the equity method had been in effect during all previous periods that the investment had been held. The amendments require that the equity method investor add the cost of acquiring the additional interest in the investee to the current basis of the investor's previous held interest and adopt the equity method of accounting as of the date the investment becomes qualified for equity method accounting. Therefore, upon qualifying for the equity method of accounting, no retroactive adjustment of the investment is required. The amendments in this Update require that an entity that has an available-for-sale equity security that becomes qualified for the equity method of accounting recognize through earnings the unrealized holding gain or loss in accumulated other comprehensive income at the date the investment becomes qualified for use of the equity method. The amendments in this Update are effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016. The amendments should be applied prospectively upon their effective date to increase in the level of ownership interest or degree of influence that result in the adoption of the equity method. Earlier application is permitted. The Company is currently assessing the potential significant effects of these changes on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

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(3)

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable is summarized as follows:

	December 31,
	2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			US$

Accounts receivable		4,319,541			3,002,721			463,540
Less: Allowance for doubtful accounts		(250,514	)		(527,335	)		(81,406	)
Total accounts receivable, net		4,069,027			2,475,386			382,134

The following table presents the movement of the allowance for doubtful accounts:

	Year ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$

Beginning balance		(287,351	)		(286,997	)		(250,514	)		(38,673	)
Additions		(20,063	)		(228,835	)		(414,759	)		(64,028	)
Reversal of allowance for doubtful accounts		16,998			59,464			10,414			1,608
Write-off of accounts receivable		3,419			205,854			127,524			19,687
Ending balance		(286,997	)		(250,514	)		(527,335	)		(81,406	)

Allowance for doubtful accounts was provided based on a number of factors, including some customers’ financial conditions and creditworthiness. For year ended December 31, 2015, allowance for doubtful accounts was provided against receivables from certain customers who encountered financial difficulties and against certain customers who delayed payments to the Company.

As part of its ongoing control procedures, management monitors the creditworthiness of its customers to which it grants credit terms in the normal course of business. Credit terms are normally four months from the date of billing. For certain customers the Company requires an advance payment before the sale is made. Such advance payments are reported as “advances from customers” in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and amounted to RMB 935,935 and RMB 725,170 (US$ 111,947) as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The Company also requires certain customers to secure payment by a letter of credit issued by the customers’ banks. Letters of credit have terms less than 90 days. Until the letter of credit is drawn and the amount is paid, the amount due from the customer is recorded as accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, 51.5% and 33.5%, respectively, of accounts receivable were denominated in currencies other than the RMB.

As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, the Company has pledged accounts receivable with a total carrying amount of RMB 446,778 and RMB 128,917 (US$ 19,901), respectively, to secure short-term bank borrowings.

(4)

Inventories

Inventories by major category consist of the following:

	December 31,
	2014		2015
	RMB		RMB		US$

Raw materials		577,314		318,852		49,222
Work-in-progress		389,570		351,432		54,252
Finished goods		1,132,198		814,030		125,665
Total inventories		2,099,082		1,484,314		229,139

Inventory write-downs due to the lower of cost or market assessment amounted to RMB 4,958, RMB 4,208 and RMB 31,930 (US$ 4,929) for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively, and were recorded as cost of revenues in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. Inventory write-downs of RMB 31,930 (US$ 4,929) in 2015 were mainly due to obsolete spare parts.

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(5)

Land, Property, Plant and Equipment

Land, property, plant and equipment consist of the following:

	December 31,
	2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			US$
Land		—			20,788			3,209
Buildings		4,142,482			3,829,922			591,238
Machinery and equipment		15,038,493			14,564,201			2,248,325
Furniture and fixtures		146,604			106,325			16,414
Motor vehicles		100,717			94,725			14,623
Construction in progress		285,840			419,854			64,814
Total land, property, plant and equipment		19,714,136			19,035,815			2,938,623
Less: Accumulated depreciation		(5,127,821	)		(6,070,955	)		(937,194	)
Less: Impairment		(2,475,521	)		(6,118,378	)		(944,515	)
Total land, property, plant and equipment, net		12,110,794			6,846,482			1,056,915

No impairment for property, plant and equipment was recognized in 2013 and 2014. Due to the significant decrease in shipment, gross profit margins and lower-than-expected utilization of production facilities, the Company determined a two-step impairment analysis was required in the middle of 2015. In step one impairment analysis, the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the assets over their remaining estimated useful lives were based on certain assumptions, such as forecasts of future operating results, gross margin and expected future growth rates. The estimated undiscounted future cash flows generated by the equipment used to produce solar products were less than their carrying value, which required the step two impairment test. In the step two impairment analysis, the Company estimated the fair value based on discounted cash flow analysis using market participants’ assumptions, such as forecasts of future operating results, discount rates commensurate with the risk involved, and expected future growth rates. The carrying value of the equipment was reduced to fair value based on the discounted cash flow analysis. As a result, an impairment loss of RMB 3,804,116 (US$587,254) related to buildings, machinery and equipment and shared assets in all solar production lines (including production lines of ingot, wafer, cell and module), was provided for the year ended December 31, 2015.

Depreciation expense on property, plant and equipment was allocated to the following expense items:

	Year ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015
	RMB		RMB		RMB		US$

Cost of revenues		1,192,906		1,292,586		1,086,392		167,710
Selling expenses		1,813		16,475		7,530		1,162
General and administrative expenses		60,029		48,963		60,268		9,304
Research and development expenses		24,573		30,260		20,515		3,167
Total depreciation expense		1,279,321		1,388,284		1,174,705		181,343

For year ended December 31,2015, due to the impairment loss of RMB3,804,116 (US$587,254) was recorded during the middle of the year, total depreciation expenses for the year decreased by approximately RMB242.7 million (US$ 37.5 million).

The Company capitalized interest costs as a component of the cost of construction in progress as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015
	RMB		RMB		RMB		US$

Interest cost capitalized		53,998		8,624		37,452		5,782
Interest cost charged against income		971,597		1,015,871		977,176		150,850
Total interest cost incurred		1,025,595		1,024,495		1,014,628		156,632

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As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, the Company had pledged property, plant and equipment with a total carrying amount of RMB 10,213,355 and RMB 4,001,055 (US$ 617,656), respectively, to secure bank borrowings.

In December 2014, Yingli China sold certain machinery and equipment with carrying amount of RMB 405,282 to a third party for cash consideration of RMB 400,000, and simultaneously entered into a three-month contract to lease back the assets. The remaining useful lives of leased machinery and equipment were approximately 7 years. Pursuant to the terms of the contract, Yingli China is required to pay to the third party total lease payments over three months of RMB 403,191 (US$62,242), including both the principle and interest to be paid). Due to the substance of this transaction was short term financing, the leased machinery and equipment were not derecognized and the financial obligation under this transaction was recorded as short-term borrowing.

In February 2015, right after Yingli China repaid total instalment of RMB 400,000 as scheduled in the agreement, Yingli China entered into another contract to sell the same group of machinery and equipment for cash consideration of RMB 300,000 and simultaneously entered into a one-month contract to lease back the assets. In March 2015, the Company failed to repay the RMB 300,000 and paid an additional penalty charge of RMB 1,750. In April 2015, Yingli China fully repaid the RMB 300,000 and again signed a similar contract to sell the same group of machinery and equipment for cash consideration of RMB 250,000 and simultaneously entered into a two-month contract to lease back the assets. Yingli China failed to repay RMB 250,000 due in June 2015. From June 2015 to November 2015, total interests and penalty charges paid by Yingli China due to failure to repay the instalment was RMB 28,000. In December 2015, Yingli China, together with the leasing company and Hainan Yingli, entered into a contract, in which Hainan Yingli would repay the totaling RMB250,000 on behalf of Yingli China before April 2016, and Yingli China would offset its receivables due from Hainan Yingli with the same amount. Hainan Yingli paid RMB 75,000 instantly as the contract was signed. As of December 31, 2015, total balance of the borrowing was RMB 175,000 (US$ 27,015). Hainan Yingli failed to repay RMB 175,000 in April 2016, the Company is in negation with the third party about the updated repayment schedule.

(6)

Land use rights

In April 2015, the Land Reserve Center of local government of Baoding City, Hebei Province signed a land re-acquisition and compensation agreement with Fine Silicon Co., Ltd. (“Fine Silicon”), one of the subsidiaries of the Company, to acquire land use right related to the idle land of Fine Silicon. After the acquisition, the local government has completed first round of its auction process and sold part of the land for an aggregate auction price of RMB1,875.6 million (US$289.5 million) in September 2015. After deducting required contributions to be made to the local government from the gross proceeds of the auction of the land in the amount of RMB 258.5 million (US$ 39.9 million), the total net proceeds received and expected to be received from the auction were RMB1,617.1 million (US$249.6 million). The local government has paid Fine Silicon RMB1,370.8 million (US$211.6 million) of the net proceeds in 2015. As of December 31, 2015, the remaining portion of the net proceeds for the land of RMB 246.3 million (US$38.0 million) has not been paid, it is expected to be collected before October 2016 based on the Company’s best estimation and current negotiation status with the local government,

For the year ended December 31, 2015, total disposal gain of RMB 1,167,317 (US$ 180,203), mainly the difference between the total net proceeds of RMB 1,617.1 million (US$ 249.6 million) and the carry value of the land use right of RMB 186,111 (US$ 28,731) and the building of RMB 263,624 (US$ 40,697) attached to the land use right, was recognized in relation to the disposal of land use right and the building attaching to the land use right (Note (2)(j)). The disposal gain was included in “Disposal gain from long-lived assets and land use right in relation to a subsidiary” in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss.

On December 15, 2015, pursuant to the share transfer agreement entered into between Hainan Yingli, one of the subsidiaries of the Company and other two third parties, Hainan Yingli transferred its 100% equity in Hainan Lvjian Investment Company (“Hainan Lvjian”) to these two third parties with consideration of RMB 735.0 million (US$113.5 million), Hainan Lvjian was one of the subsidiaries of Hainan Yingli. The consideration was determined based on the fair value of Hainan Lvjian and the major asset owned by Hainan Lvjian was a land use right as discussed in note (12). As of December 31, 2015, RMB 265.0 million (US$ 40.9 million) of consideration was paid and the remaining amount of RMB 470.0 million (US$ 72.6 million) was not paid yet. For the year ended December 31, 2015, total disposal gain of RMB 7,000 (US$ 1,081) was recognized. The disposal gain was included in “Other income” in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss.

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(7)

Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company uses foreign currency forward contracts to manage its exposure to foreign currency risks arising from sales denominated in foreign currency and uses interest rate related derivative instruments to manage its exposure related to changes in interest rates on its variable-rate debt instruments. The Company does not speculate using derivative instruments.

Foreign Currency

The Company’s principal operating subsidiaries, Hainan Yingli New Energy Resources Co., Ltd. (“Hainan Yingli”) and Yingli Energy (China) Co., Ltd. (“Yingli China”) are located in the PRC with the Renminbi being their functional currency, respectively. However, the majority of these two entity’s sales are in currencies other than Renminbi, primarily the EURO and US$. Any depreciation of the EURO or US$ against the Renminbi will generally result in foreign exchange losses and adversely affect the Company’s results of operations. With an aim to reduce its risk exposure, the Company, on a selected basis, enters into forward contracts with financial institutions to forward sell EURO or US$ when it entered into certain sales contracts denominated in EURO or US$ through its PRC operating subsidiaries. Some of these foreign currency forward contracts are qualified as foreign currency cash flow hedges at inception, and thus the change in the fair value of these hedge contracts were initially recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income and reclassified into the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss in the period that the sale of the related hedged item is recognized or when hedge accounting is discontinued if the foreign currency forward contracts are no longer effective in offsetting cash flows attributable to the hedged risk. During the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company entered into foreign currency forward contracts with a notional amount of EURO 100,690 and US$ 7,000 against its EURO and US$ denominated sales, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company entered into foreign currency forward contracts with a notional amount of EURO 31,760, US$ 27,000 and JPY 2,499,200 against its EURO ,US$ and JPY denominated sales, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company entered into foreign currency forward contracts with a notional amount of EURO 80,000, US$ 30,000 and JPY 7,100,000 against its EURO ,US$ and JPY denominated sales, respectively. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, the Company had outstanding foreign currency forward contracts with notional amounts of EURO 3,780 and EURO nil, respectively.

Interest

The Company’s exposure to the risk of changes in market interest rates primarily relates to its bank borrowings. To finance its business operation and expansion, the Company’s PRC operating subsidiaries will obtain short-term and long-term bank borrowings. Some of the bank borrowings carry variable interest rates. Interest expenses on these banking borrowings may increase as a result of change in market interest rates. With an aim to reduce its interest rate exposure, the Company entered into one long-term interest rate swap contract, with notional amount of US$70,000, in 2009. As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, the Company didn’t have outstanding interest rate swap contracts.

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Balance Sheet Classification

The following summarizes the fair values and location in the consolidated balance sheet of all derivatives held by the Company as of December 31, 2014 and 2015:

		Fair Value
		2014		2015
	Balance Sheet Classification	RMB		RMB		US$
Assets:
Foreign currency contract	Prepaid expenses and other current assets		4,195		—		—
Total derivatives designated as hedges			4,195		—		—

Cash Flow Hedge Loss or Gain Recognition

The following summarizes the loss (gain), recognized in the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss, related to derivatives designated and qualifying as cash flow hedges for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015:

Derivatives in Cash Flow	Amount of Gain Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income					Location of Gain Reclassified from Other Comprehensive Income into	Amount of Gain Reclassified from Other Comprehensive Income into Loss
Hedging Relationships	RMB			US$		Loss	RMB			US$
2013
Foreign currency contracts		(7,641	)			Foreign currency exchange losses		(8,711	)
2014
Foreign currency contracts		(24,117	)			Foreign currency exchange losses		(24,390	)
2015
Foreign currency contracts		—			—	Foreign currency exchange losses		(749	)		(116	)

Other Derivatives Gains (Losses) Recognition

The following summarizes the losses and the location in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss of derivatives not designated as hedging instruments for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015:

	Location of Loss	Amount of Loss Recognized in Income on Derivative
	Recognized in Income	2013			2014			2015
	on Derivative	RMB			RMB			RMB		US$
Derivatives Not Designated as Hedging Instruments
Interest rate swap	Interest expense		(103	)		(81	)		—		—
Total			(103	)		(81	)		—		—

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(8)

Fair Value Measurements

(a)

Fair Value Hierarchy

The following table presents the placement in the fair value hierarchy of assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2014 and 2015:

Fair value measurements at

December 31, 2014

Quoted prices

in active

Significant

markets for

other

Significant

identical

observable

unobservable

December 31,

assets

inputs

2014

(Level 1)

(Level 2)

(Level 3)

Assets:

Foreign currency forward contract

4,195

—

4,195

—

Total

4,195

—

4,195

—

Fair value measurements at
December 31, 2015

Quoted prices

in active

Significant

markets for

other

Significant

identical

observable

unobservable

December 31,

assets

inputs

2015

(Level 1)

(Level 2)

(Level 3)

Assets:

Foreign currency forward contract

—

Total

—

The following table presents the Company’s activity for liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) as defined in ASC Topic 820 for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015:

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3 valuation)

	Liabilities
	Interest rate swap
Balance at December 31, 2012		13,557
Total realized and unrealized losses:
Included in earnings		103
Included in other comprehensive income		—
Settlement		(9,927	)
Balance at December 31, 2013		3,733
Total gain for 2013:
included in earnings attributable to other current liabilities and accrued expenses held at December 31, 2013		(9,824	)

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	Liabilities
	Interest rate swap
Balance at December 31, 2013		3,733
Total realized and unrealized losses:
Included in earnings		81
Included in other comprehensive income		—
Settlement		(3,814	)
Balance at December 31, 2014		—
Total gain for 2014:
included in earnings attributable to other current liabilities and accrued expenses held at December 31, 2014		(3,733	)

	Liabilities
	Interest rate swap
Balance at December 31, 2014		—
Total realized and unrealized losses:
Included in earnings		—
Included in other comprehensive income		—
Settlement		—
Balance at December 31, 2015		—
Total gain for 2015:
included in earnings attributable to other current liabilities and accrued expenses held at December 31, 2015		—

The following table presents the placement in the fair value hierarchy of assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis as of December 31, 2015

	Fair Value Measurements at Reporting Date Using
Description	Balance as of 31 December 2015		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Total (losses)
Assets:
Long-lived assets		6,825,694		-		-		6,825,694		(3,804,116	)

The long-lived assets represent property, plant and equipment for production of multi-crystalline wafers and certain machines (note (6))

In accordance with the provisions of the Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets Subsections of FASB Codification Subtopic 360—10, long-lived assets held and used with a carrying amount of RMB 10,629,810 (US$ 1,640,960) were written down to their fair value of RMB 6,825,694 (US$ 1,053,706), resulting in an impairment charge of RMB 3,804,116 (US$ 587,254), which was calculated based on Level 3 Inputs and included in “Impairment of long-lived assets” in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss.

The Company determined that buildings, machinery and equipment, land use rights and shared assets in all solar production lines (including production lines of ingot, wafer, cell and module, hereafter “Solar Production Lines”) were one asset group and subject to be tested for impairment.

The significant unobservable inputs used in the valuation of the fair value of the asset group subject to impairment are as following:

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(b)

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Management used the following methods and assumptions to estimate the fair value of financial instruments at the relevant balance sheet dates:

Foreign currency forward contract — as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, the fair value is determined by discounting estimated future cash flow, which is based on the changes in the forward rate.

Interests swap contract — as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 the fair value is determined by using pricing models developed based on the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) swap rate and other unobservable market data.

Short-term financial instruments (cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, amounts due from related parties, accounts payable, short-term borrowing, and amounts due to related parties) - cost approximates fair value because of the short maturity period.

Long-term debt and long-term payable (included in other liabilities) - fair value is based on the amount of future cash flows associated with each debt instrument discounted at the Company’s current borrowing rate for similar debt instruments with comparable terms. As of December 31, 2015, the carrying values of the Company’s long term debt and long-term payable approximate their fair values as all the long-term borrowings carries variable interest rates which approximate rates currently offered by the Company’s bankers for similar debt instruments of comparable maturities.

Medium-term notes — fair value is based on the amount of future cash flows associated with the debt instrument discounted at the Company’s current borrowing rate for similar debt instruments with comparable terms. As of December 31, 2015, the fair value of the Company’s medium term notes, based on Level 2 inputs, was RMB253,811(US$39,182)

(9)

Investments in affiliated companies

The following table includes the Group’s carrying amounts and percentages of ownership of the investments in affiliated companies under the equity and cost methods as of December 31, 2015 and the carrying amounts as of December 31, 2014:

	December		December 31, 2015
	31, 2014 RMB		RMB		Percentage Ownership
Investment in affiliated companies under the equity method:
Hainan Tianneng Power Co., Ltd. (note c)		51,724		60,391		26.53	%
Shanghai Sailing Xili Equity Investment Fund LLP (note g)		152,910		143,749		50.80	%
Tongmei Yingli New Energy Industry Co., Ltd. (note h)		30,000		30,347		30.00	%
Shandong Hi-speed Yingli New Energy Co., Ltd. (note j)		—		16,985		35.00	%
Solariant Portfolio Two Godo Kaisha (note i)		7,782		27,401		37.50	%
Others		12,000		13,597		various

Investment in affiliated companies under the cost method:
Beijing Jingyi Green Energy Power System Engineering Co., Ltd. (note d)		11,875		11,875		10.00	%
Guokai Siyuan (Beijing)Investment Fund Co., Ltd. (note f)		150,000		150,000		2.97	%
Others		7,010		5,376		various
Total		423,301		459,721

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The movements of the investments in affiliated companies are as follows:

	Balances at January 1, 2013		Investments		Share of Profits / (Losses)		Disposal			Others			Balances at December 31, 2013
	RMB		RMB		RMB		RMB			RMB			RMB
Investment in affiliated companies under the equity method:
Hainan Tianneng Power Co., Ltd. (note c)		9,073		51,594		949		—			(9,156	)		52,460
Yingli Shuntong (Beijing) International Freight Agency Co., Ltd. (note e)		1,693		—		248		—			—			1,941

Investment in affiliated companies under the cost method:
Beijing Jingyi Green Energy Power System Engineering Co., Ltd. (note d)		11,875		—		—		—			—			11,875
Beijing CECEP Badaling Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd. (note a)		600		—		—		(600	)		—			—
Guokai Siyuan (Beijing)Investment Fund Co., Ltd. (note f)		150,000		—		—		—			—			150,000
Total		173,241		51,594		1,197		(600	)		(9,156	)		216,276

	Balances at January 1, 2014		Investments		Share of Profits / (Losses)			Disposal			Others			Balances at December 31, 2014
	RMB		RMB		RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB
Investment in affiliated companies under the equity method:
Hainan Tianneng Power Co., Ltd. (note c)		52,460		—		2,335			—			(3,071	)		51,724
Yingli Shuntong (Beijing) International Freight Agency Co., Ltd. (note e)		1,941		—		—			(1,941	)		—			—
Shanghai Sailing Xili Equity Investment Fund LLP (note g)		—		153,000		(90	)		—			—			152,910
Tongmei Yingli New Energy Industry Co., Ltd.(note h)				30,000											30,000
Solariant Portfolio Two Godo Kaisha (note i)				7,782											7,782
Others		—		12,000		—			—			—			12,000

Investment in affiliated companies under the cost method:
Beijing Jingyi Green Energy Power System Engineering Co., Ltd. (note d)		11,875		—		—			—			—			11,875
Guokai Siyuan (Beijing)Investment Fund Co., Ltd. (note f)		150,000		—		—			—			—			150,000
Others		—		7,010		—			—			—			7,010
Total		216,276		209,792		2,245			(1,941	)		(3,071	)		423,301

	Balances at January 1, 2015		Investments		Share of Profits / (Losses)			Disposal			Others			Balances at December 31, 2015
	RMB		RMB		RMB			RMB			RMB			RMB
Investment in affiliated companies under the equity method:
Hainan Tianneng Power Co., Ltd. (note c)		51,724		—		8,413			—			254			60,391
Shanghai Sailing Xili Equity Investment Fund LLP (note g)		152,910		—		(9,161	)		—			—			143,749
Tongmei Yingli New Energy Industry Co., Ltd. (note h)		30,000				347									30,347
Shandong Hi-speed Yingli New Energy Co., Ltd (note j).				17,500		(428	)					(87	)		16,985
Solariant Portfolio Two Godo Kaisha (note i)		7,782		20,580								(961	)		27,401
Others		12,000		1,597					—						13,597

Investment in affiliated companies under the cost method:
Beijing Jingyi Green Energy Power System Engineering Co., Ltd. (note d)		11,875		—		—			—			—			11,875
Guokai Siyuan (Beijing)Investment Fund Co., Ltd. (note f)		150,000		—		—			—			—			150,000
Others		7,010		2,921		—			(4,555	)		—			5,376
Total		423,301		42,598		(829	)		(4,555	)		(794	)		459,721

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(a)

In February 2009, Yingli China and two other entities, unrelated to the Company, established Beijing CECEP Badaling Green Photovoltaic Technology Co., Ltd. (“Beijing Badaling”). Yingli China contributed RMB 600 to acquire a 10% equity interest. The investment is accounted for under cost method. In May 2013, the Company withdrew its investment from Beijing Badaling and received cash in the amount of RMB 600 (US$ 97).

(b)

The Company’s 50% equity investment in Tibet Tianwei Yingli New Energy Resources Co., Ltd. (“Tibetan Yingli”) is accounted for under equity method. Given the continuing losses sustained by Tibetan Yingli, the Company recorded a full impairment provision of RMB 8,720 for this equity investment during the year ended December 31, 2011. In 2013, 2014 and 2015, Tibetan Yingli continued to incur losses and the carrying value of the Company’s investment in Tibetan Yingli remained as nil and no further loss was recognized as of December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015.

(c)

In September 2009, Yingli China and two other entities, unrelated to the Company, established Hainan Tianneng Power Co., Ltd. (“Hainan Tianneng”). Yingli China contributed RMB 6,000 to acquire a 20% equity interest. In 2011, Yingli China further injected cash of RMB 20,362 while the other investors made proportional cash injection to remain the same ownership interest for each investor. In 2012, the other investors made further capital injection to Hainan Tianneng, which resulted in a decrease of equity interest held by Yingli China to 11.45% as of December 31, 2012. In June and July 2013, Hainan Yingli made capital injections in the amount of RMB 40 million and RMB 12 million respectively, to acquire 18.31% equity interest of Hainan Tianneng in total. Together with the equity interest held by Yingli China (9.35%), the Company (including both Yingli China and Hainan Yingli) holds 27.66% equity interest in Hainan Tianneng as of December 31, 2013 and 2014. In May 2015, one of the other investors made further capital injection to Hainan Tianneng, which resulted in a decrease of equity interest held by the Company to 26.53% as of December 31, 2015. The investment is accounted for under equity method.

(d)

In February 2010, Yingli China and two other entities, unrelated to the Company, established Beijing Jingyi Green Energy Power System Engineering Co., Ltd. Yingli China contributed RMB 10,000 to acquire a 10% equity interest. In July 2011, Yingli China injected cash of RMB 1,875 while the other investors made proportional cash injection to remain the same ownership interest for each investor. The investment is accounted for under cost method.

(e)

In September 2011, Yingli Beijing and a subsidiary of Yingli Group, established Yingli Shuntong (Beijing) International Freight Agency Co., Ltd (“Shuntong Wuliu”). Yingli Beijing contributed RMB 1,470 to acquire 49% equity interest. As of December 31, 2013, the investment is accounted for under equity method. In December 2014, Yingli Beijing disposed all its equity interest in Shuntong Wuliu to Tianjin Yingli Bubalus Logistics Co., Ltd., a related party of the Company. The total consideration was RMB 1,941 and no gain or loss arose from this transaction.

(f)

In November 2012, Yingli China and Hainan Yingli, along with 35 other entities unrelated to the Company, participated in the establishment of Guokai Siyuan (Beijing) Investment Fund Co., Ltd.. The Investment Company’s period of operation is 10 years and its principal activities are to make equity investments to key industries encouraged by the State. The Company contributed RMB 150,000 to acquire a 2.97% equity interest. The investment is accounted for under cost method. The Investment Company’s administrator is SDIC Investment and Development Fund Management Beijing Co., Ltd. Subject to the administrator’s approval and other shareholders’ preemptive rights, the Company can transfer its investment to third parties.

(g)

In August 2014, Yingli China and Shanghai Sailing Capital Management Co., Ltd. (“Shanghai Sailing”), unrelated to the Company, set up a fund called Shanghai Sailing Xili Equity Investment Fund LLP (“Sailing Fund”). The capital size of Sailing Fund is of RMB 1,004,000 and its principal activities are to make equity investments to new energy industries. According to the agreement, Sailing Fund is jointly controlled by Shanghai Sailing and Yingli China with shares of interest of 49.2% and 50.8%, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, total capital injected by Yingli China is RMB 153,000 (US$ 23,619) while Shanghai Sailing also made cash injection proportionally based on the agreed percentage of shares of interest between the parties in Sailing Fund. Therefore, the investment is accounted for under equity method.

(h)

In August 2014, Yingli China together with two other entities unrelated to the Company, established Tongmei Yingli New Energy Industry Co., Ltd. Yingli China contributed RMB 30,000 to acquire a 30% equity interest. The investment is accounted for under equity method.

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(i)

In July 2013, Yingli Japan, together with two other entities unrelated to the Company, established Solariant Portfolio Two Godo Kaisha (the project“SPC”) to acquire 49.48% equity interest. Yingli Japan made capital contribution of JPY 151,500 (RMB 7,782 equivalent) in 2014. Pursuant to an agreement entered into by all parties in early 2015, SPC transferred SPC’s payables of JPY 395,000 (RMB 20,580 equivalent, US$ 3,177) to Yingli Japan, which was treated as a capital injection, meanwhile, the other two investors made also made capital injection to SPC. After the transaction was made, total investment by Yingli Japan was amounted to JPY 546,500 and equity interest owned by Yingli Japan decreased to 37.5%. In July 2015, Yingli Japan together with other two investors of SPC, entered into several agreement to transfer 100% of equity interest of SPC to another entity unrelated to the Company. Based on the agreements, consideration of 37.5% of equity interest of SPC owned by Yingli Japan was JPY1,287,600 (RMB 67,086 equivalent). The consideration was based on the fair value of SPC. As of December 31, 2015, due to that the share transfer has not completed, partial consideration of PY 815,700 (RMB42,499 equivalent) received was recorded in “Other current liabilities and accrued expenses” in Consolidated Balance Sheets.

(j)

In June 2015, Yingli Beijing and two other entities, unrelated to the Company, established Shandong Hi-speed Yingli New Energy Co., Ltd. (“Shandong Hi-speed Yingli”). Yingli Beijing has contributed RMB 17,500 to acquire a 35% equity interest. The investment is accounted for under equity method.

(10)

Borrowings

(a)

Current

Short-term borrowings and current instalments of long-term debt consist of the following:

	Year ended December 31,
	2014		2015
	RMB		RMB		US$

Guaranteed by bank deposits		212,807		—		—
Guaranteed by related parties		4,671,486		3,871,241		597,617
Guaranteed by property, plant and equipment		950,139		1,805,607		278,738
Guaranteed by accounts receivable		446,788		128,917		19,901
Unsecured loans		535,369		711,793		109,882
Current portion of long-term debt (note 10(b))		1,102,120		849,625		131,159
Current portion of medium-term notes (note (11))		2,193,346		1,757,000		271,234
Total short-term borrowings and current portion of long-term debt		10,112,055		9,124,183		1,408,531

Short-term borrowings outstanding (including the current portion of long-term debt) as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 bore a weighted average interest rate of 6.20% and 5.72% per annum, respectively. All short-term borrowings mature and expire at various times within one year. These facilities contain no specific renewal terms. While the renewal of the facilities are not legally binding and cannot been drawn down upon demand, the Company has traditionally negotiated renewal of certain facilities shortly before they mature.

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(b)

Non-current

	Year ended December 31,
	2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			US$
Long-term debt and medium-term notes:
Secured loans from China Development Bank		3,057,179			2,888,287			445,875
Unsecured loans		—			—			—
Guaranteed by related parties		248,667			45,000			6,947
Secured by multiple assets		379,599			322,236			49,744
Medium-term notes (note (11))		3,906,654			2,057,000			317,546
Borrowings from other third parties:
Guaranteed by property, plant and equipment		274,828			—			—
		7,866,927			5,312,523			820,112
Less: current portion		(3,295,466	)		(2,606,625	)		(402,393	)
Total long-term debt and medium-term notes		4,571,461			2,705,898			417,719

In December 2008, Yingli China entered into an eight-year US$ 70,000 loan agreement at an interest rate of 6-month LIBOR plus 6% per annum with China Development Bank. The loan is guaranteed by Tianwei Yingli and Mr. Liansheng Miao, the Company’s chairman and CEO, and secured by Yingli China’s property, plant and equipment. The loan is repayable in annual instalment of US$ 8,000 for the first two years and US$ 9,000 for the remaining six years, respectively, commencing in December 2009. In December 2015, out of US$ 18,000 that was due, the Company repaid US$ 50, and the remaining portion of US$ 17,950 was extended to December 2016 based on the loan extension agreement entered into in December 2015. As of December 31, 2015, the current and non-current portion of this long-term borrowing is US$ 17,950 (RMB 116,277) and nil, respectively.

In May 2010, Hainan Yingli entered into a five-year RMB 180,000 loan agreement at an interest rate of 5.76% per annum with Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited. The loan is guaranteed by the Company and repayable in semi-annual instalment of RMB 20,000 starting from August 2011. Based on the loan extension agreement entered into in December 2015, loan of RMB 14,000 that was due in September 2015 was extended to September 2016. As of December 31, 2015, the current and non-current portion of this long-term borrowing is RMB 14,000 (US$ 2,161) and nil, respectively.

In June 2010, Hainan Yingli entered into a five-year RMB 220,000 loan agreement at a floating interest rate of the five-year Renminbi benchmark loan rates as published by the People’s Bank of China plus an additional surcharge of 2.5% per annum with Bank of Communications Co., Ltd. The loan is guaranteed by Yingli Green Energy and repayable in an annual instalment of RMB 55,000 starting from June 2011. The loan was fully paid in 2015.

In July 2010, Yingli China entered into a five-year RMB 500,000 loan agreement at an interest rate of the five-year Renminbi benchmark loan rates per annum with Bank of Communications Co., Ltd. The loan is guaranteed by Yingli Group and Yingli Green Energy and secured by Yingli China’s property, plant and equipment. The loan is repayable in annual instalment of RMB 70,000, RMB 140,000, RMB 170,000, and RMB 120,000 in 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014, respectively. The loan was fully paid in 2014.

In February 2011, Hainan Yingli entered into a five-year RMB 400,000 loan agreement with China Merchants Bank at an interest rate of the five-year Renminbi benchmark loan rate per annum. As of December 31 2014, the Company withdrew RMB 368,000 (US$ 59,311) under this agreement. The loan is secured by Hainan Yingli’s property, plant and equipment. The loan was fully paid in 2015.

In March 2011, Yingli China entered into a 45-month RMB 1,000,000 loan agreement with Bank of Communications Co., Ltd. at an interest rate of three- to five- year Renminbi benchmark loan rate plus an additional surcharge of 10% of the interest rate per annum. The loan is secured by property, plant and equipment. The loan was fully paid in 2014.

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In May 2011, Yingli China entered into a 42-month RMB 1,160,000 loan agreement with Bank of China and China Citic Bank at an interest rate of three-five year Renminbi benchmark loan rate plus an additional surcharge of 5% of the interest rate per annum. As of December 31, 2015, the Company withdrew RMB481,000 (US$ 74,254).The loan is guaranteed by Yingli Green Energy and Yingli Group. As of December 31, 2015, the current and non-current portion of this long-term borrowing is RMB 164,300 (US$ 25,364) and nil, respectively. Out of the loan of RMB164,300, loan with RMB20,000 due in November 2015 was extended to May 2016 based on the loan extension agreement entered into in November 2015.

In August 2011, Fine Silicon Co., Ltd. (“Fine Silicon”) entered into a five-year RMB 500,000 loan agreement with CDB Leasing Co., Ltd. at an interest rate of 6.9% per annum plus an additional surcharge of 5% of the interest rate per annum. The loan is guaranteed by property, plant and equipment. The Company withdrew RMB 500,000 (US$ 80,585) as of December 31, 2014, under this agreement. As of December 31,2014, total amount of this borrowing was RMB 274,828. The loan was fully paid in 2015.

In October 2011, Tianjin Yingli New Energy Resources Co., Ltd. (“Tianjin Yingli”) borrowed an eight-year RMB 350,000 loan from China Development Bank at an interest rate of five-year Renminbi benchmark loan rate per annum. The loan is guaranteed by property, plant and equipment. The Company withdrew RMB 350,000 (US$ 54,031) as of December 31, 2015. As of December 31, 2015, the current and non-current portion of this long-term borrowing is RMB 35,000 (US$ 5,403) and RMB 220,000 (US$ 33,962), respectively.

In October 2011, Tianjin Yingli borrowed an eight-year US$100,000 loan from China Development Bank at an interest rate of 6-month LIBOR plus 520 basis points per annum. The loan is guaranteed by property, plant and equipment. The Company withdrew US$100,000 (RMB647,780) as of December 31, 2015. Based on the amendment entered into in November 2015, the loan repayment schedule of loan with remaining balance of US$ 70,000 had been modified. The original repayment schedule was US$9,000 due in August 2015, US$9,000 due in February 2016, US$9,000 due in August 2016, US$9,000 due in February 2017, US$9,000 due in August 2017, US$10,000 due in February 2018, US$5,000 due in August 2018, US$5,000 due in February 2019 and US$5,000 due in August 2019. The amended repayment schedule was US$200 due in April 2016, US$200 due in October 2016, US$10,000 due in April 2017, US$10,820 due in October 2017, US$14,300 due in April 2018, US$11,500 due in October 2018, US$11,500 due in April 2019 and US$11,480 due in October 2019. No other key terms had been changes in the amendment. As of December 31, 2015, the current and non-current portion of this long-term borrowing is US$ 400 (RMB 2,591) and US$69,600 (RMB 450,855), respectively.

In October 2011, Hengshui Yingli New Energy Resources Co., Ltd. (“Hengshui Yingli”) entered into an eight-year US$50,000 loan agreement with China Development Bank at an interest of 6.31% per annum and subject to adjustment annually. The loan is guaranteed by property, plant and equipment. As of December 31, 2015, the Company withdrew US$50,000 (RMB 323,890). Out of US$ 3,000 due in December 2015, US$ 50 was repaid. Based on the amendment entered into in December 2015, the loan repayment schedule of loan with remaining balance of US$ 34,950 had been modified. The original repayment schedule was US$2,950 due in December 2015, US$4,000 due in June 2016, US$4,000 due in December 2016, US$4,000 due in June 2017, US$4,000 due in December 2017, US$4,000 due in June 2018, US$4,000 due in December 2018, US$4,000 due in June 2019, US$4,000 due in October 2019. The amended repayment schedule was US$50 due in June 2016, US$50 due in December 2016, US$6,000 due in June 2017, US$6,000 due in December 2017, US$5,620 due in June 2018, US$5,620 due in December 2018, US$5,800 due in June 2019, US$5,810 due in October 2019. No other key terms had been changes in the amendment. As of December 31, 2015, the current and non-current portion of this long-term borrowing is US$ 100 (RMB 647) and US$ 34,850 (RMB 225,751), respectively.

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In November 2011, Hainan Yingli entered into an eight-year RMB 900,000 loan agreement with China Development Bank at an interest rate of five-year Renminbi benchmark loan rate per annum. The loan is guaranteed by property, plant and equipment. In May 2013, Hainan Yingli entered into an amendment to increase this loan credit limit by RMB282,150. Out of RMB90,800 due in November 2015, RMB600 was repaid. Based on the amendment entered into in November 2015, the loan repayment schedule of loan with remaining balance of RMB727,550 had been modified. The original repayment schedule was RMB 90,200 due in November 2015, RMB90,800 due in May 2016, RMB90,800 due in November 2016, RMB90,800 due in May 2017, RMB90,800 due in November 2017, RMB90,800 due in May 2018, RMB90,800 due in November 2018 and RMB92,550 due in July 2019. The amended repayment schedule was RMB600 due in May 2016, RMB60,000 due in November 2016, RMB110,000 due in May 2017, RMB110,000 due in November 2017, RMB110,000 due in May 2018, RMB110,000 due in November 2018 and RMB226,950 due in July 2019. No other key terms had been changes in the amendment. As of December 31, 2015, the current and non-current portion of this long-term borrowing is RMB 60,600 (US$ 9,355) and RMB666,950 (US$ 102,959), respectively.

In March 2012, Hainan Yingli entered into a seven-year US$135,000 loan agreement with China Development Bank at an interest of three-month LIBOR plus 590 basis points per annum. The Company withdrew US$135,000 (RMB 874,503) as of December 31, 2015 under this agreement. The loan is guaranteed by property, plant and equipment. Out of US$ 10,600 due in November 2015, US$100 was repaid. Based on the amendment entered into in November 2015, the loan repayment schedule of loan with remaining balance of US$ 81,900 had been modified. The original repayment schedule was US$10,500 due in November 2015, US$10,600 due in May 2016, US$10,600 due in November 2016, US$10,600 due in May 2017, US$10,600 due in November 2017, US$10,600 due in May 2018, US$10,600 due in November 2018 and US$7,800 due in July 2019. The amended repayment schedule was US$100 due in May 2016, US$5,000 due in November 2016, US$12,000 due in May 2017, US$12,000 due in November 2017, US$12,000 due in May 2018, US$12,000 due in November 2018 and US$28,800 due in July 2019. No other key terms had been changes in the amendment. As of December 31, 2015, the current and non-current portion of this long-term borrowing is US$ 5,100 (RMB 33, 037) and US$ 76,800(RMB 497,495), respectively.

In May 2012, Hengshui Yingli entered into an eight-year RMB 255,000 loan agreement with China Development Bank at an interest of 7.76% per annum and subject to adjustment annually. The loan is guaranteed by Yingli China. Out of RMB10,000 due in December 2015, RMB300 was repaid. Based on the amendment entered into in December 2015, the loan repayment schedule of loan with remaining balance of RMB218,700 had been modified. The original repayment schedule was RMB 9,700 due in December 2015, RMB15,000 due in June 2016, RMB15,000 due in December 2016, RMB20,000 due in June 2017, RMB20,000 due in December 2017, RMB25,000 due in June 2018, RMB25,000 due in December 2018, RMB30,000 due in June 2019, RMB30,000 due in December 2019 and RMB29,000 due in May 2020. The amended repayment schedule was RMB300 due in June 2016, RMB300 due in December 2016, RMB15,000 due in June 2017, RMB15,000 due in December 2017, RMB25,000 due in June 2018, RMB25,000 due in December 2018, RMB22,850 due in June 2019, RMB22,850 due in December 2019 and RMB92,400 due in June 2020. No other key terms had been changes in the amendment. As of December 31, 2015, the current and non-current portion of this long-term borrowing is RMB 600 (US$ 93) and RMB 218,100 (US$ 33,669), respectively.

In April 2013, Yingli China entered into a three-year US$55,000 (RMB 341,253) loan agreement with China Development Bank at an interest rate of 6-month LIBOR plus 520 basis points per annum. As of December 31, 2015, the Company withdrew US$55,000 (RMB 356,279) under this agreement. As of December 31, 2015, the current and non-current portion of this long-term borrowing is US$ 55,000 (RMB 356,279) and nil, respectively.

In December 2013, Yingli China entered into a 14-month RMB200,000 loan agreement with Zhongyuan Trust Ltd. Company at an interest rate of 9.725%. This loan is guaranteed by related party’s property, plant and equipment. The bank loan was fully paid in 2014.

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In December 2013, Hutubi Yingli Sunshine New Resources Co. Ltd. (“Yingli Hutubi”) entered into a five-year RMB 22,500 loan agreement with Xinjiang Tianshan Rural Commercial Bank at an interest rate of 5.33%. This loan is guaranteed by equivalent bank deposit. As of December 31, 2015, the Company withdrew RMB 22,500 (US$ 3,473) under this agreement. As of December 31, 2015, the current and non-current portion of this long-term borrowing is RMB 200 (US$ 31) and RMB 21,900 (US$ 3,381), respectively.

In December 2013, Yingli Hutubi entered into a six-year RMB 55,000 loan agreement with Xinjiang Tianshan Rural Commercial Bank at an interest rate of 6.61%. This loan is guaranteed by Yingli Group and secured by solar panels with market value of RMB 68,800 (US$ 10,621). As of December 31, 2015, the Company withdrew RMB 55,000 (US$ 8,491) under this agreement. As of December 31, 2015, the current and non-current portion of this long-term borrowing is RMB 4,000 (US$ 617) and RMB 19,000 (US$ 2,933), respectively.

In February 2015, Yingli China entered into a two-year RMB 100,000 loan agreement at an interest rate of 7.8% per annum with Rural Credit Cooperative of Baoding. The loan is guaranteed by property, plant and equipment. As of December 31, 2015, the company withdrew RMB 100,000 (US$15,437) under this agreement. As of December 31, 2015, the current and non-current portion of this long-term borrowing is RMB 49,000 (US$ 7,564) and RMB 50,000 (US$ 7,719), respectively.

In May 2015, Dafeng Xinghui Power Development Co., Ltd entered into a two-year RMB 20,000 loan agreement at an interest rate of 7.5% per annum with Jiangsu Dafeng Rural Commercial Bank. The loan is guaranteed by Yingli China and right of charging the electricity fee from produced by its own power plant and Yingli China. As of December 31, 2015, the company withdrew RMB 20,000 (US$ 3,087) under this agreement. As of December 31, 2015, the current and non-current portion of this long-term borrowing is RMB 2,150 (US$ 332) and RMB 16,800 (US$ 2,593), respectively.

All amendments mentioned above are not considered to be trouble debt restructuring because they don’t meet the condition of lenders offering concession to the Company.

Future principal payments under the above long-term borrowings as of December 31, 2015 are as follows

Year ended December 31,	RMB		US$
2016		2,606,625		402,393
2017		747,922		115,459
2018		771,325		119,072
2019		787,751		121,608
2020		96,900		14,959
Thereafter		2,000		309
Total		5,012,523		773,800

As of December 31, 2015, the Company has unused lines of credit of RMB 5,120 million (US$ 790 million) with remaining terms less than 12 months and RMB 1,264 million (US$ 195 million) with remaining terms beyond 12 months.

Certain loan agreements contain covenants in relation to cross-default provisions on other debts and financial covenants such as debt asset ratio, current ratio, quick ratio, debt service coverage ratio and interest coverage ratio. During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Company failed to meet certain financial covenants or triggered cross-default provisions, for which the Company received waivers from respective banks with respect to the financial covenants or cross-default provisions; and related long-term debt were still recorded as long-term liabilities because of the waivers received.

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(11)

Medium-term notes

On October 13, 2010, Tianwei Yingli registered its plan to issue up to RMB 2,400,000 RMB-denominated unsecured five-year medium-term notes (the “Registered Issue”) with the PRC National Association of Financial Market Institutional Investors (“NAFMII”). The Registered Issue allows Tianwei Yingli to issue RMB-denominated unsecured five-year medium-term notes in two tranches on the PRC inter-bank debenture market. The First Tranche Issue with RMB 1,000,000 was completed on October 13, 2010 and matured on October 13, 2015. Tianwei Yingli had an option to call the notes at the end of the third year from issuance. Upon exercise of the call option, the re-purchase amount equals to the par value of the notes plus any unpaid interest. The First Tranche bore a fixed annual interest rate of 4.3% per annum in the first three years, and increased to 5.7% per annum in the remaining two years as Tianwei Yingli chose not to call the notes on October 13, 2013.

The Company did not exercise the call option at the end of the third year from issuance and computed the effective interest rate of 4.82% evenly for the entire contract term of 5 years.

On October 13, 2015, total amount of principal and interests of the first tranche medium-term notes due was RMB 1,000.0 million (US$ 154.4million) and RMB 57.0 million (US$ 8.8 million), respectively. Yingli repaid RMB 700.0 million (US$ 108.1 million), with the remaining principal of RMB 357.0 million (US$ 55.1 million) unpaid. According to the meeting held among all holders of medium-term notes ( the “MTN holders”) on November 11, 2015, the Company had promised to repay the remaining balance. An additional penalty charge, which was calculated on the daily basis of 0.021% of total amount of principal and interests overdue, would be paid by the Company due to the Company’s failure to repay the medium-term notes on time. As of December 31, 2015, total interests payables and penalty charge accrued was RMB 4.5 million (US$ 0.7 million) and RMB 6.0 million (US$ 0.9 million), which was included in “Interest payable”. The repayment schedule is still in negotiation among the Company and all MTN holders.

On May 10, 2011, the second tranche of the medium-term notes with a principle amount of RMB 1,400,000, or the Second Tranche Issue, was issued. The Second Tranche Issue bears a fixed annual interest rate of 6.15%. Tianwei Yingli failed to repay this medium term notes when they became due on May 12, 2016. The repayment schedule is still in negotiation among the Company and all MTN holders.

In March 2012, Yingli China registered its plan to issue up to RMB 1,500,000 RMB-denominated unsecured three-year and five-year medium-term notes (the “Yingli China Registered Issue”) with the NAFMII. The Yingli China Registered Issue allows Yingli China to issue RMB-denominated unsecured three-year and five-year medium-term notes in two tranches on the PRC inter-bank debenture market. On May 3, 2012, the first tranche issue with RMB 1,200,000 at a fixed annual interest rate of 5.78% and the second tranche issue with RMB 300,000 at a fixed annual interest of 6.01% were issued with maturity on May 3, 2015 and May 3, 2017, respectively. The first tranche issue with RMB 1,200,000 was fully paid in 2015.

Issuance costs were deferred on the balance sheet and amortized over the life of the medium term note. As of December 2014 and 2015, the total balances were RMB 9,203 and RMB 1,595 (US$ 246) respectively.

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(12)

Payables to non-controlling interests

In November 2012, a third party (“Party A”) contributed RMB 100,000 to Hainan Yingli to acquire 5.825% equity interest of Hainan Yingli. Pursuant to the agreement between Yingli China and the investor, Yingli China is obligated to repurchase such equity interest from the investor in the amount of RMB 100,000 plus 5% annual interest in 5 years.

In December 2013, another third party (“Party B”) contributed RMB 100,000 to Hainan Yingli to acquire 5.50% equity interest of Hainan Yingli. Pursuant to the agreement between Yingli China and the investor, Yingli China is obligated to purchase such equity interest from the investor in the amount of RMB 100,000 plus 6.15% annual interest in 2 years. As of December 31, 2015, the Company hasn’t paid the amount of RMB 100,000 overdue and the Company is still in negotiation with Party B about the extension of the repayment schedule.

In November 2015, Party B contributed a land use right with fair value of RMB 728,116 (US$ 112,402) to Hainan Yingli to acquire 21.84% equity interest of Hainan Yingli. Pursuant to the agreement between Yingli China and the investor, Yingli China is obligated to repurchase such equity interest from the investor in the amount of RMB 728,116 (US$ 112,402) plus benchmark interest rate in 10 years, among which, RMB 23,000 would be paid within two months, RMB 82,000 would be paid within 3 year, and the remaining of 623,116 would be paid within 10 years,. Because of Yingli China’s contractual obligations to purchase the equity interests from these investors, the equity contributions made by the investors plus accrued interest have been recorded as liabilities. This land use right was subsequently disposed by Hainan Yingli in December 2015(refer to note 6). As in substance the whole arrangement is financing, proceeds received from the disposal were presented as financing activities.

Based on the above repurchase schedule, RMB 107,790 and RMB 135,339 (US$ 20,893) have been recorded in “other current liabilities”, RMB 110,458 and RMB 821,276 (US$ 126,783) have been recorded in “other non-current liabilities” in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively.

(13)

Issuance of ordinary shares

On April 25, 2014, the Company completed a public offering of 25 million American Depositary Shares (each, an “ADS”), each representing one ordinary share (US$ 0.01 par value per share) of the Company, at a price of US$ 3.5 per ADS. The offering resulted in net proceeds of RMB 517,272 (US$ 83,369), after deducting the placement fees and offering expenses of RMB 21,716 (US$3,500).

(14)

Treasury Stock

On September 30, 2011, the Company announced that a share repurchase program has been authorized by its board of directors. Under the terms of the approved program, Yingli Green Energy may repurchase up to US$100 million worth of its issued and outstanding American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”) from time to time over the next 12 months in the open market or in negotiated transactions, subject to market conditions and other factors, as well as relevant rules under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. As of December 31, 2011, the Company had repurchased 5,567,021 outstanding ADSs (equivalent to 5,567,021 ordinary shares) from the open market for a total consideration of RMB 123.8 million under the share repurchase program. In 2012, additional 159,687 outstanding ADSs (equivalent to159,687 ordinary shares) were repurchased from open market for a total consideration of RMB 3.5 million under the share repurchase program. There was no share repurchase in 2013, 2014 and 2015. After ADS ration change as discussed in note (27) in December 2015, as of December 31, 2015, 572,671 outstanding ADSs (equivalent to 5,726,708 ordinary shares) were repurchased total.

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(15)

Non-Controlling Interests

Non-controlling interests are summarized as follows:

	December 31,
	2014		2015
	RMB		RMB			US$

Non-controlling interests in Tianwei Yingli*		1,329,465		1,133,232			174,941
Non-controlling interests in Hainan Yingli		114,457		56,468			8,717
Non-controlling interests in Yingli Lixian		31,298		8,419			1,300
Non-controlling interests in Yingli Shenzhen		24,041		26,498			4,091
Non-controlling interests in Yingli Greece		11,557		(1,696	)		(262	)
Non-controlling interests in other subsidiaries		8,227		4,612			711
		1,519,045		1,227,533			189,498

Non-controlling interests excludes those classified as a liability as discussed in Note (12)

The movements of non-controlling interests during the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 are as follows:

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB
Balance at beginning of year		1,846,905			1,619,045			1,519,045
Add:
Capital contribution to subsidiaries by non-controlling interests		—			980			18
Net loss attributable to non-controlling interests		(110,473	)		(101,526	)		(298,310	)
Share-based compensation		1,682			—			—
Currency translation adjustments of subsidiaries		(4,486	)		546			10,121
Less:
Profit distribution by a subsidiary		(8,888	)		—			—
Purchase of non-controlling interest		(105,695	)		—			(3,341	)
Balance at the end of year		1,619,045			1,519,045			1,227,533

*Prior to FY 2014, Baoding Tianwei Baobian Electric Co., Ltd. (“Tianwei Baobian”), a third party, held 25.99% equity interest in Tianwei Yingli. In May 2014, the Company, Baoding Tianwei Group Co., Ltd.(“ Tianwei Group”), and Tianwei Baobian entered into a new joint venture contract and Tianwei Baobian transferred 7% equity interest in Tianwei Yingli to Tianwei Group. Under a Sino-foreign equity joint venture company contract with Tianwei Baobian and Tianwei Group, it provides that Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group will have a right to swap the shares of the Company with the all but not part shares of the non-controlling interest in Tianwei Yingli. The terms of the swap will be discussed separately at the time of the swap. The Company does not account for such share swap until a separate agreement is signed that clearly states the terms and basis of the share swap between the non-controlling shareholders and the Company. Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group may exercise this subscription right after certain conditions are satisfied following the completion of the Company’s IPO. Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group’s subscription rights to subscribe for newly issued ordinary shares of the Company in exchange for all but not part of Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group’s equity interest in Tianwei Yingli did not have an effect on earnings per share as these rights are contingent upon Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group obtaining all necessary approvals from relevant PRC government authorities for acquiring our ordinary shares in the future. As of December 31, 2015, Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group haven’t exercised this subscription right.

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Subject to applicable laws in the PRC, the Cayman Islands, any jurisdiction in which our ordinary shares are listed and any jurisdiction in which a qualified securities exchange, including the NYSE, is located and further subject to the listing rules of such exchange, Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group may exercise the subscription right by sending a written notice to us within one month following the first date on which all conditions listed above are satisfied, accompanied by copies of related approvals and opinion of counsel. Prior to exercising its subscription right, Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group is required to retain an asset valuation firm reasonably acceptable to us to obtain a valuation of Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group’s equity interest in Tianwei Yingli in accordance with internationally accepted valuation methods and relevant PRC laws and regulations. The valuation report will need to be acknowledged by both Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group and us. The number of our new ordinary shares that we are obligated to issue to Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group upon its exercise of the subscription right will be calculated. Number of new shares to be issued to Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group = Total number of our shares immediately before the exercise of the subscription right *(Percentage of Tianwei Baobian and/or Tianwei Group’s equity interest in Tianwei Yingli immediately before the exercise of the subscription right/ Percentage of our equity interest in Tianwei Yingli immediately before the exercise of the subscription right)

(16)

Financial Obligations

In July 2011, the Company sold certain newly purchased equipment (“leased assets”) with carrying amount of RMB 91,959 to a third party (the “purchaser-lessor”) for cash consideration of RMB 90,000 and simultaneously entered into a five-year contract to lease back the leased assets from the purchaser-lessor. Pursuant to the terms of the contract, the Company is required to pay to the purchaser-lessor quarterly lease payment over five years and is entitled to obtain the ownership of these equipment at a nominal price upon the expiration of the lease. The lease is classified as capital lease. In connection with this sale-leaseback transaction, the Company recognized a loss of approximately RMB 1,959, which is being deferred and amortized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss over the remaining useful lives of the leased assets.

In 2012, the Company sold certain solar power generation equipment with carrying amount of RMB 102,971 to a related party controlled by Yingli Group for cash consideration of RMB 99,000 and simultaneously entered into a eighteen-year contract to lease back the assets from the related party. The remaining useful lives of leased equipment were approximately 25 years. Pursuant to the terms of the contract, the Company is required to pay to the related party quarterly lease payments over eighteen years and is entitled to obtain the ownership of these equipment at a nominal price upon the expiration of the lease. The lease is classified as capital lease. In connection with this sale-leaseback transaction, the Company recognized a loss of approximately RMB 3,971, which is being deferred and amortized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss over the remaining useful lives of the leased assets.

In August 2013, the Company sold certain machinery and equipment with carrying amount of RMB 99,321 to a related party controlled by Yingli Group for cash consideration of RMB100,000 and simultaneously entered into an eight-year contract to lease back the assets from the related party. The remaining useful lives of leased machinery and equipment were approximately 8-10 years. Pursuant to the terms of the contract, the Company is required to pay to the related party quarterly lease payments over eight years and is entitled to obtain the ownership of these machinery and equipment at a nominal price upon the expiration of the lease. The lease is classified as capital lease. In connection with this sale-leaseback transaction, the Company recognized a profit of approximately RMB 679, which is being deferred and amortized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss over the remaining useful lives of the leased assets.

In June 2014, the Company sold certain machinery and equipment with carrying amount of RMB 109,193 to a related party controlled by Yingli Group for cash consideration of RMB 83,000 and simultaneously entered into a five-year contract to lease back the assets from the related party. The remaining useful lives of leased machinery and equipment were approximately 2-7 years. Pursuant to the terms of the contract, the Company is required to pay to the related party quarterly lease payments over five years and is entitled to obtain the ownership of these machinery and equipment at a nominal price upon the expiration of the lease. The lease is classified as capital lease. In connection with this sale-leaseback transaction, the Company recognized a loss of approximately RMB 26,193, which is being deferred and amortized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss over the remaining useful lives of the leased assets. In 2015, due to lower-than-expected-utilization of the Company’s property, plant and equipment as discussed in note (5), impairment of RMB 11,657 was allocated against the equipment under this sales-leaseback transaction and all unamortized deferred expenses with total amount of RMB18,786 was recognized immediately in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss.

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In November 2012, Lixian Yingli leased certain machinery and equipment from a related party controlled by Yingli Group. Pursuant to the terms of the contract, the Company is required to pay to the related party quarterly lease payments over eight years and is entitled to obtain the ownership of these machinery and equipment at a nominal price upon the expiration of the lease. The lease is classified as capital lease. As of December 31, 2015, the carrying amount of the machinery and equipment related to this capital lease contract is RMB 46,871, and the payable related to this contract is RMB 86,338.

In March 2015, Yingli Beijing sold a distributed PV generation project with carrying amount of RMB 19,804 (US$ 3,507) to a third party for cash consideration of RMB 29,096 (US$ 4,492) and simultaneously entered into a 6 years contract to lease back the assets from the third party by a subsidiary of Yingli Beijing. Pursuant to the terms of the contract, the Company is required to pay to the third party quarterly lease payments over 6 years and is entitled to obtain the ownership of the project at a nominal price upon the expiration of the lease. As Yingli Beijing will continue involvement in the operation of this PV projects, the transaction was a failed sales-leaseback, therefore, it is accounted for as a financing transaction.

Prior to the termination of construction contract with Yingli PV Group as discussed in note (2(b)) “Principles of Consolidation”, in April 2015, one of the Company’s VIE entities, Hanneng Guangping PV Power Development Co., Ltd. (“Hanneng Guangping”), entered into a 10-year lease agreement with an entity unrelated to the Company ( “the lessor”) that, Hanneng Guangping, as a leasee, would lease PV modules and PV equipment with RMB 220,891 (US$ 34,100) and RMB 117,590 (US$ 18,153), respectively. The PV modules of RMB 220,891 (US$ 34,100) were sold from Yingli China to the lessor before they were leased to Hanneng Guangping. The PV modules and PV equipment leased to Hanneng Guangping would be used in the construction of a project asset owned by Hanneng Guangping. As Hanneng Guangping would continue involvement in the construction and operation of this PV projects, the transaction was a failed sales-leaseback, therefore, it is accounted for as a financing transaction. The liability related to this financing lease was derecognized upon the termination of above mentioned construction contract with Yingli PV Group.

As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, the gross amount of the equipment and related depreciation and impairment charge recorded under capital and financing lease were as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
	2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			US$

Equipment		505,927			538,417			83,117
Less: accumulated depreciation		(89,076	)		(159,612	)		(24,640	)
Impairment on equipment		—			(90,860	)		(14,026	)
Net Value		416,851			287,945			44,451

As of December 31, 2015, future minimum payments required under non-cancellable capital and financing lease are:

	RMB		US$
Year ended December 31,
2016		101,888		15,729
2017		67,412		10,407
2018		65,814		10,160
2019		54,496		8,413
2020		42,418		6,548
Thereafter		77,109		11,903
Total minimum lease payments		409,137		63,160
Less: Amount representing interest		78,153		12,065
Present value of net minimum lease payments		330,984		51,095
Current portion		74,893		11,561
Non-current portion		256,091		39,534

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(17)

Net revenues

During the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Company generated net revenues as the followings.

	Year Ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015
	RMB		RMB		RMB		US$
Net revenues
Sales of PV modules		12,510,809		12,179,474		8,464,779		1,306,737
Sales of PV systems		408,630		161,035		197,365		30,468
Sales of PV cells, wafers and raw materials		430,597		439,622		686,056		105,909
Processing fee of PV cells and PV modules		—		—		389,450		60,121
Other revenues		68,057		147,246		228,136		35,218
Total net revenues		13,418,093		12,927,377		9,965,786		1,538,453

For the year ended December 31 2015, the Company generated net revenues on sales of electricity, which has been classified in “Other revenues”.

Since all manufacturing plants are located domestically in China and the overseas entities are only functioned as sales offices, therefore, no assets by geography warrant for disclosure since the assets owned by overseas entities are immaterial.

(18)

Inventory Purchase Commitments

Until the third quarter of 2008, an industry-wide shortage of high purity polysilicon coupled with growing demand for PV modules caused the increases of polysilicon prices. In order to ensure the adequate supply of polysilicon, the Company entered into several long-term fixed price supply contracts from 2006 to 2011 under which the polysilicon would be delivered from 2009 to 2020. However, from the second quarter of 2011, the polysilicon price has decreased significantly as the result of increased polysilicon manufacturing capacity and the pressure from the decreasing average selling price of PV modules. As a result, the Company recognized a provision of RMB 851,694 on its firm purchase commitments under the long-term fixed price polysilicon contracts as of December 31, 2011. The provision was determined by applying a methodology similar to that used in the lower of cost or market evaluation with respect to inventory. During the years ended December 31, 2011 and 2012, notwithstanding that the firm purchase commitments under the long-term fixed price contracts continued to be in effect, through negotiations with the vendors the Company was able to obtain various pricing concessions from the vendors which resulted in the actual purchase price paid by the Company to be less than the stated contract price. The Company has therefore reclassified the accrual for potential losses on inventory firm purchase commitments of RMB 851,694 as of December 31, 2012 to an accrual for loss contingency related to the inventory purchase commitments.

During the year ended December 31, 2013, the Company continued to negotiate and execute amendments for current purchases on a monthly or quarterly basis with Supplier B and Supplier C(refer to note (2)(c)) and obtained price concessions that allowed the Company to purchase polysilicon at renegotiated prices that were in line with the market price and significantly lower than the stated contract prices under the long-term fixed price supply contracts with these vendors. In addition, the Company continued to negotiate with these Supplier B and Supplier C for an overall amendment to each long-term fixed price supply contract with such vendors to eliminate fixed price arrangements. In October 2013, the Company entered into agreements with Supplier B to amend the contract and include a price adjustment mechanism that allows the Company and the vendor to renegotiate purchase price on a quarterly basis within a specified price range set forth in the amendments based on market price. The Company has not reached similar agreement with Supplier C, but continued to renegotiate prices on a quarterly or monthly basis to purchase at close to market prices. The Company failed however, to purchase from Supplier C the stated quantities for a total of six months in 2012 and 2013 under the long-term fixed price supply contracts as the Company’s management determined after taking into consideration all relevant factors that it would be in the Company’s best interest not to accept those deliveries when they were due. As a result, because the contract has been substantially executed, Supplier C claimed that the Company had forfeited certain advance payments made by the Company (see below for discussion of provision recorded in 2013 against these advances). Notwithstanding the Company’s failure to accept deliveries for six months and Supplier C’s claim as described above, the Company and Supplier C continued their monthly or quarterly negotiations and the Company has accepted deliveries from Supplier C after its failure to accept deliveries in those six months.

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In connection with the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2013, management reassessed the loss contingency under the long-term fixed price polysilicon contracts taking into account the developments described above as well as considerations related to the more recent long-term fixed price polysilicon contracts with another supplier, Supplier A, the Company recognized an additional provision of RMB 393,048 on the firm purchase commitments under the long-term fixed price polysilicon contracts as of December 31, 2013. The provision was determined by applying a methodology similar to that used in the lower of cost or market evaluation with respect to inventory, using management’s best estimates of future purchase prices over the remaining terms of the contracts and applying such estimated purchase prices in the lower of cost or market evaluation. In estimating the renegotiated purchase prices, the Company considered the pertinent terms of each of the long-term supply contracts, the history and progress of renegotiation with the relevant vendors and the actual price concessions granted, the polysilicon market development based on available industry research data and the likelihood of achieving different levels of renegotiated prices for future periods. In addition to the estimated renegotiated purchase price, certain other key assumptions were used in measuring the loss accrual, which included but were not limited to (i) the estimated net realizable value of the PV modules manufactured from the polysilicon expected to be purchased under the long-term supply contracts; and (ii) the normal profit margin of the PV modules for purposes of estimating the replacement cost or market price under the lower of cost or market evaluation. The Company also considered the quantities that were required to be purchased and amounts due on take or pay arrangements, as well as the history and progress of renegotiation with the relevant vendors and the actual concessions granted in developing the amount of the estimated loss contingencies.

As of December 31, 2013 and December 31, 2014, the total accrual for loss on inventory purchase commitments remained RMB 1,331,877, respectively, of which RMB 87,134 has been recorded as a reduction of “Prepayment to suppliers” in relation to the failure to purchase the stated quantities for a total of six months in 2012 and 2013 under the long-term fixed price supply contracts with Supplier C as described above (see (b) below for discussion of Supplier C prepayments in 2014 and 2015). Based on the stated delivery schedules through the end of 2014, RMB 13,042(US$2,102) has been recorded in other current liabilities and accrued expenses, and the remaining balance of RMB1,231,701(US$198,514) has been recorded in “Reserve for inventory purchase commitments” as of December 31, 2014, respectively.

(a)

Development on the inventory firm purchase commitment with Supplier A for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015

As of December 31, 2013, the total liability recognised for loss on inventory purchase commitments of RMB1,244,743, after excluding the portion of RMB87,134 recorded as a reduction of “Prepayment to suppliers” related to Supplier C, was all related to the long-term fixed price polysilicon contracts with Supplier A(refer to note (2)(c)), based on the management’s assessment by applying a methodology similar to that used in the lower of cost or market evaluation with respect to inventory.

In 2015, after management’s assessment by using same methodology mentioned above, no additional contingency losses for inventory firm purchase commitment with Supplier A was determined to be required in 2015. However, due to significant fluctuation in the foreign exchange rates between the RMB and US$ and given that the inventory purchase commitment to Supplier A is dominated in US dollar, which is different from the related entities’ functional currency, a foreign exchange re-measurement loss of RMB 77,705 (US$ 11,996) was recorded as additional provision and was recorded in “Provision for reserve for inventory purchase commitments”. No such provision was needed in 2014 since the foreign exchange rate was stable and the provision caused by the foreign exchange rate fluctuation was immaterial.

As of December 31, 2014 and December 2015, the total reserve for inventory purchase commitment of Supplier A was RMB 1,244,743 and RMB 1,322,448 (US$ 204,151), respectively. Based on the stated delivery schedules through the end of 2014 and 2015, RMB 13,042 and nil were in “Other current liabilities and accrued expenses”, respectively, and the remaining balance of RMB 1,231,701 and RMB 1,322,448 (US$ 204,151) were recorded in “Reserve for inventory purchase commitments” as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The following table presents the movement of the liability for inventory purchase commitment:

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	Year ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$

Beginning balance		(851,694	)		(1,244,743	)		(1,244,743	)		(192,155	)
Additions		(393,048	)		-			(77,705	)		(11,996	)
Ending balance		(1,244,743	)		(1,244,743	)		(1,322,448	)		(204,151	)

In entering into its inventory purchase contracts with Supplier A, the Company made prepayments as described in note 2(c). As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, total balance of prepayments made to Supplier A was RMB 224,029 (US$34,584). In 2014 and 2015, due to the anti-dumping duty and anti-subsidy investigation against Solar-Grade Polysilicon launched by the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China, the Company did not make any purchases from the Supplier A under the above-mentioned long-term fixed price supply contract, which was entered into in 2011 and was effective from 2013 to 2020. The Company received invoices from Supplier A under its take-or-pay obligation for failing to take the shipments from 2013 to 2015 and is currently in discussion with the Supplier A to seek an acceptable solution to both parties in accordance with the long-term supply contract. According to the long-term supply contracts entered into between the Company and Supplier A, the minimum purchase amount approximates US$1.6 billion in total. The Company believes that, it is probable the Company will execute the agreements due to the “take or pay” obligation, which requires the Company to pay full amount to Supplier A according to the purchase and payment schedule listed in the agreements with Supplier A, regardless of whether the Company actually purchases raw materials from Supplier A. In addition, the Company also believes that based upon the status of the negotiations with Supplier A, as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, it is reasonably assured that i) these prepayments are not legally forfeited; ii) these prepayments could be utilized for deliveries once the Company starts purchasing from Supplier A. As a result, the Company believes that the total these prepayments could be utilized for deliveries once the Company starts purchasing from Supplier A, therefore there was no need to make a reserve against the prepayments to Supplier A in either 2014 or 2015.

(b)

Development on the inventory firm purchase commitment with Supplier C for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2015

As described in note 2(c), the Company also has prepayments with respect to another supplier, Supplier C, for the purchase of polysilicon. In 2015, the Company failed to purchase from Supplier C the stated quantities under the long-term fixed price supply contracts as the Company’s management determined after taking into consideration all relevant factors that it would be in the Company’s best interest not to accept those deliveries when they were due (In 2014, the Company purchased the required amounts of polysilicon from Supplier C and utilized the portion of prepayments related to 2014). As a result, because the contract has been substantially executed, the vendor claimed that certain advance payments had been forfeited. Unlike the take or pay obligation for Supplier A described in Note 18(a), if the Company fails to take the full amount of the agreed annual quantity in any calendar year, the Company does not have to pay for the remaining annual commitment, but rather only forfeits the unutilized portion of the prepayment related to that year. Further, the Company does not have the right to utilize this prepayment for deliveries in the following years. For years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, impairment provided against the forfeited advance payments was RMB 87,134, nil and RMB 71,266 (US$ 11,002), respectively.

For year ended December 31, 2015, the Company made an assessment and estimated that for the Company’s best interest, the Company would continue not to purchase from Supplier C the stated quantities in the remaining execution period of these long-term fixed price supply contracts. As a result, an additional impairment of RMB 450,784 (US$69,589) was provided based on the estimated shortage between the contractual procurement volume and the estimated procurement volume in the remaining execution period.

The following table presents the movement of the reserve against inventory purchase prepayments for Supplier C:

	Year ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$

Beginning balance		-			(87,134	)		(87,134	)		(13,451	)
Additions		(87,134	)		-			(522,050	)		(80,591	)
Ending balance		(87,134	)		(87,134	)		(609,184	)		(94,042	)

As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, total impairment provided against prepayments to Supplier C in relation to inventory purchase commitments was RMB 87,134 (US$ 13,451) and RMB 609,184 (US$ 94,042), respectively. As of December 31, 2015, total remaining unreserved prepayments to Supplier C was RMB277,392, which represents the management’s best estimation on the recoverability of the prepayments.

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(19)

Arrangements with third party vendors to operate certain production facilities

In late 2015, the Company contracted with several vendors to allow them to operate certain of the Company’s polysilicon ingot and wafer production facilities with a term of one year. These vendors pay the Company a monthly fee to operate these production facilities, reimburse the Company the salaries of the Company’s staff members employed at such facilities and utilities incurred for the operation of the facilities, and cover all other manner of operating, ancillary, and raw material expenses of such production. As part of the arrangement, the Company agrees to purchase all of the wafers so produced by the vendors. For the year ended December 31, 2015, total amounts received for the use of the production facilities and the reimbursements of the salaries of the Company’s staff members employed at such facilities and utilities incurred for the operation of the facilities were RMB 180million (US$ 28million). Considering RMB180 million (US$ 28million) was in fact a reimbursement of the depreciation, salaries and utilities cost, it was recorded in cost of revenue as a reduction of actual costs incurred.

(20)

Income Taxes

Cayman Islands and British Virgin Islands

Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands and British Virgin Islands, the Company is not subject to tax on income or capital gains. In addition, upon any payment of dividend by Yingli International, no British Virgin Islands withholding tax is imposed.

PRC

The Company’s PRC subsidiaries file separate income tax returns. The Company’s PRC subsidiaries are subject to PRC income tax at the statutory rate of 25% under the new Enterprise Income Tax Law (the “new EIT law”), except for the followings.

In 2008, Tianwei Yingli was recognized by the Chinese government as a “High and New Technology Enterprise” (“HNTE”) under the new EIT law and its relevant regulations.

In 2011, Tianwei Yingli renewed its HNTE qualification, which entitled it to the preferential income tax rate of 15% for 2012 and 2013. In 2014, Tianwei Yingli renewed its HNTE qualification again, which extended its entitlement to the preferential income tax rate of 15% to 2016.

Yingli China was recognized by the Chinese government as a HNTE under the new EIT law and its relevant regulations, which entitled it to the preferential income tax rate of 15% from 2011 to 2013. In 2014, Yingli China renewed its HNTE qualification, which entitled it to the preferential income tax rate of 15% from 2014 to 2016.

In 2011, Hainan Yingli was recognized by the Chinese government as a HNTE under the new EIT law and its relevant regulations. Being a HNTE located in the Hainan Special Economic Zone, Hainan Yingli is entitled to a 2+3 tax holiday starting from the year in which it first generates operating income. Hainan Yingli elected and was approved to commence its 2+3 tax holiday in 2011. Therefore, Hainan Yingli is entitled to income tax exemption for 2011 and 2012 and subject to the reduced income tax rate of 12.5% from 2013 to 2015.

In 2013, Yingli Tianjin, Yingli Lixian and Yingli Hengshui were recognized by the Chinese government as HNTE under the new EIT law and its relevant regulations, which entitled them to the preferential income tax rate of 15% from 2013 to 2015.

Subject to reapplication or renewal, Tianwei Yingli, Yingli China, Hainan Yingli, Yingli Tianjin, Yingli Lixian and Yingli Hengshui’s HNTE status will enable them to continue to enjoy the preferential income tax rate. Management believes that these subsidiaries meet all the criteria for the reapplication of HNTE status.

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Other countries

The followings are the major tax jurisdictions where the Company’s non-PRC subsidiaries are subject to income taxes:

Yingli Green Energy Europe GmbH (“Yingli Europe”) and Yingli Green Energy South East Europe GmbH (formerly known as Yingli Green Energy Greece Sales GmbH) (“Yingli South East Europe”), are located in Germany and subject to a corporation income tax rate of 15% plus a solidarity surcharge of 5.5% on corporation income taxes. In addition, Yingli Europe and Yingli South East Europe are subject to a trade income tax rate of 17.15% and 12.775%, respectively. The aggregate statutory income tax rate in Yingli Europe and Yingli South East Europe are 32.975% and 28.6%, respectively.

Yingli Green Energy Americas, INC (“Yingli U.S.”), is located in New York city of the United States of America and is subject to a federal corporation tax rate of 34% and a state corporation tax rate of 6.6%, resulting in an aggregate income tax rate of 38.4%.

The components of profit/(loss) before income taxes for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 are as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$

Cayman Islands		(220,079	)		(319,552	)		(121,803	)		(18,803	)
PRC		(1,868,948	)		(884,440	)		(4,974,084	)		(767,866	)
U.S.		56,678			28,700			22,543			3,480
Other foreign countries		8,476			(136,320	)		(94,301	)		(14,558	)
Total loss before income taxes		(2,023,873	)		(1,311,612	)		(5,167,645	)		(797,747	)

Income tax expense/(benefit) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss consists of the following:

	Year ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB		US$

Current tax expense:
PRC		49,655			67,776			11,764		1,816
U.S.		77			22,536			9,367		1,446
Other foreign countries		11,909			387			14,155		2,185
Total current income tax expense		61,641			90,699			35,286		5,447
Deferred income tax expense/(benefit):
PRC		(19,679	)		(7,500	)		695,702		107,398
U.S.		—			(2,922	)		203		31
Other foreign countries		(10,937	)		9,446			—		—
Sub-total		(30,616	)		(976	)		695,905		107,429
Total income tax expense/(benefit)		31,025			89,723			731,191		112,876

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Reconciliation between the provisions for income tax computed applying the statutory CIT and the Group’s effective tax rate:

	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB

Computed expected tax expense/(benefit)		(25	)%		(25	)%		(25	)%
PRC tax rate differential, preferential rate		6.85	%		4.48	%		10.07	%
Tax rate differential for non-PRC entities		2.84	%		7.19	%		2.18	%
Tax rate change		0.64	%		0.00	%		0.00	%
Tax holiday		(0.79	)%		(0.08	)%		0.50	%
Research and development tax credit		(1.04	)%		(2.03	)%		(0.39	)%
Non-deductible expenses:
Staff welfare in excess of allowable limits		0.08	%		0.17	%		0.29	%
Share based compensation		0.20	%		0.67	%		0.06	%
Entertainment expenses		0.10	%		0.10	%		0.02	%
Change in valuation allowance		17.44	%		15.88	%		25.50	%
Dividend withholding tax		0.10	%		(0.04	)%		(0.00	)%
Others*		0.12	%		5.50	%		0.92	%
Actual income tax expense/(benefit)		1.54	%		6.84	%		14.15	%

*For the year ended December 31, 2014, the Company recorded an out of period adjustment to increase income tax expense that is immaterial to the current and prior years in the amount of RMB 34,352.

The following table sets forth the effect of preferential tax on China operations, including PRC tax holiday for the year ended December 31, 2013 and PRC tax rate differential, preferential rate and Tax holiday for the year ended December 31 2014 and 2015, respectively:

				Year ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB		US$

Tax holiday effect ((increase)/decrease)		(15,030	)		(12,483	)		-		-
Basic net loss per share effect ((increase)/decrease)		(0.10	)		(0.07	)		-		-
Diluted net loss per share effect ((increase)/decrease)		(0.10	)		(0.07	)		-		-

The income tax recoverable was RMB 49,384 and RMB 8,270 (US$ 1,277) as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, which were prepaid expenses and other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, respectively.

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The principal components of the deferred income tax assets and deferred income tax liabilities are as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
	2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			US$
Gross deferred income tax assets:

Accounts receivable and prepayments to suppliers		61,282			196,843			30,387
Inventories		6,491			10,488			1,619
Employee benefits		18,950			21,071			3,253
Accrued warranty		111,805			118,532			18,298
Property, plant and equipment and fixed asset related subsidies		666,472			1,178,084			181,865
Net operating loss carryforwards		950,613			948,715			146,456
Investment loss		6,946			9,234			1,425
Provision for inventory purchase commitment		199,782			211,437			32,640
Total gross deferred income tax assets		2,022,341			2,694,404			415,943
Valuation allowance		(1,311,342	)		(2,691,684	)		(415,523	)
Net deferred income tax assets		710,999			2,720			420
Gross deferred income tax liabilities:
Property, plant and equipment		(32,250	)		—			—
Intangible assets		(8,804	)		(8,804	)		(1,359	)
Withholding income tax		(4,301	)		(4,093	)		(632	)
Total gross deferred income tax liabilities		(45,355	)		(12,897	)		(1,991	)

Net deferred income tax assets/(liabilities)		665,644			(10,177	)		(1,571	)

	Year ended December 31,
	2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			US$

Current deferred income tax assets		465,961			—			—
Non-current deferred income tax assets		212,788			2,720			420
Current deferred income tax liabilities		(4,301	)		(4,093	)		(632	)
Non-current deferred income tax liabilities, included in other liabilities		(8,804	)		(8,804	)		(1,359	)
Net deferred income tax assets/(liabilities)		665,644			(10,177	)		(1,571	)

Tax loss carryforwards of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries amounted to RMB 5,190,539 (US$ 801,281) as of December 31, 2015, of which RMB 550,004, RMB 1,547,167, RMB 1,206,489, RMB 637,990 and RMB 1,248,889 will expire if unused by December 31, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020, respectively.

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The movements of the valuation allowance are as follows:

	Year Ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$

Balance at the beginning of the year		822,010			1,174,988			1,311,342			202,436
Additions of valuation allowance		474,397			159,355			1,409,078			217,523
Reduction of valuation allowance		(121,419	)		(23,001	)		(28,736	)		(4,436	)
Balance at the end of the year		1,174,988			1,311,342			2,691,684			415,523

In assessing the realization of deferred income tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities (including the impact of available carryforward periods), projected future taxable income, and tax planning strategies in making this assessment.

As of December 31, 2014, the Company recognized net deferred income tax assets of RMB665,644, primarily relate to the tax benefits of (i) RMB199,782 in provision for inventory purchase commitment, which expire in varying amounts upon the settlement of the contingency on the long term purchase commitment provision with the major polysilicon suppliers; (ii) RMB428,790 in impairment of property, plant and equipment and gross tax loss carry forwards, which expire in various amounts between 2015 and 2019. For the year ended December 31, 2015, with the successful disposal of land use right of Fine Silicon as discussed in note (6), deferred tax assets of RMB291,829 were realized. For the remaining portion of deferred tax assets in relation to impairment of property, plant and equipment and gross tax loss carry forwards and deferred tax assets in relation to long term purchase commitment provision with the major polysilicon suppliers, a full allowance was provided due to that the Company believes it is more likely than not that the Company will be unable to generate sufficient income in the foreseeable future to utilize the remaining portion of deferred income tax assets.

As of December 31, 2015, the Company recognized net deferred income tax assets of RMB2,720 (US$ 420), primarily relate to the tax benefits of depreciation of property, plant and equipment .. The realization of these tax benefits is dependent on the generation of sufficient taxable income. Management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will realize the benefits of deferred income tax assets, net of the existing valuation allowances as of December 31, 2015. The amount of the deferred income tax assets considered realizable, however, could be reduced in the near term if estimates of future taxable income during the carryforward period are reduced.

The new EIT law and its relevant regulations impose a withholding income tax at 10%, unless reduced by a tax treaty, for dividends distributed by a PRC-resident enterprise to its immediate holding company outside the PRC for earnings accumulated beginning on January 1, 2008 and undistributed earnings generated prior to January 1, 2008 are exempt from such withholding tax. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has not recognized a deferred income tax liability of RMB28,323 (US$ 4,372) for the undistributed earnings of RMB 283,228 (US$ 43,723) generated by the PRC subsidiaries as of December 31, 2015 as the Company plans to indefinitely reinvest these earnings in the PRC.

The German tax law and its relevant regulations impose a withholding income tax at 26.375% for dividends distributed by a Germany-resident enterprise to its immediate holding company outside Germany. As of December 31, 2015, deferred income tax liabilities of RMB4,093(US$632) was recognized for the undistributed earnings generated by a German subsidiary.

For each of the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, the Company did not have any unrecognized tax benefits and thus no interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits were recorded. In addition, the Company does not expect that the amount of unrecognized tax benefits will change significantly within the next 12 months. According to the PRC Tax Administration and Collection Law, the statute of limitations is three years if the underpayment of taxes is due to computational errors made by the taxpayer or the withholding agent. The statute of limitations is extended to five years under special circumstances where the underpayment of taxes is more than RMB 100 (US$ 17). In the case of transfer pricing issues, the statute of limitation is ten years. There is no statute of limitation in the case of tax evasion. The tax returns of the Company’s PRC subsidiaries for the tax years 2011 to 2015 are open to examination by the relevant tax authorities.

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Share-Based Compensation

On December 28, 2006, the Company adopted the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan (the “Plan”). The Plan provides for both the granting of stock options and other stock-based awards such as restricted shares to key employees, directors and consultants of the Company. The Plan was subsequently amended by the Company’s board of directors and shareholders to increase the number of ordinary shares that the Company is authorized to issue. The amendment did not change any other provisions of 2006 Stock Incentive Plan. As of December 31, 2015, the Company was authorized to issue 12,745,438 shares under the 2006 Stock Incentive Plan. Among these shares, up to 2,715,243 shares may be issued for the purposes of granting awards of unvested shares and up to 10,030,195 shares may be issued for the purpose of granting stock option.

Stock options

A summary of stock options activity for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 is as follows:

	Number of Stock options			Weighted Average exercise price			Weighted Average remaining contractual term		Aggregate intrinsic Value

Outstanding as of December 31, 2012		5,349,942		US$	4.55
Granted		—			—
Exercised		(178,750	)	US$	(3.65	)			US$	638
Forfeited or cancelled		(1,625	)	US$	(8.31	)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2013		5,169,567		US$	4.58
Granted		1,792,820		US$	4.17
Exercised		—			—			—		—
Forfeited or cancelled		(51,575	)	US$	(3.80	)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2014		6,910,812		US$	4.48
Granted		86,000		US$	0.84
Exercised		—		US$	—
Forfeited or cancelled		(453,818	)	US$	(7.43	)
Outstanding as of December 31, 2015		6,542,994		US$	4.23			4.49 years		—
Vested and expected to vest as of December 31, 2015		6,542,994		US$	4.23			4.49 years		—
Exercisable as of December 31, 2015		6,483,744		US$	4.04			4.44 years		—

The weighted average option fair value of US$0.57 per share or an aggregate of US$49 on the date of grant during the year ended December 31, 2015.The weighted average option fair value of US$2.93 per share or an aggregate of US$5,255 on the date of grant during the year ended December 31, 2015 was determined based on the Black-Scholes option pricing model, using the following weighted average assumptions.

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		Year ended December 31, 2015

Expected volatility		76.23%-78.53%
Expected dividends yield		0%
Expected term		6.25 years
Risk-free interest rate (per annum)		1.38%-1.40%
Estimated fair value of underlying ordinary shares (per share)		US$0.34-0.78

The Company’s calculation of expected volatility was based on the historical volatility of the Company’s stock price.

The Company accounts for stock options in accordance with ASC Topic 718, by recognizing compensation cost based on the grant-date fair value over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award. No income tax benefit was recognized in the consolidated statements of comprehensive loss for these share options as such compensation expenses are not deductible for PRC tax purposes. The amount of compensation cost recognized for stock options for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 is as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015
	RMB		RMB		RMB		US$

Cost of revenues		3,314		4,748		1,525		235
Selling expenses		2,582		7,558		2,721		420
General and administrative expenses		6,949		18,603		6,409		990
Research and development expenses		3,040		4,023		1,295		200
Total compensation cost recognized for stock options		15,885		34,932		11,950		1,845

As of December 31, 2015, US$ 65 (RMB 418) of unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of approximately 1.61 years.

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Loss per share

Basic and diluted loss per share

For the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, and basic and diluted loss per ADS assuming the change of ADS ration as discussed in note (27) occurred at January 1, 2013, as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
Numerator:
Net loss attributable to Yingli Green Energy		(1,944,425	)		(1,299,809	)		(5,600,526	)		(864,572	)
Denominator:
Weighted average ordinary shares outstanding		156,619,791			173,613,085			181,763,770			181,763,770
Basic and diluted loss per share		(12.41	)		(7.49	)		(30.81	)		(4.76	)

Weighted average ADS outstanding		15,661,979			17,361,309			18,176,377			18,176,377
Basic and diluted loss per ADS		(124.15	)		(74.87	)		(308.12	)		(47.57	)

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The following table summarizes potential common shares outstanding excluded from the calculation of diluted loss per share for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, because their effect is anti-dilutive:

	Year ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015

Shares issuable pursuant to convertible senior notes		—		—		—
Shares issuable pursuant to senior secured convertible notes		—		—		—
Shares issuable under stock options and restricted shares		5,169,567		6,910,812		6,542,994

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Related-Party Transactions

For the years presented, in addition to the transactions described in note (9), note (10) and note (15), the principal related party transactions and amounts due from and due to related parties are summarized as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015
	RMB		RMB		RMB		US$

Sales of products to related parties (note (a))		896,881		435,046		756,431		116,773
Purchase of raw materials and services from related parties (note (b))		1,187,857		833,813		656,091		101,283

	Year ended December 31,
	2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			US$

Accounts receivable from related parties (note (a))		264,995			447,093			69,019
Prepayments to related party suppliers (note (b))		33,746			230,376			35,564
Other amounts due from related parties (note (c))		335,371			433,277			66,887
Total due from related parties - current		634,112			1,110,746			171,470

Long-term portion of amounts due from related party (note (d))		32,000			32,318			4,989

Prepayments for construction of property, plant and equipment to related party suppliers (note (e))		144,467			433			67
Total other due from related parties		144,467			433			67

Amounts due to related parties (note (b))		(974,501	)		(536,409	)		(82,807	)
Total due to related parties - current		(974,501	)		(536,409	)		(82,807	)
Long-term portion of amounts due to related party (note (j))		(280,640	)		(242,267	)		(37,400	)

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Notes:

(a)

The Company sold PV modules of RMB 9,961, RMB 14,793and RMB 5,365(US$828) to its affiliate, Tibetan Yingli, for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015. The Company sold products of RMB 601,652, RMB 268,177and RMB 683,319 (US$105,486) to the subsidiaries of Yingli Group for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. These subsidiaries of Yingli Group are controlled by Mr. Liansheng Miao, the Company’s chairman and CEO. The Company sold PV modules of RMB97,772, RMB 5,756 and RMB551(US$85) to an entity whose equity shareholder is a non-controlling interest holder of the Company’s foreign subsidiary for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. However, it was no longer the company’s related party since September, 2015. The Company sold PV modules of RMB 187,496, RMB 81,023 and nil to an affiliate which the Company holds 26.53% of its equity interest for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015. The amount of transaction mentioned above included value-added tax.

(b)

The Company purchased raw materials of RMB 978,826, RMB 587,538 and RMB 401,690 (US$ 62,010) from the subsidiaries and an affiliate of Yingli Group for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014and 2015, respectively. The company purchased services of RMB 191,371, RMB 230,950 and RMB 239,060(US$36,905) from the subsidiaries of Yingli Group and the Company’s affiliate for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The Company imported the polysilicon of RMB12, nil and nil from an entity whose equity shareholder is a non-controlling interest holder of the Company’s foreign subsidiary for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. The Company purchased raw materials of RMB17,648, RMB 15,325 and RMB32,752(US$5,056) from the entities whose equity shareholder is a non-controlling interest holder of the Company’s subsidiary for the years ended December 31, 2013 ,2014 and 2015. However, it was no longer the company’s related party since September, 2015.The amount of transaction mentioned above included value-added tax.

(c)

Other amounts due from related parties mainly represent the entrusted loan and advances to Yingli Group and its subsidiaries. In 2011, Tianwei Yingli made a one-year entrusted loan of RMB 100,000 at an interest rate of 7.22% per annum to a subsidiary of Yingli Group. The entrusted loan was extended for another one year before due in 2012, and was collected in full by Tianwei Yingli in December 2013. Hainan Yingli made one-year entrusted loans of RMB 50,000 ,RMB 25,000 and RMB40,000 in 2012 ,2013and 2014, to a subsidiary of Yingli Group at an interest rate of 5.4%, 6.0% and 6.0% per annum, respectively, and collected RMB 65,000 and RMB 10,000 and nil in 2013,2014 and 2015 for the above mentioned loans, respectively. In 2015, Yingli Group disposed the 100% equity interest in the aforementioned subsidiary to a third party and the balance of RMB 40,000 was reclassified to other receivables. In 2014, Hainan Yingli made another one-year entrusted loan of RMB18,000 at an interest rate of 6% per annum to a subsidiary of Yingli Group, which was collected in full by Hainan Yingli in December 2015. In 2015, Yingli Tianjin mad a one-year entrusted loan of RMB2,000 at an interest rate of 5.35% per annum to Tianjin Yingli PV Power Plant technology development Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Yingli Group. In 2015, Yingli Tianjin made several one-year entrusted loans of RMB49,800 at an interest rate of 5.6% per annum to Yingli (Tianjin) International Trading Ltd. (“TJ International Trading”), a subsidiary of Yingli Group. The Company sold nil, nil and RMB137,731(US$21,262) of machinery to Yingli Group and had balance of other receivable of nil, nil and 30,739(US$4,745) due form Yingli Group for the year ended December 31, 2013, 2014, and 2015, respectively.

(d)

In 2012, Yingli Lixian entered into a financial lease with a subsidiary of Yingli Group, and paid RMB 4,490 and RMB 7,510 deposits during the years ended December 31, 2012 and 2013, respectively, for guarantee of the transaction. In 2012, Fine Silicon entered into a financial lease with a subsidiary of Yingli Group, and paid RMB 10,000 deposits for guarantee of the transaction. In August 2013, Yingli China entered into a sales-lease back transaction with a subsidiary of Yingli Group and paid RMB 10,000 deposits for guarantee of the lease. These deposits will be returned when the transactions were completed, and are recorded in due from related parties as of December 31, 2012, and are reclassified to long-term portion of amounts due from a related party as of December 31, 2013.

(e)

The balance as of December 31, 2014 and 2015 mainly represents the prepayments to subsidiaries of Yingli Group for the construction of plants, which is included in property, plant and equipment in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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(f)

The Company entered into entrusted construction contract with Yingli PV Group. Under the general term of the contract, Yingli PV Group built 23 project assets of 222.4MW in total for the Company with total amount of RMB 825,748 in 2014. In September 2015, the Company entered into an agreement with Yingli PV Group to terminate the above-mentioned construction contract and deconsolidated all the project assets under the VIE structure. The loss of RMB 6,852, which was the difference between the consideration of RMB 554,452 (US$85,593) and the net book value of the VIEs of RMB561,304 (US$ 86,650), (comprised of total assets of RMB 1,886,045 net of related liabilities of RMB 1,324,741), of was recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss upon the disposal of VIE in 2015. Upon disposal, accounts receivables from these VIEs due to sales of PV modules were reclassified from accounts receivables from subsidiaries, which was eliminated when preparing the consolidation, to accounts receivables from related parties; meanwhile, RMB 554,452 (US$85,593) of receivables in relation to consideration of disposal of VIE from related parties were net-off by payables to the related parties for the initial capital injection into the VIEs when VIE were incorporated.

(g)

In 2014, the Company disposed all its interest in its subsidiary Yingli (Tianjin) International Trading Ltd. (“TJ International Trading”) to Tianjin Yingli Bubalus Logistics Co., Ltd., which is a subsidiary of Yingli Group. The total consideration was of RMB 134,167 and gains of RMB 22,271 was recorded in other gain. As of December 31, 2015, the related proceeds for the disposal have not been collected.

In December 2014, Yingli Shuntong (Beijing).International Freight Agency Co., Ltd. was sold to Tianjin Yingli Bubalus Logistics Co., Ltd., which is a subsidiary of Yingli Group for the consideration of RMB 12,439 (US$ 2,005), and gains of RMB 1,672 (US$ 269) was recorded in other income.

(h)

The Company pledged its assets of total amount of RMB147,600 (US$22,785) to back up the RMB781,830 (US$120,694) bank borrowing of Yingli Group as of December 31, 2015.

(i)

The Company received guarantee from the Yingli Group of total amount of RMB 1,444,030 and RMB 2,386,307 (US$ 368,382) as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively.

(j)

The Company entered into several financing lease agreement with related party controlled by Yingli Group. The total outstanding payable over one year was RMB 280,640 and RMB 242,267 (US$37,400), as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively.

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Commitments and Contingencies

(a)

Commitments

As of December 31, 2015, commitments outstanding for the purchase of property, plant and equipment approximated RMB 1,256,106 (US$202,448).

In order to secure adequate and timely supply of polysilicon, the Company entered into a number of multi-year supply agreements from 2006 through 2011.

A portion of the Company’s multi-year supply agreements are structured as “take or pay” arrangements which allow the supplier to invoice the Company for the full purchase price of polysilicon the Company is obliged to purchase each year at predetermined prices, whether or not the Company actually ordered the required volume, purchase obligations under “take or pay” arrangements are as follows:

Year ended December 31,	RMB		US$
2016		218,185		33,682
2017		1,456,829		224,896
2018		1,595,406		246,288
2019		1,945,774		300,376
2020		1,945,774		300,376
Thereafter		8,983,114		1,386,753
Total		16,145,082		2,492,371

The purchase prices under the multi-year supply agreements are subject to adjustments, taking into consideration the spot market price, the cost to produce the polysilicon, among other things. The Company purchased polysilicon from Supplier B in the amount of RMB 415,075, RMB 561,487 and RMB 461,515(US$71,246) under the “take or pay” arrangements during 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.

Besides the “take or pay” arrangements, future minimum obligations under other polysilicon supply agreements with Supplier C amounted to RMB 4,261,237 (US$ 657,822) as of December 31, 2015. The Company purchased polysilicon in the amount of RMB 732,626, RMB 701,784 and RMB 248,496 (US$ 38,361) under the multi-year supply agreements during 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively. Provision of RMB522,050 was provided against prepayments to Supplier C for year ended December 31, 2015, please refer to note (18).

In terms of the supply agreement with Supplier A, it is impractical for the Company to execute the agreement because of the events such as anti-dumping and anti-subsidy investigations into solar-grade polysilicon imported from the U.S. and South Korea launched by the Ministry of Commerce of the PRC in July 2012 that have occurred are beyond the management’s control. Therefore, based on assessment of management, no material losses or costs should be incurred for not executing the agreement. Reserve for inventory purchase commitments was provided against Supplier A for year ended December 31, 2015, please refer to note (18).

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(b)

Contingencies

From July 2009 through March 2013, the Company signed several agreements and amendments with a supplier to provide recovery service of exhausted slurry for the Company. According to the series of agreements and amendments with the supplier, the Company guaranteed a minimum annual supply volume of exhausted slurry. Starting from late 2011, due to certain quality control issues related to the supplier and substantial changes in the slurry processing market, we and this supplier had disputes over the performance of the supply contracts and payments of accounts receivable. In May 2013, the supplier informed the Company that it would like to cease the recovery service and claimed compensation. In July 2014, the Company filed litigation against this supplier for breach of contract and claimed damages against this supplier. In September 2015, the supplier also filed litigation against the Company for the default in performance of contract and claimed compensation. The court consolidated these two disputes in January 2016, in accordance with the Company’s request. While it is premature at this stage to evaluate the final outcome, the Company believes that the supplier’s claims lack merits. In accordance with ASC Topic 450, no accrual of loss contingency was accrued as of December 31, 2015 since it is not probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss cannot be reasonably estimated.

In October 2013, the Company received notice of an antitrust filed by Energy Conversion Devices Liquidation Trust (“ECD”), through its liquidating trustee, against the Company and two other China-based photovoltaic panel manufacturers. in the U.S. District Court of the Eastern District of Michigan. ECD alleges a wide-ranging conspiracy among the Company and other two Chinese photovoltaic panel manufacturers, their suppliers, banks and the Chinese government to destroy ECD and the U.S. solar industry by flooding the market with cheap photovoltaic panels. On October 31, 2014, the Court granted our joint motion to dismiss the case. In November 2014, the plaintiff filed a motion for reconsideration and a second motion to amend or alter the judgement and for leave to file an amended complaint, both of which were denied by the Court in September 2015. ECD has appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, and that appeal remains pending. While it is premature at this stage of the litigations to evaluate the likelihood of favorable or unfavorable outcomes, we believe that ECD’s claims lack merits. We intend to defend vigorously against those allegations. In accordance with ASC Topic 450, no accrual of loss contingency was accrued as of December 31, 2015 since it is not probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss cannot be reasonably estimated.

In May and June 2015, two individual plaintiffs respectively filed purported class action securities fraud lawsuits against us, our chairperson and chief executive officer, Mr. Liansheng Mao, and the Company’s director and chief executive officer, Mr. Yiyu Wang, in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California, both alleging, among other things, that the Company made false and misleading statements and failed to disclose certain material financial information. In October 2015, the cases were consolidated and the court appointed lead plaintiffs and lead counsel. In November 2015, lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint. The amended complaint contends that we and certain of our officers and directors made false or misleading statements between December 2, 2010 and May 15, 2015 regarding (i) the Chinese government’s Golden Sun program, which provided subsidies for solar projects in China; and (ii) the Company’s accounts receivable attributable to Chinese customers. The sole claim against the Company is for violation of Section 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. In December 2015, the Company filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated suit. Plaintiffs filed an opposition to the motion on January 15, 2016, and we filed a reply on January 29, 2016. The court heard oral argument on the motion on May 2. On May 10, 2016, the Court issued a written decision granting Yingli’s motion to dismiss with leave to amend. Plaintiffs have until June 24, 2016 to file an amended complaint. In accordance with ASC Topic 450, no accrual of loss contingency was accrued as of December 31, 2015 since it is not probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss cannot be reasonably estimated.

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In October 2012, the Company received notice of an antitrust and unfair competition lawsuit filed by Solyndra, LLC (“Solyndra”, a U.S.-based solar company) against the Company and two other China-based photovoltaic panel manufacturers in the U.S. District Court of the Northern District of California. The Company filed its joint motion to dismiss all of Solyndra’s claims with the co-defendants in March 2013. On April 9, 2014, the Company received an order denying defendants’ joint motion to dismiss Solyndra’s claims. In February 2016, the Company entered into an agreement to settle these claims (“the Settlement Agreement”). According to the Settlement Agreement, i) the Company together with Yingli Green Energy Americas, Inc. (“Yingli Americas”, one subsidiaries of the Company), shall pay US$7.5 million to settle Solyndra’s claims; ii) the Company shall be obligated to pay to Solyndra additional cash of US$10 million, if the annual total sales of PV modules from the Company and its subsidiaries to the United States and Canada equals or exceeds 800 megawatts in any single calendar year from 2016 to 2018. The aforementioned lawsuit against the Company will be dismissed with prejudice, and under the Settlement Agreement, Solyndra has released the Company and all of its affiliates from any further claims based on the same or any related facts or allegations. This settlement is subject to approval by the bankruptcy court handling Solyndra’s bankruptcy case. Therefore, provision of settlement fee of US$ 7.5 million (RMB 48.7 million) has been provided as of December 31, 2015 and was recorded in “Payables due to settlement of claims” and “General and administrative expenses” to the “Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss”, no provision was made against the additional of US$10 million (RMB 64.8 million) since it is not probable that a liability has been incurred.

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Intangible Assets

As of December 31, 2014 and 2015, the Company’s intangible assets consisted of the followings:

	December 31, 2014
	Weighted average amortization period		Gross carrying amount		Accumulated amortization			Impairment			Intangibles, net
	Years		RMB		RMB			RMB			RMB		US$

Trademark		Indefinite		57,672		—			—			57,672		9,295
Technical know-how		5.7		209,084		(208,146	)		—			938		151
Customer relationship		5.8		66,671		(66,671	)		—			—		—
Order backlog		1.3		23,274		(23,274	)		—			—		—
Short-term supplier agreements		0.5		4,303		(4,303	)		—			—		—
Long-term supplier agreements		9		137,820		(6,643	)		(131,177	)		—		—
Total				498,824		(309,037	)		(131,177	)		58,610		9,446

	December 31, 2015
	Weighted average amortization period		Gross carrying Amount		Accumulated amortization			Impairment			Intangibles, net
	Years		RMB		RMB			RMB			RMB		US$

Trademark		Indefinite		57,672		—			—			57,672		8,903
Technical know-how		5.7		209,084		(208,396	)		—			688		106
Customer relationship		5.8		66,671		(66,671	)		—			—		—
Order backlog		1.3		23,274		(23,274	)		—			—		—
Short-term supplier agreements		0.5		4,303		(4,303	)		—			—		—
Long-term supplier agreements		9		137,820		(6,643	)		(131,177	)		—		—
Total				498,824		(309,287	)		(131,177	)		58,360		9,009

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Technical know-how represents self-developed technologies, which were feasible at the acquisition date and technologies contributed by a non-controlling interest holder of a subsidiary of the Company. These technologies included the design and configuration of the Company’s PV manufacturing line, manufacturing technologies and process for high efficiency silicon solar cells and provision of innovations for continuous improvement of cell efficiencies and manufacturing cost reduction.

Management estimated that the economic useful life of technical know-how by taking into consideration of the remaining life cycle of the current manufacturing technologies.

Management estimated the useful life of the customer relationships based primarily on the historical experience of the Company’s customer attrition rate and estimated sales to these customers in future years. The straight-line method of amortization has been adopted as the pattern in which the economic benefit of the customer relationship are used, cannot be reliably determined.

The estimated fair values of short-term and long-term supply agreements were determined based on the present values of the after-tax cost savings of the Company’s short-term and long-term supply agreements. The after-tax cost savings of the Company’s short-term and long-term supply agreements were based on the difference of price of polysilicon between the agreed purchase price per the supply contracts and the forecasted spot market price at time of the forecasted inventory acquisition. The after-tax costs savings also considered the interest impact of making the pre-payments in accordance with the supply agreements payment terms. Management estimated the useful life of the short-term and long-term supply agreements based upon the contractual delivery periods specified in each agreement. The long-term supply agreements relate to four long-term polysilicon supply agreements with delivery period commencing in 2009.

The aggregated amortization expense for intangible assets for the years ended December 31, 2013, 2014 and 2015 is as follows:

	Year ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015
	RMB		RMB		RMB		US$

Selling expenses
Customer relationship		3,590		—		—		—
General and administrative expenses
Technical know-how		286		326		250		39
Total amortization expense		3,876		326		250		39

As of December 31, 2015, the estimated amortization expense for the next five years is as follows:

	December 31, 2015
	RMB
2016		250
2017		250
2018		188
2019		—
2020		—

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(26)

Geographic Revenue Information

The following summarizes the Company’s revenue from the following geographic areas (based on the location of the customer):

	Year ended December 31,
	2013		2014		2015
	RMB		RMB		RMB		US$
Europe:
- Germany		2,439,058		671,534		170,518		26,323
- Spain		131,414		186,341		136,964		21,144
- France		156,557		191,071		363,635		56,136
- Italy		95,013		32,607		21,680		3,347
- Belgium		93,149		5,247		11		2
- Holland		227,163		116,725		39,715		6,131
- Czech		1,134		—		126		19
- Greece		325,619		2,225		239		37
- England		403,014		998,203		80,255		12,389
- Turkey		22,118		118,305		550,799		85,029
- Others		142,855		133,698		74,004		11,424
Subtotal- Europe		4,037,094		2,455,956		1,437,946		221,981
PRC (excluding HK SAR, Macau and Taiwan)		4,546,482		4,550,915		4,078,476		629,608
HK SAR		756		39,582		4,125		637
United States of America		2,906,262		2,301,496		1,248,536		192,741
Japan		972,604		2,487,949		2,723,800		420,482
South Korea		—		2,201		2,440		377
Other countries		954,895		1,089,278		470,463		72,627
Total net revenues		13,418,093		12,927,377		9,965,786		1,538,453

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Change of ADS ratio

On August 13, 2015, the Company received a notice from the New York Stock Exchange (the "NYSE") stating that the Company was not in compliance with the NYSE's price criteria for continued listing standard because, as of August 12, 2015, the average closing price of the Company's American Depositary Shares, or ADSs, was less than $1.00 per ADS over a consecutive 30 trading-day period.

In accordance with Section 802.01C of the NYSE's Listed Company Manual, the Company was provided with a period of six months ("the Cure Period") following receipt of the notice to regain compliance with the minimum share price requirement. The Company can regain compliance during the Cure Period if the Company's ADSs have a closing share price of at least $1.00 per ADS on the last trading day of any calendar month during the period and also have an average closing price of at least $1.00 per ADS over the 30 trading-day period ending on the last trading day of that month. The Company can also regain compliance if at the expiration of the six-month Cure Period, both a $1.00 or above closing price per ADS on the last trading day of the Cure Period and a $1.00 or above average closing price per ADS over the 30 trading-day period ending on the last trading day of the Cure Period are attained.

Effective on December 28, 2015, the Company changed the ratio of its American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”) to ordinary shares from one (1) ADS representing one (1) ordinary share to one (1) ADS representing ten (10) ordinary shares. Pursuant to the ratio change, each shareholder of record at the close of business on December 28, 2015 was required to exchange every ten ADSs then held for one new ADS. The ratio change brought the Company back into compliance with all NYSE listing standards. The historical and present loss per share for the periods presented herein has been retrospectively adjusted to reflect such effect.

(28)

Subsequent event

On May 12, 2016, the Company failed to repay its medium-term note due in the amount of RMB1.4 billion. The Company is in negotiation with the note holders for the repayment schedule of the medium-term notes (see note 2(a)).

(29)

Restricted Net Asset Parent Only Financial Information

Relevant PRC laws and regulations permit PRC companies to pay dividends only out of their retained earnings. if any, as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, PRC companies can only distribute dividends upon approval of the shareholders after they have met the PRC requirements for appropriation to statutory reserves. Relevant rules require annual appropriations of 10% of net after-tax income to be set aside prior to payment of any dividends. As a result of these and other restrictions under PRC laws and regulations, the PRC subsidiaries are restricted in their ability to transfer a portion of their net assets to the Company either in the form of dividends, loans or advances, which restricted portion amounted to approximately RMB 9,493 million, or 202% of the Group’s total consolidated net deficits as of December 31, 2015. Even though the Company currently does not require any such dividends, loans or advances from the PRC subsidiaries for working capital and other funding purposes, the Company may in the future require additional cash resources from the PRC subsidiaries due to changes in business conditions, to fund future acquisitions and developments, or merely declare and pay dividends to or distributions to the Company’s shareholders.

The separate condensed financial statements of Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited as presented below have been prepared in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission Regulation S-X Rule 5-04 and Rule 12-04 and present the Company’s investments in its subsidiaries under the equity method of accounting as prescribed in ASC 323. Such investment is presented on the separate condensed balance sheets of the Company as “Investments in subsidiaries.” The condensed financial information of Yingli Green Energy Holding Company Limited has been presented for the period from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015.

The subsidiaries did not pay dividend to the Company for the period presented.

Except as disclosed in the consolidated financial statements as presented above, the Company did not have any significant contingency, commitment, long term obligation, or guarantee as of December 31, 2015.

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Condensed Balance Sheets

(Amounts in thousands)

	December 31, 2014			December 31, 2015
	RMB			RMB			US$
ASSETS

Current assets:
Cash		1,900			1,145			177
Amounts due from related parties		2,609,928			2,658,849			410,456
Prepaid expenses and other current assets		171,314			174,559			26,947
Total current assets		2,783,142			2,834,553			437,580
Investments and loans to subsidiaries		—			—			—
Total assets		2,783,142			2,834,553			437,580

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Current liabilities:
Short-term borrowings		212,807			—			—
Amounts due to related parties		2,617,668			2,952,404			455,773
Other current liabilities and accrued expenses		28,191			95,127			14,685
Total current liabilities		2,858,666			3,047,531			470,458
Non-current liabilities:
Deficit subsidiaries		141,840			5,726,706			884,051
Total liabilities		3,000,506			8,774,237			1,354,509

Shareholders’ deficit
Ordinary shares —
Par value: US$0.01
Authorized shares: 1,000,000,000
Issued shares: 187,490,478 and 187,490,478 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively
Outstanding shares: 181,763,770 and 181,763,770 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively		13,791			13,791			2,129
Additional paid-in capital		7,234,810			7,246,760			1,118,707

Treasury stock: 5,726,708 and 5,726,708 as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, respectively, at cost		(127,331	)		(127,331	)		(19,656	)
Accumulated other comprehensive income		312,110			180,025			27,791
Accumulated deficit		(7,650,744	)		(13,252,929	)		(2,045,900	)
Total shareholders’ deficit		(217,364	)		(5,939,684	)		(916,929	)

Commitments and contingencies		—			—			—

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity/deficit		2,783,142			2,834,553			437,580

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Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(Amounts in thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
Selling expenses		191,343			282,636			76,890			11,870
General and administrative expenses		18,187			37,543			54,101			8,352
Research and development expenses		3,041			4,091			1,295			199
Total operating expenses		212,571			324,270			132,286			20,421
Equity in losses of subsidiaries		(1,724,346	)		(980,267	)		(5,480,390	)		(846,026	)
Interest expense		(4,244	)		(4,328	)		(2,810	)		(434	)
Interest income		4			1			—			—
Foreign currency exchange gain (losses)		(3,511	)		8,771			12,895			1,991
Other income		243			284			406			64
Loss before income taxes		(1,944,425	)		(1,299,809	)		(5,602,185	)		(864,828	)
Income tax expense		—			—			—			—
Net loss		(1,944,425	)		(1,299,809	)		(5,602,185	)		(864,828	)
Foreign currency exchange translation adjustment, net of nil tax		53,575			22,494			(131,336	)		(20,275	)
Cash flow hedging derivatives, net of nil tax		(1,070	)		(273	)		(749	)		(116	)
Comprehensive loss		(1,891,920	)		(1,277,588	)		(5,734,270	)		(885,219	)

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Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

(Amounts in thousands)

	Year Ended December 31,
	2013			2014			2015
	RMB			RMB			RMB			US$
Operating activities:
Net cash used in operating activities		(148,292	)		(128,256	)		(32,709	)		(5,049	)

Investing activities:
Investment in subsidiaries		(114,256	)		(599,332	)		—			—
Repayment of amounts due from subsidiaries, net		368,232			207,712			253,063			39,066
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities		253,976			(391,620	)		253,063			39,066
Cash flows from financing activities
Proceeds from short-term borrowings		—			—			—			—
Repayment of short-term borrowings		(109,891	)		—			(221,109	)		(34,133	)
Proceeds from issuance of ordinary shares		—			517,272			—			—
Proceeds from exercise of options		4,005			—			—			—
Payment for the repurchase of the convertible senior notes		—			—			—			—
Payment for share repurchase		—			—			—			—
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities		(105,886	)		517,272			(221,109	)		(34,133	)
Net decrease in cash		(202	)		(2,604	)		(755	)		(116	)
Cash at beginning of year		4,706			4,504			1,900			293
Cash at end of year		4,504			1,900			1,145			177

Non-cash investing and financing transactions:
Conversion of senior secured convertible notes to ordinary shares		—			—			—			—

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