Form 10-K
Table of Contents

 

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

 

  x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended 30 September 2016

OR

 

  ¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from                  to                 

Commission file number 1-4534

AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC.

 

7201 Hamilton Boulevard   State of incorporation: Delaware
Allentown, Pennsylvania, 18195-1501   I.R.S. identification number: 23-1274455
Tel. (610) 481-4911  

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

Title of Each Class:

 

Registered on:

Common Stock, par value $1.00 per share   New York Stock Exchange
2.0% Euro Notes due 2020   New York Stock Exchange
.375% Euro Notes due 2021   New York Stock Exchange
1.0% Euro Notes due 2025   New York Stock Exchange

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.   YES x         NO ¨
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.   YES ¨         NO x
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.   YES x         NO ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).   YES x         NO ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.    x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

Large accelerated filer   x

  Accelerated filer   ¨   Non-accelerated filer   ¨   Smaller reporting company   ¨

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    YES ¨         NO x

The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant on 31 March 2016 was approximately $31.0 billion. For purposes of the foregoing calculations all directors and/or executive officers have been deemed to be affiliates, but the registrant disclaims that any such director and/or executive officer is an affiliate.

The number of shares of common stock outstanding as of 31 October 2016 was 217,375,097.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on 26 January 2017 are incorporated by reference into Part III.

 

 


Table of Contents

AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended 30 September 2016

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

ITEM 1.      BUSINESS      3   
ITEM 1A.      RISK FACTORS      10   
ITEM 1B.      UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS      15   
ITEM 2.      PROPERTIES      15   
ITEM 3.      LEGAL PROCEEDINGS      16   
ITEM 4.      SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS      18   
ITEM 5.      MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES      18   
ITEM 6.      SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA      20   
ITEM 7.      MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS      22   
ITEM 7A.      QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK      55   
ITEM 8.      FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA      58   
ITEM 9.      CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE      116   
ITEM 9A.      CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES      116   
ITEM 9B.      OTHER INFORMATION      116   
ITEM 10.      DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE      116   
ITEM 11.      EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION      117   
ITEM 12.      SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS      117   
ITEM 13.      CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE      118   
ITEM 14.      PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES      118   
ITEM 15.      EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES      118   
SIGNATURES      119   

 

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PART I

 

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

General Description of Business

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (“we,” “our,” “us,” the “Company,” “Air Products,” or “registrant”), a Delaware corporation originally founded in 1940, serves energy, electronics, chemicals, metals, and manufacturing customers globally with a unique portfolio of products, services, and solutions that include atmospheric gases, process and specialty gases, electronics and performance materials, equipment, and services. The Company is the world’s largest supplier of hydrogen and has built leading positions in growth markets such as helium, refinery hydrogen, semiconductor materials, natural gas liquefaction, and advanced coatings and adhesives. As used in this report, unless the context indicates otherwise, the terms “we,” “our,” “us,” the “Company,” or “registrant” include controlled subsidiaries, affiliates, and predecessors of Air Products and its controlled subsidiaries and affiliates.

During its fiscal year ended 30 September 2016 (“fiscal year 2016”), the Company manufactured and distributed products in two principal lines of business: Industrial Gases and Materials Technologies. Industrial Gases’ primary products were atmospheric gases, process gases, and equipment for air separation. Materials Technologies’ primary products were performance materials and chemicals, such as epoxy amine curing agents, polyurethane catalysts, additives, and specialty surfactants, and electronic materials such as specialty gases, chemical mechanical planarization slurries, and specialty chemicals. The Company also designs and manufactures equipment for natural gas liquefaction and helium distribution.

At the beginning of the fiscal year, the Company reported its business in seven reporting segments under which it managed its operations, assessed performance, and reported earnings: Industrial Gases – Americas; Industrial Gases – EMEA (Europe, Middle East, and Africa); Industrial Gases – Asia; Industrial Gases – Global; Materials Technologies; Energy-from-Waste; and Corporate and other. On 29 March 2016, the Board of Directors approved the Company’s exit of its Energy-from-Waste business based on continued difficulties encountered in making its two Energy-from-Waste projects operational and the Company’s conclusion, based on testing and analysis completed during the second quarter of fiscal year 2016, that significant additional time and resources would be required to make the projects operational. The Energy-from-Waste segment is now presented as a discontinued operation. Refer to Note 26, Business Segment and Geographic Information, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details on our reportable business segments.

On 16 September 2015, the Company announced that its Board of Directors approved a preliminary plan to spin off its Materials Technologies business, which contained the Electronic Materials and Performance Materials businesses. On 6 May 2016, the Company entered into an agreement to sell certain subsidiaries and assets comprising the Performance Materials business to Evonik Industries AG for $3.8 billion in cash and the assumption of certain liabilities. The Company also announced its intention to proceed with the spin-off of the Electronic Materials business. In preparation for the spin-off, Air Products transferred operations, employees, assets, and liabilities of the Electronic Materials business to its wholly owned subsidiary, Versum Materials, Inc. (Versum). On 1 October 2016, Air Products distributed all of the shares of Versum Materials, Inc. to its shareholders, creating a new publicly traded corporation. As of 30 September 2016, the results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows for the Electronic Materials and Performance Materials businesses are presented within the Company’s consolidated financial statements as continuing operations. Beginning with the first quarter of fiscal year 2017, the historical results of Electronic Materials will be presented as a discontinued operation. The historical results of Performance Materials will be reflected as a discontinued operation when it becomes probable for the sale to occur and actions required to meet the plan of sale indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes will occur.

 

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Narrative Description of Business by Segments

Industrial Gases Business

The Company’s Industrial Gases business produces atmospheric gases (oxygen, nitrogen, argon, and rare gases), process gases (hydrogen, helium, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, syngas and specialty gases) and equipment for the production or processing of gases such as air separation units and non-cryogenic generators. Atmospheric gases are produced through various air separation processes of which cryogenic is the most prevalent. Process gases are produced by methods other than air separation. For example, hydrogen is produced by steam methane reforming of natural gas or by purifying byproduct sources obtained from the chemical and petrochemical industries; and helium is produced as a byproduct of gases extracted from underground reservoirs, primarily natural gas, but also carbon dioxide purified before resale.

The Company’s Industrial Gases business is organized and operated regionally. The regional Industrial Gases segments (Americas, EMEA, and Asia) supply gases and related equipment in the relevant region to diversified customers in many industries, including those in metals, glass, chemical processing, electronics, energy production and refining, food processing, metallurgical industries, medical, and general manufacturing. Hydrogen is used by refiners to facilitate the conversion of heavy crude feedstock and lower the sulfur content of gasoline and diesel fuels. The chemicals industry uses hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and syngas as feedstocks in the production of many basic chemicals. The energy production industry uses nitrogen injection for enhanced recovery of oil and natural gas and oxygen for gasification. Oxygen is used in combustion and industrial heating applications, including in the steel, certain nonferrous metals, glass and cement industries. Nitrogen applications are used in food processing for freezing and preserving flavor and nitrogen for inerting is used in various fields, including the metallurgical, chemical, and semiconductor industries. Helium is used in laboratories and healthcare for cooling and in other industries for pressurizing, purging and lifting. Argon is used in the metals and other industries for its unique inerting, thermal conductivity and other properties. Industrial gases are also used in welding and providing healthcare and are utilized in various manufacturing processes to make them more efficient and to optimize performance.

We distribute gases to our customers through a variety of supply modes:

Liquid BulkProduct is delivered in bulk (in liquid or gaseous form) by tanker or tube trailer and stored, usually in its liquid state, in equipment designed and installed typically by the Company at the customer’s site for vaporizing into a gaseous state as needed. Liquid bulk sales are usually governed by three- to five-year contracts.

Packaged GasesSmall quantities of product are delivered in either cylinders or dewars. The Company operates packaged gas businesses in Europe, Asia, and Latin America. In the United States, the Company’s packaged gas business sells products only for the electronics and magnetic resonance imaging (principally helium) industries.

On-Site GasesLarge quantities of hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and syngas (a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide) are provided to customers, principally the energy production and refining, chemical, and metallurgical industries worldwide who require large volumes of gases that have relatively constant demand. Gases are produced at large facilities located adjacent to customers’ facilities or by pipeline systems from centrally located production facilities and are generally governed by 15- to 20- year contracts. The Company also delivers small quantities of product through small on-site plants (cryogenic or non-cryogenic generators), typically either via a 10- to 15- year sale of gas contract or through the sale of the equipment to the customer.

Electricity is the largest cost component in the production of atmospheric gases, and natural gas is the principal raw material for hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and syngas production. We mitigate energy and natural gas price fluctuations contractually through pricing formulas, surcharges, and cost pass-through arrangements. During fiscal year 2016, no significant difficulties were encountered in obtaining adequate supplies of power and natural gas.

The regional Industrial Gases segments also include our share of the results of several joint ventures accounted for by the equity method. The largest of these joint ventures operate in Mexico, Italy, South Africa, India, Saudi Arabia, and Thailand.

 

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Each of the regional Industrial Gases segments competes against three global industrial gas companies: Air Liquide S.A., Linde AG, and Praxair, Inc.; as well as regional competitors. Competition in Industrial Gases is based primarily on price, reliability of supply, and the development of industrial gas applications. In locations where we have pipeline networks, which enable us to provide reliable and economic supply of products to larger customers, we derive a competitive advantage.

Overall regional industrial gases sales constituted approximately 76% of consolidated sales in fiscal year 2016, 76% in fiscal year 2015, and 77% in fiscal year 2014. Sales of tonnage hydrogen and related products constituted approximately 17% of consolidated sales in fiscal year 2016, 19% in fiscal year 2015, and 22% in fiscal year 2014. Sales of atmospheric gases constituted approximately 36% of consolidated sales in fiscal year 2016, 35% in fiscal year 2015 and 33% in fiscal year 2014.

Industrial Gases Equipment

The Company designs and manufactures equipment for air separation, hydrocarbon recovery and purification, natural gas liquefaction (LNG), and liquid helium and liquid hydrogen transport and storage. The Industrial Gases – Global segment includes cryogenic and non-cryogenic equipment for air separation. The equipment is sold worldwide to customers in a variety of industries, including chemical and petrochemical manufacturing, oil and gas recovery, and processing and steel and primary metals processing. Other activities, which are managed globally instead of regionally, are also part of this segment, such as technology development for air separation. The Corporate and other segment includes two global equipment businesses, our LNG sale of equipment business and our liquid helium and liquid hydrogen transport and storage containers business. Steel, aluminum, and capital equipment subcomponents (compressors, etc.) are the principal raw materials in the manufacturing of equipment in this business segment. Adequate raw materials for individual projects are acquired under firm purchase agreements. Equipment is produced at the Company’s manufacturing sites with certain components being procured from subcontractors and vendors. Competition in the equipment business is based primarily on technological performance, service, technical know-how, price and performance guarantees.

The backlog of equipment orders was approximately $1.1 billion on 30 September 2016 (as compared with a total backlog of approximately $1.5 billion on 30 September 2015) and primarily contains Air Products’ share of the multi-year contract with a joint venture in Jazan, Saudi Arabia for the construction of an industrial gas facility that will supply gases to Saudi Arabian Oil Company (Saudi Aramco). Revenue from this contract is recognized under the percent complete method based on costs incurred to date compared with total expected costs to be incurred. The Company estimates that between 60-70% of the total sales backlog as of 30 September 2016 will be recognized as revenue during fiscal year 2017, dependent on execution schedules of the relevant projects.

Materials Technologies

Materials Technologies is a global business that delivers innovation-driven solutions for specific customer applications within niche markets. This segment employs applications technology to provide solutions to a broad range of global industries through chemical synthesis, analytical technology, process engineering, and surface science. It is comprised of two business divisions: Performance Materials, which is focused on a portfolio of additives products that provide high value properties at low cost across a variety of industries, and Electronic Materials, which is focused on supplying critical materials and equipment to the semiconductor industry. The Company completed the spin-off of the Electronic Materials business on 1 October 2016 and has entered into an agreement for the sale of the Performance Materials business, which is subject to regulatory approval and other conditions.

The Performance Materials business has critical competencies in specialty amines, alkoxylates and silicone chemistries. The business provides a range of products concentrated in the areas of epoxy curing agents, accelerators and catalysts, polyurethane catalysts, surfactants and curatives and specialty additives, including surfactants, wetting agents, dispersants and de-foaming agents. The products are used in a variety of industry applications, including coatings, inks, adhesives, construction and civil engineering, personal care, institutional and industrial cleaning, mining, oil refining, and polyurethanes. The Performance Materials businesses focus on the development of new additive materials aimed at providing unique technologies and functionality.

The Electronic Materials business maintained critical competencies in molecular design, formulation expertise, and ultra-high purity chemistry. This division provided the semiconductor industry with high purity process materials for deposition, metallization, chamber cleaning and etching, chemicals mechanical planarization slurries,

 

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organosilanes, organometalics and liquid dopants for thin film deposition, formulated chemical products for post-etch cleaning and delivery equipment and services primarily for the manufacture of silicon and compound semiconductors and thin film transistor liquid crystal displays.

Both businesses are based on strong customer relationships and collaborative development, technology and innovation leadership, unique product positioning, and a strong global infrastructure with in-region flexible manufacturing capabilities. The segment maintains manufacturing operations in North America, Europe and Asia and manages a complex global supply chain. Products are delivered in bulk containers of different sizes, some of which are returnable.

Materials Technologies uses a wide variety of raw materials including amines and amine derivatives, alcohols and surfactants, tungsten powder, ethylene oxide, and ketones. During fiscal year 2016, no significant difficulties were encountered in obtaining adequate supplies of energy or raw materials.

Materials Technologies faces competition on a product-by-product basis against competitors ranging from niche suppliers with a single product to larger and more vertically integrated companies. Competition is principally conducted on the basis of price, quality, product performance, reliability of product supply, technical innovation, service, and global infrastructure.

Total sales from Materials Technologies constituted approximately 21% of consolidated sales in fiscal year 2016, 21% of consolidated sales in fiscal year 2015, and 20% in fiscal year 2014. Performance Materials Division sales constituted approximately 11% of consolidated sales in fiscal year 2016, 11% in fiscal year 2015, and 11% in fiscal year 2014, and Electronic Materials Division sales constituted approximately 10% of consolidated sales in fiscal year 2016, 10% of consolidated sales in fiscal year 2015, and 9% in fiscal year 2014.

Narrative Description of the Company’s Business Generally

The Company, through subsidiaries, affiliates, and less-than-controlling interests, conducts business in 50 countries outside the United States. Its international businesses are subject to risks customarily encountered in foreign operations, including fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and controls; import and export controls; and other economic, political, and regulatory policies of local governments.

The Company has majority or wholly owned foreign subsidiaries that operate in Canada, 17 European countries (including the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Spain), 11 Asian countries (including China, Korea, and Taiwan), 7 Latin American countries (including Chile and Brazil), 2 African countries, and 1 Middle Eastern country. The Company also owns less-than-controlling interests in entities operating in Europe, Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Latin America (including Italy, Germany, China, India, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, South Africa, and Mexico).

Financial information about the Company’s foreign operations and investments is included in Note 8, Summarized Financial Information of Equity Affiliates; Note 23, Income Taxes; and Note 26, Business Segment and Geographic Information, to the consolidated financial statements included under Item 8, herein. Information about foreign currency translation is included under “Foreign Currency” in Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, and information on the Company’s exposure to currency fluctuations is included in Note 13, Financial Instruments, to the consolidated financial statements, included under Item 8, below, and in “Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk,” included under Item 7A, below. Export sales from operations in the United States to third-party customers amounted to $307.7 million, $398.8 million, and $378.7 million in fiscal years 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.

Technology Development

The Company pursues a market-oriented approach to technology development through research and development, engineering, and commercial development processes. It conducts research and development principally in its laboratories located in the United States (Trexlertown, Pennsylvania; Carlsbad, California; Milton, Wisconsin; and Phoenix, Arizona), Canada (Vancouver), the United Kingdom (Basingstoke and Carrington), Germany (Hamburg), the Netherlands (Utrecht), Spain (Barcelona), Japan (Kawasaki), China (Shanghai), Korea (Giheung), and Taiwan (Chupei and Hsinchu City). The Company also funds and cooperates in research and development programs conducted by a number of major universities and undertakes research work funded by others—principally the United States government.

The Company’s research groups are aligned with and support the research efforts of various businesses throughout the Company. Development of technology for use within the Industrial Gases business focuses

 

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primarily on new and improved processes and equipment for the production and delivery of industrial gases and new or improved applications for industrial gas products. Research and technology development for Materials Technologies supports development of new products and applications to strengthen and extend the Company’s present positions as well as to lower processing costs and develop new processes for the new products.

Research and development expenditures were $132.0 million during fiscal year 2016, $137.1 million during fiscal year 2015, and $139.8 million in fiscal year 2014. In addition, the Company expended approximately $1 million on customer sponsored research activities during fiscal year 2016, $6 million during fiscal year 2015, and $19 million in fiscal year 2014.

The Company owns approximately 970 United States patents, approximately 3,900 foreign patents, and is a licensee under certain patents owned by others. While the patents and licenses are considered important, the Company does not consider its business as a whole to be materially dependent upon any particular patent, patent license, or group of patents or licenses.

Environmental Controls

The Company is subject to various environmental laws and regulations in the countries in which it has operations. Compliance with these laws and regulations results in higher capital expenditures and costs. In the normal course of business, the Company is involved in legal proceedings under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA: the federal Superfund law); Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); and similar state and foreign environmental laws relating to the designation of certain sites for investigation or remediation. Additional information with respect to these proceedings is included under Item 3, Legal Proceedings, below. The Company’s accounting policy for environmental expenditures is discussed in Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, and environmental loss contingencies are discussed in Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements, included under Item 8, below.

The amounts charged to income from continuing operations related to environmental matters totaled $27.0 million in fiscal year 2016, $28.3 million in fiscal 2015, and $35.1 million in 2014. These amounts represent an estimate of expenses for compliance with environmental laws and activities undertaken to meet internal Company standards. Refer to Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

The Company estimates that we spent $7 million in 2016, $4 million in 2015 and $5 million in 2014 on capital projects to control pollution. Capital expenditures to control pollution in future years are estimated to be approximately $3 million in both 2017 and 2018.

Employees

On 30 September 2016, the Company (including majority-owned subsidiaries) had approximately 18,600 employees, of whom approximately 18,300 were full-time employees and of whom approximately 11,800 were located outside the United States. The Company has collective bargaining agreements with unions at various locations that expire on various dates over the next four years. The Company considers relations with its employees to be satisfactory.

Available Information

All periodic and current reports, registration statements, and other filings that the Company is required to file with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the 1934 Act Reports), are available free of charge through the Company’s Internet website at www.airproducts.com. Such documents are available as soon as reasonably practicable after electronic filing of the material with the SEC. All 1934 Act Reports filed during the period covered by this report were available on the Company’s website on the same day as filing.

The public may also read and copy any materials filed by the Company with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, DC 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy, and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that site is www.sec.gov.

 

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Seasonality

Although the Company’s businesses are not subject to seasonal fluctuations to any material extent, Materials Technologies is susceptible to the cyclical nature of the electronics industry and to seasonal fluctuations in underlying end-use performance materials markets.

Working Capital

Our working capital balance was a positive $1,034 at 30 September 2016. The cash and cash items balance is higher than our historical trend and primarily results from transactions related to the anticipated spin-off of Versum and positive operating cash flows.

The Company maintains inventory where required to facilitate the supply of products to customers on a reasonable delivery schedule. Industrial Gases’ inventory consists primarily of industrial gas, specialty gas, and crude helium inventories supplied to customers through liquid bulk and packaged gases supply modes. Materials Technologies’ inventories consist primarily of bulk and packaged specialty gases and chemicals, bulk and packaged performance chemical solutions and also include inventories to support sales of equipment and services.

Customers

We do not have a homogeneous customer base or end market, and no single customer accounts for more than 10% of our consolidated revenues. We do have concentrations of customers in specific industries, primarily refining, chemicals, and electronics. Within each of these industries, the Company has several large-volume customers with long-term contracts. A negative trend affecting one of these industries, or the loss of one of these major customers, although not material to our consolidated revenue, could have an adverse impact on the affected segment.

Governmental Contracts

No segment’s business is subject to a government entity’s renegotiation of profits or termination of contracts that would be material to our business as a whole.

 

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Executive Officers of the Company

The Company’s executive officers and their respective positions and ages on 21 November 2016 follow. Information with respect to offices held is stated in fiscal years.

 

Name    Age      Office     

M. Scott Crocco

     52       Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (became Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in 2016; Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer in 2013; and Vice President and Corporate Controller in 2008).   

Russell A. Flugel

     47       Vice President, Corporate Controller and Principal Accounting Officer (became Vice President, Corporate Controller and Principal Accounting Officer in 2015; Corporate Controller in 2014; Director, Accounting and Corporate Decision Support in 2013; and Director, Corporate Decision Support, Technical Accounting and Consolidation in 2011).   

Seifi Ghasemi

     72       Chairman, President, and Chief Executive Officer (became Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer in 2014 and Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Rockwood Holdings, Inc. in 2001). Mr. Ghasemi is a member and Chairman of the Board of Directors and the Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors.   

Jennifer L. Grant

     44       Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer (became Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer in 2013). Prior to joining Air Products, was Vice President of Human Resources for Pfizer Inc. Specialty Products and Oncology Divisions from 2009-2013.   

Corning F. Painter

     54       Executive Vice President Industrial Gases (became Executive Vice President Industrial Gases in 2015; Senior Vice President and General Manager –Merchant Gases in 2014; Senior Vice President – Supply Chain in 2012; Senior Vice President –Corporate Strategy and Technology in 2011; and Vice President and General Manager, Global Electronics in 2007).   

 

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

In conjunction with evaluating an investment in the Company and the forward-looking information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K or presented elsewhere by management from time to time, you should carefully read the following risk factors. Any of the following risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition, and the actual outcome of matters as to which forward-looking statements are made and could adversely affect the value of an investment in our common stock as well. While we believe we have identified and discussed below the key risk factors affecting our business, there may be additional risks and uncertainties that adversely affect our business, performance, or financial condition in the future that are not presently known, are not currently believed to be significant, or are not identified below because they are common to all businesses.

Overall Economic and Supply/Demand Conditions, Customer Vitality—A weakening economy or product supply versus demand imbalance in markets in which the Company does business may decrease the demand for its goods and services and adversely impact its revenues, operating results, and cash flows. Cyclical downturns in the industries served by our customers or adverse economic events or conditions affecting specific customers can in turn have an adverse effect on our business.

Demand for the Company’s products and services depends in part on the general economic conditions affecting the countries and markets in which the Company does business. In the past few years, uncertain economic conditions in certain geographies and changing supply and demand balances in markets served by the Company have impacted and may in the future impact demand for the Company’s products and services, in turn negatively impacting the Company’s revenues and earnings. Unfavorable conditions can depress sales in a given market or to a particular customer, affect our margins, constrain our operating flexibility, impact utilization of the Company’s manufacturing capacity, or result in charges which are unusual or nonrecurring. Excess capacity in the Company’s or its competitors’ manufacturing facilities could decrease the Company’s ability to maintain pricing and generate profits.

Our operating results in one or more segments may also be affected by uncertain or deteriorating economic conditions particularly germane to that segment or to particular customer markets within that segment. A decline in the industries served by our customers or adverse events or circumstances affecting individual customers can impair the ability of such customers to satisfy their obligations to the Company, resulting in uncollected receivables, unanticipated contract terminations, project delays, or inability to recover plant investments negatively impacting our financial results.

Weak overall demand or specific customer conditions may also cause elimination of product lines, customer shutdowns or default, or other inabilities to profitably operate facilities and may force sale or abandonment of facilities and equipment or projects not to reach on-stream. These or other events associated with weak economic conditions or specific end market, product, or customer events may require the Company to record an impairment on tangible assets, such as facilities and equipment, or intangible assets, such as intellectual property or goodwill, which would have a negative impact on its financial results.

Operational, Economic, Political, and Legal Risks of International Operations—The Company’s foreign operations can be adversely impacted by operational, economic, political and legal risks that could impact our profitability. Developing market operations present special risks.

The Company has extensive international operations. In addition, the Company is actively investing significant capital and other resources in emerging markets, including joint ventures and other alliances. The Company’s operations in certain foreign jurisdictions may be subject to project delays due to unanticipated government actions, inadequate investment in infrastructure, undeveloped property rights and legal systems, or political instability. Some of the Company’s contractual relationships within these jurisdictions are subject to cancellation without full compensation for loss. Economic and political conditions within foreign jurisdictions, nationalization and expropriation risk, social unrest, strained relations between countries, or imposition of international sanctions can cause fluctuations in demand, price volatility, supply disruptions, or loss of property. The occurrence of any of these risks could have a material adverse impact on the Company’s financial condition, results of operation, and cash flows.

Our developing market operations may be subject to greater risks than those faced by our operations in mature economies, including geopolitical, legal, economic, and talent risks. Our success will depend, in part, on our ability

 

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to manage the risks inherent in operating in a developing market, including unfamiliar regulatory environments, relationships with local partners, language and cultural differences, and tailoring products for acceptance by local markets.

Further, our operations outside the United States require us to comply with a number of United States and international regulations, including anti-corruption laws such as the United States Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the United Kingdom Bribery Act, and the China Anti-Unfair Competition Law, as well as U.S. and international economic sanctions. We have policies and procedures to foster compliance with these laws, including compliance and training programs for our employees and established due diligence procedures with regard to third parties; however, these cannot eliminate the risk that violations could be committed by our employees, agents or joint venture partners. Violations of such laws and regulations could result in disruptive investigations of the Company, significant fines and sanctions which could adversely affect our consolidated results of operations.

Currency Fluctuations—Changes in foreign currencies may adversely affect the Company’s financial results.

The majority of the Company’s revenue is generated from sales outside the United States, exposing it to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. Our Industrial Gases business is primarily exposed to translational currency risk as the results of its foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates throughout the fiscal period. Our Performance Materials business is also significantly exposed to transactional currency impacts as many of its products are manufactured in one country and sold in another.

The Company uses certain financial instruments to mitigate some of these effects. The Company’s policy is to minimize cash flow volatility from changes in currency exchange rates. The Company chooses not to hedge the translation of its foreign subsidiaries’ earnings into dollars. Accordingly, reported sales, net earnings, cash flows, and fair values have been and in the future will be affected by changes in foreign exchange rates. For a more detailed discussion of currency exposure, see Item 7A, below.

Raw Material and Energy Cost and Availability—Interruption in ordinary sources of supply or an inability to recover increases in energy and raw material costs from customers could result in lost sales or reduced profitability.

Hydrocarbons, including natural gas, are the primary feedstock for the production of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and syngas. Energy, including electricity, natural gas, and diesel fuel for delivery trucks, is the largest cost component of the Company’s business. Because the Company’s industrial gas facilities use substantial amounts of electricity, energy price fluctuations could materially impact the Company’s revenues and earnings. A disruption in the supply of energy, components, or raw materials, whether due to market conditions, legislative or regulatory actions, natural events, or other disruption, could prevent the Company from meeting its contractual commitments, harming its business and financial results.

The Company’s supply of crude helium for purification and resale is largely dependent upon natural gas production by crude helium suppliers. Lower natural gas production (which may result from natural gas pricing or supplier operating issues) or interruptions in sales from other crude helium suppliers, can reduce the Company’s supplies of crude helium available for processing and resale to its customers.

The Company typically contracts to pass through cost increases in energy and raw materials to its customers, but cost variability can still have a negative impact on its results. The Company may not be able to raise prices as quickly as costs rise, or competitive pressures may prevent full recovery. Increases in energy or raw material costs that cannot be passed on to customers for competitive or other reasons would negatively impact the Company’s revenues and earnings. Even where costs are passed through, price increases can cause lower sales volume.

Regulatory Compliance—The Company is subject to extensive government regulation in jurisdictions around the globe in which it does business. Changes in regulations addressing, among other things, environmental compliance, import/export restrictions, anti-bribery and corruption, and taxes, can negatively impact the Company’s financial condition, results of operation, and cash flows.

The Company is subject to government regulation in the United States and foreign jurisdictions in which it conducts its business. The application of laws and regulations to the Company’s business is sometimes unclear.

 

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Compliance with laws and regulations may involve significant costs or require changes in business practice that could result in reduced profitability. Determination of noncompliance can result in penalties or sanctions that could also impact financial results. Compliance with changes in laws or regulations can require additional capital expenditures or increase operating costs. Export controls or other regulatory restrictions could prevent the Company from shipping its products to and from some markets or increase the cost of doing so. Export restrictions continue to attract external focus by multiple customs and export enforcement authorities. Changes in tax laws and regulations and international tax treaties could affect the financial results of the Company’s businesses. Increasingly aggressive enforcement of anti-bribery and anti-corruption requirements, including the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the United Kingdom Bribery Act and the China Anti-Unfair Competition Law, could subject the Company to criminal or civil sanctions if a violation occurs.

Environmental Compliance—Costs and expenses resulting from compliance with environmental regulations may negatively impact the Company’s operations and financial results.

The Company is subject to extensive federal, state, local, and foreign environmental and safety laws and regulations concerning, among other things, emissions in the air; discharges to land and water; and the generation, handling, treatment, and disposal of hazardous waste and other materials. The Company takes its environmental responsibilities very seriously, but there is a risk of environmental impact inherent in our manufacturing operations and transportation of chemicals. Future developments and more stringent environmental regulations may require the Company to make additional unforeseen environmental expenditures. In addition, laws and regulations may require significant expenditures for environmental protection equipment, compliance, and remediation. These additional costs may adversely affect financial results. For a more detailed description of these matters, see “Narrative Description of the Company’s Business Generally—Environmental Controls,” above.

We may not be able to successfully control or reduce costs to improve productivity and streamline operations. Reorganization and cost reduction efforts can disrupt operations.

Achieving our financial goals including continued profitability and margin growth depends significantly on our efforts to control or reduce our operating costs, including our ability to eliminate stranded costs related to our divested businesses. Because many of our costs are affected by factors outside or substantially outside our control, we generally must seek to control or reduce costs through operating efficiency and repositioning actions. If we are not able to identify and execute efforts designed to control or reduce costs and increase operating efficiency, our ability to attain our goals could be adversely impacted.

Ongoing restructuring and cost reduction actions may reduce our available talent and other resources, impact our ability to attract and retain key employees, slow improvements in our products and services, and adversely affect our ability to respond to customers. Failure to achieve targeted improvements may diminish the operational and financial benefits we realize from such actions. These circumstances could adversely impact our business and financial statements.

Interest Rate Increases—The Company’s earnings, cash flows, and financial position can be impacted by interest rate increases and access to credit.

At 30 September 2016, the Company had total consolidated debt of $6,225.2 million (including Versum debt of $997.2 million), of which $1,307.1 million (including Versum debt of $5.8 million) will mature in the next twelve months. The Company expects to continue to incur indebtedness to fund new projects and replace maturing debt. Although the Company actively manages its interest rate risk through the use of derivatives and diversified debt obligations, not all borrowings at variable rates are hedged, and new debt will be priced at market rates. If interest rates increase, the Company’s interest expense could increase significantly, affecting earnings and reducing cash flow available for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, and other purposes. In addition, changes by any rating agency to the Company’s outlook or credit ratings could increase the Company’s cost of borrowing and weaken our ability to access capital and credit markets on terms commercially acceptable to us. For a more detailed discussion of interest rate risk, see Item 7A, below.

We may be unable to successfully execute or effectively integrate acquisitions, and divestitures may not occur as planned.

We regularly review our portfolio of businesses and pursue growth through acquisitions and seek to divest non-core businesses. We may not be able to complete transactions on favorable terms, on a timely basis or at all. In

 

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addition, our results of operations and cash flows may be adversely impacted by the failure of acquired businesses to meet expected returns, the failure to integrate acquired businesses, the inability to dispose of non-core assets and businesses on satisfactory terms and conditions, and the discovery of unanticipated liabilities or other problems in acquired businesses for which we lack contractual protections or insurance. With respect to divested businesses, our results may be impacted by claims by purchasers to whom we have provided contractual indemnification.

Catastrophic Events—Catastrophic events could disrupt the Company’s operations or the operations of its suppliers or customers, having a negative impact on the Company’s business, financial results, and cash flows.

The Company’s operations could be impacted by catastrophic events outside the Company’s control, including severe weather conditions such as hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, storms, epidemics, or acts of war and terrorism. Any such event could cause a serious business disruption that could affect the Company’s ability to produce and distribute its products and possibly expose it to third-party liability claims. Additionally, such events could impact the Company’s suppliers or customers, in which event energy and raw materials may be unavailable to the Company, or its customers may be unable to purchase or accept the Company’s products and services. Any such occurrence could have a negative impact on the Company’s operations and financial results.

Operational Risks—Operational and execution risks may adversely affect the Company’s operations or financial results.

The Company’s operation of its facilities, pipelines, and delivery systems inherently entails hazards that require continuous oversight and control, such as pipeline leaks and ruptures, fire, explosions, toxic releases, mechanical failures, or vehicle accidents. If operational risks materialize, they could result in loss of life, damage to the environment, or loss of production, all of which could negatively impact the Company’s ongoing operations, reputation, financial results, and cash flows. In addition, the Company’s operating results are dependent on the continued operation of its production facilities and its ability to meet customer requirements, which depends, in part, on the Company’s ability to properly maintain and replace aging assets. Operating results are also dependent on the Company’s ability to complete new construction projects on time, on budget, and in accordance with performance requirements, which depends, in part, on the availability of adequate sources of labor in the geographies where the Company intends to build new plants. Failure to do so may expose the Company to loss of revenue, potential litigation, and loss of business reputation.

Information Security—The security of the Company’s Information Technology systems could be compromised, which could adversely affect its ability to operate.

We depend on information technology to enable us to operate efficiently and interface with customers as well as to maintain financial accuracy and efficiency. Our information technology capabilities are delivered through a combination of internal and external services and services providers. If we do not allocate and effectively manage the resources necessary to build and sustain the proper technology infrastructure, we could be subject to transaction errors, processing inefficiencies, the loss of customers, business disruptions, or the loss of or damage to our confidential business information or multiple site impact through a security breach. As with all large systems, our information systems could be penetrated by outside parties intent on extracting information, corrupting information, disrupting business processes, or causing harm to persons or property. The Company’s systems have in the past been and likely will in the future be subject to sophisticated cyber security threats. To date, the Company is not aware of any significant impact on its operations or financial results from such attempts; however, unauthorized access could disrupt our business operations, result in the loss of assets, and have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations.

The Company’s business involves the use, storage, and transmission of information about its employees, vendors, and customers. The protection of such information, as well as the Company’s information, is critical to the Company. The regulatory environment surrounding information security and privacy is increasingly demanding, with the frequent imposition of new and constantly changing requirements. The Company has established policies and procedures to help protect the security and privacy of this information. The Company also, from time to time, exports sensitive customer data and technical information to recipients outside the United States. Breaches of our security measures or the accidental loss, inadvertent disclosure, or unapproved dissemination of proprietary information or sensitive or confidential data about us or our customers, including the potential loss or disclosure of such information or data as a result of fraud, trickery, or other forms of deception,

 

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could expose us, our customers, or the individuals affected to a risk of loss or misuse of this information, result in litigation and potential liability for us, damage our reputation, or otherwise harm our business.

Litigation and Regulatory Proceedings—The Company’s financial results may be affected by various legal and regulatory proceedings, including those involving antitrust, tax, environmental, or other matters.

The Company is subject to litigation and regulatory investigations and proceedings in the normal course of business and could become subject to additional claims in the future, some of which could be material. While the Company seeks to limit its liability in its commercial contractual arrangements, there are no guarantees that each contract will contain suitable limitations of liability or that limitations of liability will be enforceable at law. Also, the outcome of existing legal proceedings may differ from the Company’s expectations because the outcomes of litigation, including regulatory matters, are often difficult to predict reliably. Various factors or developments can lead the Company to change current estimates of liabilities and related insurance receivables, where applicable, or make such estimates for matters previously not susceptible to reasonable estimates, such as a significant judicial ruling or judgment, a significant settlement, significant regulatory developments, or changes in applicable law. A future adverse ruling, settlement, or unfavorable development could result in charges that could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows in any particular period.

Greenhouse Gases—Legislative and regulatory responses to global climate change create financial risk.

Some of the Company’s operations are within jurisdictions that have or are developing regulatory regimes governing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). These include existing coverage under the European Union Emission Trading Scheme, California’s cap and trade scheme, Alberta’s Emission Reduction Program, China’s Emission Trading Scheme pilots, South Korea’s Emission Trading Scheme, and mandatory reporting and anticipated constraints on GHG emissions under an Ontario cap and trade scheme, nation-wide expansion of the China Emission Trading Scheme, and federal emission performance standards in Canada. In addition, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) requires mandatory reporting of GHG emissions and is regulating GHG emissions for new construction and major modifications to existing facilities. Moreover, some jurisdictions have various mechanisms to target the power sector (e.g. U.S. EPA Clean Power Plan) to achieve emission reductions. These reductions often result in higher power costs.

Increased public concern may result in more international, U.S. federal, and/or regional requirements to reduce or mitigate the effects of GHG. Although uncertain, these developments could increase the Company’s costs related to consumption of electric power, hydrogen production, and fluorinated gases production. The Company believes it will be able to mitigate some of the increased costs through its contractual terms, but the lack of definitive legislation or regulatory requirements prevents an accurate estimate of the long-term impact on the Company. Any legislation that limits or taxes GHG emissions could impact the Company’s growth, increase its operating costs, or reduce demand for certain of its products.

The results of the United Kingdom’s (“UK”) European Union (“EU”) membership referendum could adversely affect customer demand, our relationships with customers and suppliers and our business and financial statements.

The results of the UK’s EU membership referendum, advising for the exit of the UK from the EU, has caused and may continue to cause significant volatility in global stock markets, currency exchange rate fluctuations and global economic uncertainty, which could adversely affect customer demand, our relationships with customers and suppliers and our business and financial statements.

Competition—Inability to compete effectively in a segment could adversely impact sales and financial performance.

The Company faces strong competition from several large global competitors and many smaller regional ones in many of its business segments. Introduction by competitors of new technologies, competing products, or additional capacity could weaken demand for or impact pricing of the Company’s products, negatively impacting financial results. In addition, competitors’ pricing policies could affect the Company’s profitability or its market share.

 

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We could incur significant liability if the distribution of Versum common stock to our stockholders is determined to be a taxable transaction.

We have received an opinion from outside tax counsel to the effect that the spin-off of Versum qualifies as a transaction that is described in Sections 355(a) and 368(a)(1)(D) of the Internal Revenue Code. The opinion relies on certain facts, assumptions, representations and undertakings from Versum and us regarding the past and future conduct of the companies’ respective businesses and other matters. If any of these facts, assumptions, representations or undertakings are incorrect or not satisfied, our shareholders and we may not be able to rely on the opinion of tax counsel and could be subject to significant tax liabilities. Notwithstanding the opinion of tax counsel we have received, the IRS could determine on audit that the spin-off is taxable if it determines that any of these facts, assumptions, representations or undertakings are not correct or have been violated or if it disagrees with the conclusions in the opinion. If the spin-off is determined to be taxable for U.S. federal income tax purposes, our shareholders that are subject to U.S. federal income tax and we could incur significant U.S. federal income tax liabilities.

 

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

We have not received any written comments from the Commission staff that remain unresolved.

 

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. owns its principal administrative offices, which are the Company’s headquarters located in Trexlertown, Pennsylvania, as well as Hersham, England and Santiago, Chile. The Company leases administrative offices in Spain, Malaysia, and China for its Global Business Support organization.

The following is a description of the properties used by our six business segments and the Energy-from-Waste business discontinued operation. We believe that our facilities are suitable and adequate for our current and anticipated future levels of operation.

Industrial Gases – Global

Management, sales, and engineering support for this business segment is based in our principal administrative offices noted above, and an office in India.

Air separation equipment is manufactured in Missouri, Pennsylvania, and China.

Research and development (R&D) activities for this business segment are conducted at owned locations in the U.S. and the United Kingdom, and 4 leased locations in Canada, Europe, and Asia.

Helium is processed at multiple sites in the U.S. and then distributed to/from transfill sites globally.

Industrial Gases – Americas

This business segment currently operates from over 295 production and distribution facilities in North and South America (approximately 1/4th of which are located on owned property), and 10% of which are integrated sites that serve dedicated customers as well as merchant customers. The Company has sufficient property rights and permits for the ongoing operation of our pipeline systems in the Gulf Coast, California, and Arizona in the United States and Alberta and Ontario, Canada. Management and sales support is based in our Trexlertown and Santiago offices referred to above, and at 10 leased properties located throughout North and South America.

Hydrogen fueling stations built by the Company support commercial markets in California and Japan as well as demonstration projects in Europe and other parts of Asia.

Industrial Gases – EMEA

This business segment currently operates from over 150 production and distribution facilities in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (approximately 1/3rd of which are on owned property). The Company has sufficient property rights and permits for the ongoing operation of our pipeline systems in the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Belgium, France, and Germany. Management and sales support for this business segment is based in Hersham, England referred to above, Barcelona, Spain and at 12 leased office sites located throughout the region.

 

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Industrial Gases – Asia

Industrial Gases – Asia currently operates from over 150 production and distribution facilities within Asia (approximately 1/4th of which are on owned property or long duration term grants). The Company has sufficient property rights and permits for the ongoing operation of our pipeline systems in China, Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia. Management and sales support for this business segment is based in Shanghai, China and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and in 7 leased office locations throughout the region.

Materials Technologies

This business segment was comprised of two divisions, Electronic Materials and Performance Materials, prior to the 1 October 2016 spin-off of Electronic Materials.

The Electronic Materials portion of this segment was spun off into the separate legal entity, Versum Materials, Inc., along with its production, equipment manufacturing, and distribution operations at 24 sites in the United States, Europe, and Asia (1/3rd of which are owned sites, and the remainder of which are on leased sites or on sites where long duration term grants have been obtained).

The headquarters for this new entity will be based in Tempe, Arizona with supporting administration and research and development activities at 4 locations in Taiwan, 2 locations in South Korea, Singapore, China, the Netherlands, and Pennsylvania in the United States.

The Performance Materials portion of this segment is under an announced Purchase Agreement for the sale of this division, including its operations at 12 production sites globally, 50% of which are owned.

This segment conducts R&D related activities at 8 locations worldwide, including: Pennsylvania, California, and Wisconsin in the United States, the Netherlands, China, Japan, and multiple sites in Germany.

The management and sales support for Performance Materials is currently based in our Trexlertown offices referred to above, and at offices located in Utrecht, the Netherlands, Shanghai, China, Kawasaki, Japan, and Singapore.

Corporate and other

Corporate administrative functions are based in the Company’s administrative offices referred to above.

The Gardner Cryogenic business operates at facilities in Pennsylvania and Kansas in the United States and in France.

The LNG business has owned manufacturing facilities in Pennsylvania and Florida in the United States with management, engineering, and sales support based in the Trexlertown offices referred to above and a nearby leased office.

Energy-from-Waste

On 29 March 2016, the Board of Directors approved the Company’s exit of its Energy-from-Waste business. As a result, the Energy-from-Waste segment is presented as a discontinued operation. The real estate interests for this business, which are comprised of a leased office, two leased production sites, and rights for utility infrastructure, will be exited with the assets of this business.

 

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In the normal course of business, the Company and its subsidiaries are involved in various legal proceedings, including contract, product liability, intellectual property, insurance, and regulatory matters. Although litigation with respect to these matters is routine and incidental to the conduct of our business, such litigation could result in large monetary awards, especially if a civil jury is allowed to determine compensatory and/or punitive damages. However, we believe that litigation currently pending to which we are a party will be resolved without any material adverse effect on our financial position, earnings, or cash flows.

From time to time, we are also involved in proceedings, investigations, and audits involving governmental authorities in connection with environmental, health, safety, competition, and tax matters.

The Company is a party to proceedings under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA: the federal Superfund law); Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); and similar

 

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state and foreign environmental laws relating to the designation of certain sites for investigation or remediation. Presently there are approximately 33 sites on which a final settlement has not been reached where the Company, along with others, has been designated a potentially responsible party by the Environmental Protection Agency or is otherwise engaged in investigation or remediation, including cleanup activity at certain of its current and former manufacturing sites. We do not expect that any sums we may have to pay in connection with these environmental matters would have a material adverse impact on our consolidated financial position. Additional information on the Company’s environmental exposure is included under “Narrative Description of the Company’s Business Generally—Environmental Controls.”

In September 2010, the Brazilian Administrative Council for Economic Defense (CADE) issued a decision against our Brazilian subsidiary, Air Products Brasil Ltda., and several other Brazilian industrial gas companies for alleged anticompetitive activities. CADE imposed a civil fine of R$179.2 million (approximately $55 million at 30 September 2016) on Air Products Brasil Ltda. This fine was based on a recommendation by a unit of the Brazilian Ministry of Justice, whose investigation began in 2003, alleging violation of competition laws with respect to the sale of industrial and medical gases. The fines are based on a percentage of the Company’s total revenue in Brazil in 2003.

We have denied the allegations made by the authorities and filed an appeal in October 2010 to the Brazilian courts. On 6 May 2014, our appeal was granted and the fine against Air Products Brasil Ltda. was dismissed. CADE has appealed that ruling and the matter remains pending. The Company, with advice of its outside legal counsel, has assessed the status of this matter and has concluded that, although an adverse final judgment after exhausting all appeals is possible, such a judgment is not probable. As a result, no provision has been made in the consolidated financial statements.

Other than this matter, we do not currently believe there are any legal proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, that are reasonably possible to have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows. A future charge for regulatory fines or damage awards could have a significant impact on our net income in the period in which it is recorded.

 

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ITEM 4. SUBMISSION OF MATTERS TO A VOTE OF SECURITY HOLDERS

Not applicable

PART II

 

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS, AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Our common stock (ticker symbol APD) is listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Our transfer agent and registrar is Broadridge Corporate Issuer Solutions, Inc., P.O. Box 1342, Brentwood, New York 11717, telephone (844) 318-0129 (U.S.) or (720) 358-3595 (all other locations); Internet website, http://shareholder.broadridge.com/airproducts; and e-mail address, shareholder@broadridge.com. As of 31 October 2016, there were 5,974 record holders of our common stock. Quarterly stock prices, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange composite tape of transactions, and dividend information for the last two fiscal years appear below. Cash dividends on the Company’s common stock are paid quarterly. It is our expectation that we will continue to pay cash dividends in the future at comparable or increased levels. The Board of Directors determines whether to declare dividends and the timing and amount based on financial condition and other factors it deems relevant.

Quarterly Stock Information

 

2016

     High         Low         Close         Dividend   

First

     $143.83         $126.65         $130.11         $0.81   

Second

     147.16         114.64         144.05         0.86   

Third

     152.16         134.15         142.04         0.86   

Fourth

     157.84         137.31         150.34         0.86   
              $3.39   

2015

     High         Low         Close         Dividend   

First

     $149.61         $118.20         $144.23         $0.77   

Second

     158.20         137.07         151.28         0.81   

Third

     153.93         136.69         136.83         0.81   

Fourth

     148.56         123.66         127.58         0.81   
              $3.20   

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer

On 15 September 2011, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $1.0 billion of our outstanding common stock. This program does not have a stated expiration date. We repurchase shares pursuant to Rules 10b5-1 and 10b-18 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, through repurchase agreements established with several brokers. There were no purchases of stock during fiscal year 2016. At 30 September 2016, $485.3 million in share repurchase authorization remained. Additional purchases will be completed at the Company’s discretion while maintaining sufficient funds for investing in its businesses and growth opportunities.

 

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Performance Graph

The performance graph below compares the five-year cumulative returns of the Company’s common stock with those of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index (S&P 500 Index) and the Standard & Poor’s 500 Materials Index (S&P 500 Materials Index). The figures assume an initial investment of $100 and the reinvestment of all dividends.

COMPARISON OF FIVE YEAR CUMULATIVE SHAREHOLDER RETURN

Air Products, S&P 500 Index, and S&P 500 Materials Index

Comparative Growth of a $100 Investment

(Assumes Reinvestment of All Dividends)

 

 

LOGO

 

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

 

(Millions of dollars, except per share)    2016(A)     2015(A)     2014(A)     2013(A)     2012(A)  

Operating Results

          

Sales

     $9,524        $9,895        $10,439        $10,180        $9,612   

Cost of sales

     6,403        6,939        7,630        7,470        7,052   

Selling and administrative

     849        939        1,055        1,063        947   

Research and development

     132        137        140        132        126   

Business restructuring and cost reduction actions

     34        208        13        232        327   

Operating income

     2,106        1,708        1,339        1,332        1,282   

Equity affiliates’ income

     149        155        151        168        154   

Income from continuing operations attributable to Air Products

     1,515        1,285        995        1,009        999   

Net income attributable to Air Products

     631        1,278        992        994        1,167   

Basic earnings per common share attributable to Air Products:

          

Income from continuing operations

     7.00        5.98        4.68        4.81        4.73   

Net income

     2.92        5.95        4.66        4.74        5.53   

Diluted earnings per common share attributable to Air Products:

          

Income from continuing operations

     6.94        5.91        4.62        4.75        4.66   

Net income

     2.89        5.88        4.61        4.68        5.44   

Year-End Financial Position

          

Plant and equipment, at cost

     $20,190        $19,463        $19,633        $19,234        $17,965   

Total assets(H)

     18,055        17,335        17,668        17,761        16,831   

Working capital

     1,034        (851)        199        100        605   

Total debt(B)

     6,225        5,879        6,119        6,274        5,292   

Redeemable noncontrolling interest

                   287        376        393   

Air Products shareholders’ equity

     7,080        7,249        7,366        7,042        6,477   

Total equity

     7,213        7,381        7,521        7,199        6,623   

Financial Ratios

          

Return on average Air Products shareholders’ equity(C)

     21.2      17.4      13.5      15.4  %      16.1  % 

Operating margin

     22.1      17.3      12.8      13.1  %      13.3  % 

Selling and administrative as a percentage of sales

     8.9      9.5      10.1      10.4  %      9.9  % 

Total debt to total capitalization(B)(D)

     46.3      44.3      43.9      45.3  %      43.0  % 

Other Data

          

Income from continuing operations including noncontrolling interests

     $1,546        $1,324        $996        $1,048        $1,025   

Adjusted EBITDA(E)

     3,273        2,984        2,776        2,648        2,528   

Depreciation and amortization

     926        936        957        907        841   

Capital expenditures on a GAAP basis(F)

     1,056        1,304        1,361        1,459        2,480   

Capital expenditures on a non-GAAP basis(F)

     1,083        1,678        1,564        1,708        2,698   

Cash provided by operating activities

     2,707        2,446        2,190        1,548        1,760   

Cash used for investing activities

     972        1,251        1,317        1,407        2,356   

Cash (used for) provided by financing activities

     (271     (945     (504     115        (78

Dividends declared per common share

     3.39        3.20        3.02        2.77        2.50   

Weighted Average Common Shares – Basic (in millions)

     216        215        213        210        211   

Weighted Average Common Shares – Diluted (in millions)

     218        217        215        212        215   

Book value per common share at year-end

     $32.57        $33.66        $34.49        $33.35        $30.48   

Shareholders at year-end

     6,000        6,400        6,600        7,000        7,500   

Employees at year-end(G)

     18,600        19,700        21,200        21,600        21,300   

 

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(A)  Unless otherwise stated, selected financial data is presented on a GAAP basis. Our operating results were impacted by certain items which management does not believe to be indicative of ongoing business trends and are excluded from the non-GAAP measure. Refer to pages 35-40 for a reconciliation of the GAAP to non-GAAP measures for 2016, 2015, and 2014. Descriptions of the excluded items appear on pages 27-29. For 2013, these items include: (i) a charge to operating income of $232 ($158 after-tax, or $.74 per share) related to business restructuring and cost reduction actions, and (ii) expenses of $10 ($6 after-tax, or $.03 per share) related to advisory costs. For 2012, these items include: (i) a charge to operating income of $327 ($222 after-tax, or $1.03 per share) related to business restructuring and cost reduction actions, (ii) a gain of $86 ($55 after-tax, or $.25 per share) related to the gain on our previously held equity interest in DA NanoMaterials, (iii) a charge of $10 ($6 after-tax, or $.03 per share) related to a customer bankruptcy, (iv) a tax expense of $44 ($.20 per share) for a Spanish tax settlement, and (v) a tax benefit of $58 ($.27 per share) for a favorable Spanish tax ruling.

 

(B)  Total debt includes long-term debt, current portion of long-term debt, and short-term borrowings as of the end of the year.

 

(C)  Calculated using income from continuing operations attributable to Air Products and five-quarter average Air Products shareholders’ equity.

 

(D)  Total capitalization includes total debt plus total equity plus redeemable noncontrolling interest as of the end of the year.

 

(E)  A reconciliation of reported GAAP results to Adjusted EBITDA is presented on pages 37-39.

 

(F)  Capital expenditures on a GAAP basis include additions to plant and equipment, investment in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates, and acquisitions. The Company utilizes a non-GAAP measure in the computation of capital expenditures and includes spending associated with facilities accounted for as capital leases and purchases of noncontrolling interests. Refer to page 42 for a reconciliation of the GAAP to non-GAAP measures for 2016, 2015, and 2014. For 2013, the GAAP measure was adjusted by $235 and $14 for spending associated with facilities accounted for as capital leases and purchases of noncontrolling interests, respectively. For 2012, the GAAP measure was adjusted by $212 and $6 for spending associated with facilities accounted for as capital leases and purchases noncontrolling interests, respectively.

 

(G)  Includes full- and part-time employees from continuing and discontinued operations.

 

(H)  Reflects adoption of guidance on the presentation of deferred income taxes on a retrospective basis. Refer to Note 2, New Accounting Guidance, for additional Information.

 

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

 

Business Overview

       22   

2016 in Summary

       23   

2017 Outlook

       24   

Results of Operations

       25   

Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

       35   

Liquidity and Capital Resources

       41   

Contractual Obligations

       45   

Pension Benefits

       46   

Environmental Matters

       48   

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

       49   

Related Party Transactions

       49   

Inflation

       49   

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

       49   

New Accounting Guidance

       55   

Forward-Looking Statements

       55   

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes contained in this report. All comparisons in the discussion are to the corresponding prior year unless otherwise stated. All amounts presented are in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), except as noted. All amounts are presented in millions of dollars, except for share data, unless otherwise indicated.

Items such as income from continuing operations attributable to Air Products, net income attributable to Air Products, and diluted earnings per share attributable to Air Products (EPS) are simply referred to as “income from continuing operations,” “net income,” and “diluted earnings per share” throughout this Management’s Discussion and Analysis, unless otherwise stated.

The discussion of results that follows includes comparisons to non-GAAP financial measures. The presentation of non-GAAP measures is intended to enhance the usefulness of financial information by providing measures which, when viewed together with our financial results reported in accordance with GAAP, provide a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting our historical financial performance and projected future results. The reconciliation of reported GAAP results to non-GAAP measures is presented on pages 35-40. Descriptions of the excluded items appear on pages 27-29.

BUSINESS OVERVIEW

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. is a world-leading Industrial Gases company in operation for over 75 years. The Company’s core Industrial Gases business provides atmospheric and process gases and related equipment to manufacturing markets, including refining and petrochemical, metals, electronics, and food and beverage. Air Products is also the world’s leading supplier of liquefied natural gas process technology and equipment. The Company’s Materials Technologies business serves the semiconductor, polyurethanes, cleaning and coatings, and adhesives industry.

With operations in over 50 countries, in 2016 we had sales of $9.5 billion, assets of $18.1 billion, and a worldwide workforce of approximately 18,600 employees.

As of 30 September 2016, our operations were organized into six reportable business segments: Industrial Gases- Americas, Industrial Gases- EMEA (Europe, Middle East, and Africa), Industrial Gases- Asia, Industrial Gases- Global, Materials Technologies, and Corporate and other. The financial statements and analysis that follow discuss our results based on these operations.

During the second quarter of fiscal year 2016, we committed to exit the Energy-from-Waste (EfW) business. The EfW segment is presented as a discontinued operation. Accordingly, prior year EfW business segment information has been reclassified to conform to current year presentation.

The Company’s Materials Technologies business contains the Electronic Materials Division (EMD) and Performance Materials Division (PMD). We completed the spin-off of EMD as Versum Materials, Inc. on 1 October 2016. PMD is under a sales agreement subject to regulatory approval.

 

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Refer to Note 26, Business Segment and Geographic Information, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details on our reportable business segments and Note 3, Materials Technologies Separation, for additional information on EMD and PMD.

2016 IN SUMMARY

In 2016, we delivered strong results driven by cost improvement actions despite weakness in the worldwide economy and currency headwinds. We made significant progress on our strategy by focusing on our core industrial gases business and have significantly improved our profitability as measured by operating margin, adjusted operating margin, and adjusted EBITDA margin which all increased by at least 400 bp versus the prior year. During the year, we committed to exit our EfW business and completed the spin-off of our Electronic Materials division as a publicly traded company on 1 October 2016. We improved our focus on safety, delivered on our cost reduction targets, and increased accountability by aligning pay with performance. These changes drove increased profitability as we delivered operating margins of 22.1%, adjusted operating margins of 23.1%, and adjusted EBITDA margins of 34.4%. Also, EPS of $6.94 increased 17% from the prior year. On a non-GAAP basis, EPS of $7.55 increased 14%.

Highlights for 2016

 

    Sales of $9,524.4 decreased 4%, or $370.5. Underlying sales growth of 2% was more than offset by unfavorable currency and lower energy contractual cost pass-through to customers. Underlying sales increased from higher volumes in Industrial Gases – Global and Industrial Gases – Asia.

 

    Operating income of $2,106.0 increased 23%, or $397.7, primarily due to better cost performance. On a non-GAAP basis, operating income of $2,198.5 increased 16%, or $305.3. Adjusted EBITDA of $3,273.0 increased 10%, or $288.9.

 

    Income from continuing operations of $1,515.3 increased 18%, or $230.6, and diluted earnings per share from continuing operations of $6.94 increased 17%, or $1.03. On a non-GAAP basis, income from continuing operations of $1,647.8 increased 15%, or $214.0, and diluted earnings per share from continuing operations of $7.55 increased 14%, or $0.95. A summary table of changes in diluted earnings per share, including a non-GAAP reconciliation, is presented below.

 

    We entered into a sales agreement to sell the Performance Materials division of our Materials Technologies segment to Evonik, which is subject to regulatory approval and other closing conditions.

 

    We completed the spin-off of the Electronic Materials division as Versum Materials, Inc. on 1 October 2016.

 

    We committed to exit the Energy-from-Waste business.

 

    We increased our quarterly dividend by 6% from $.81 to $.86 per share. This represents the 34th consecutive year that we have increased our dividend payment.

For a discussion of the challenges, risks, and opportunities on which management is focused, refer to our 2017 Outlook below.

 

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Changes in Diluted Earnings per Share Attributable to Air Products

 

      2016     2015      Increase
(Decrease)
 

Diluted Earnings per Share

       

Net income

     $2.89        $5.88         $(2.99

Loss from discontinued operations

     (4.05     (.03      (4.02

Income from Continuing Operations—GAAP Basis

     $6.94        $5.91         $1.03   

Operating income (after-tax)

       

Underlying business

       

Volume

          (.01

Price/raw materials

          .29   

Costs/other

          .94   

Currency

          (.16

Business separation costs

          (.19

Business restructuring and cost reduction actions

          .60   

Pension settlement loss

          .04   

Gain on previously held equity interest

          (.05

Gain on land sales

                      (.13

Operating Income

          1.33   

Other (after-tax)

       

Equity affiliates’ income

          (.02

Interest expense

          (.04

Loss on extinguishment of debt

          .05   

Income tax

          (.06

Tax costs related to business separation

          (.24

Noncontrolling interests

          .04   

Average shares outstanding

                      (.03

Other

                      (.30

Total Change in Diluted Earnings per Share from Continuing Operations—GAAP Basis

                      $1.03   
      2016     2015      Increase
(Decrease)
 

Income from Continuing Operations—GAAP Basis

     $6.94        $5.91         $1.03   

Business separation costs

     .22        .03         .19   

Tax costs related to business separation

     .24                .24   

Business restructuring and cost reduction actions

     .11        .71         (.60

Pension settlement loss

     .02        .06         (.04

Gain on previously held equity interest

            (.05      .05   

Gain on land sales

            (.13      .13   

Loss on extinguishment of debt

     .02        .07         (.05

Income from Continuing Operations—Non-GAAP Basis

     $7.55        $6.60         $.95   

2017 OUTLOOK

For 2017, we intend to remain focused on key actions we can control to continue to drive earnings growth. We intend to accomplish this by bringing new industrial gas plant investments on-stream, making progress on the Jazan sale of equipment project, and continuing to deliver on cost reduction actions. We expect continued weakness in new LNG equipment orders primarily driven by low oil and natural gas prices.

 

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On 1 October 2016, we completed the separation of our Electronic Materials division through the spin-off of Versum Materials, Inc. We continue to make progress on the sale of our Performance Materials division and are targeting to close on the sale in fiscal year 2017. Fiscal 2017 earnings will be lower due to the separation of Electronic Materials. If we are able to close on the sale of Performance Materials and it becomes a discontinued operation in fiscal 2017, we expect earnings will be reduced further.

The above guidance should be read in conjunction with the section entitled “Forward-Looking Statements.”

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Discussion of Consolidated Results

      2016      2015      2014  

Sales

     $9,524.4          $9,894.9          $10,439.0    

Operating income—GAAP Basis

     2,106.0          1,708.3          1,339.1    

Operating margin—GAAP Basis

     22.1%         17.3%         12.8%   

Equity affiliates’ income

     148.6          154.5          151.4    

Non-GAAP Basis

        

Adjusted EBITDA

     3,273.0          2,984.1          2,775.7    

Adjusted EBITDA margin

     34.4%         30.2%         26.6%   

Operating income

     2,198.5          1,893.2          1,667.4    

Operating margin

     23.1%         19.1%         16.0%   

Sales

        
            % Change from Prior Year    
              2016      2015  

Underlying business

        

Volume

        2%         2%   

Price

        —%         1%   

Energy and raw material cost pass-through

        (3)%         (3)%   

Currency

              (3)%         (5)%   

Total Consolidated Change

              (4)%         (5)%   

2016 vs. 2015

Sales of $9,524.4 decreased 4%, or $370.5. Underlying sales increased 2% primarily due to higher volumes in Industrial Gases – Global and Industrial Gases – Asia, partially offset by lower volumes in all other segments. Price was flat as increases in the Industrial Gases – Americas and Industrial Gases – EMEA segments were offset by lower prices in Industrial Gases – Asia. Underlying sales growth was more than offset by lower energy contractual cost pass-through to customers of 3% and unfavorable currency of 3%.

2015 vs. 2014

Sales of $9,894.9 decreased 5%, or $544.1. Underlying sales were up 3% from higher volumes of 2% and higher pricing of 1%. Volumes increased primarily from new plant on-streams in Industrial Gases – Asia and base business growth in Materials Technologies. The favorable pricing was primarily driven by price increases in the Industrial Gases – Americas and Materials Technologies segments. Currency unfavorably impacted sales by 5% and lower energy and raw material contractual cost pass-through to customers decreased sales by 3%.

Operating Income and Margin

2016 vs. 2015

On a GAAP basis, operating income of $2,106.0 increased 23%, or $397.7, as lower operating costs of $271, lower business restructuring and cost reduction actions of $174, favorable pricing, net of energy, fuel, and raw material costs, of $84, and lower pension settlement losses of $15, were partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts of $46, higher business separation costs of $45, and lower volumes of $4. In addition, the prior year included a gain on land sales of $34 and a gain of $18 on a previously held equity interest. Operating costs decreased due to benefits from our cost reduction actions of $132, lower pension expense of $38, lower maintenance expense of $34, and lower other costs of $67.

 

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Operating margin of 22.1% increased 480 bp, primarily due to favorable costs and favorable pricing, net of energy, fuel, and raw material costs.

On a non-GAAP basis, operating income of $2,198.5 increased 16%, or $305.3, and operating margin of 23.1% increased 400 bp.

2015 vs. 2014

On a GAAP basis, operating income of $1,708.3 increased 28%, or $369.2, primarily from higher volumes of $144, favorable pricing, net of energy and fuel costs, of $105, and favorable cost performance across most segments of $92, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts of $115. In addition, operating income in 2015 included a charge for business reorganization and cost reduction actions of $208, a pension settlement loss of $21, business separation costs of $8, gains on land sales of $34, and a gain of $18 on revaluing a previously held equity interest upon purchase of our partner’s shares. Operating income in 2014 included a goodwill and intangible asset charge of $310, a business restructuring and cost reduction charge of $13, and a pension settlement loss of $6. The favorable operating costs of $92 included benefits from our cost reduction actions of $170 and lower maintenance expense of $33, partially offset by higher incentive compensation of approximately $100 due to improved results. Operating margin of 17.3% increased 450 bp.

On a non-GAAP basis, operating income of $1,893.2 increased 14%, or $225.8. The increase was primarily due to higher volumes of $144, favorable pricing, net of energy and fuel costs, of $105, and favorable cost performance across most segments of $92, partially offset by unfavorable currency of $115. Costs were lower as benefits from cost reduction actions of approximately $170 and lower maintenance expense of $33 were offset by higher incentive compensation of approximately $100 due to improved results. Non-GAAP operating margin of 19.1% increased 310 bp due to favorable costs, higher volumes, and higher pricing.

Adjusted EBITDA

We define Adjusted EBITDA as income from continuing operations (including noncontrolling interests) excluding certain disclosed items, which the Company does not believe to be indicative of underlying business trends, before interest expense, income tax provision, and depreciation and amortization expense. Adjusted EBITDA provides a useful metric for management to assess operating performance.

2016 vs. 2015

Adjusted EBITDA of $3,273.0 increased $288.9, or 10%, primarily due to favorable costs and favorable pricing, net of energy, fuel, and raw material costs. Adjusted EBITDA margin of 34.4% increased 420 bp.

2015 vs. 2014

Adjusted EBITDA of $2,984.1 increased $208.4, or 8%, due to higher volumes, higher pricing, and favorable costs. Adjusted EBITDA margin of 30.2% increased 360 bp.

Equity Affiliates’ Income

2016 vs. 2015

Income from equity affiliates of $148.6 decreased $5.9, as lower income from Industrial Gases – Americas and Industrial Gases – EMEA affiliates was partially offset by higher income from Industrial Gases – Asia affiliates.

2015 vs. 2014

Income from equity affiliates of $154.5 increased $3.1, primarily due to higher volumes and favorable cost performance in our Industrial Gases – Asia and Industrial Gases – Americas affiliates.

Cost of Sales and Gross Margin

2016 vs. 2015

Cost of sales of $6,402.7 decreased $536.3, or 8%, primarily due to lower energy costs of $271, lower operating costs of $239, and a favorable currency impact of $202, partially offset by higher costs attributable to sales volumes of $176. Operating costs included favorable impacts from cost reduction actions of $57, lower maintenance costs of $34, lower pension expense of $24, as well as the benefits of other operational improvements and productivity. Costs associated with volumes were higher primarily due to the Jazan sale of equipment activity.

Gross margin of 32.8% increased 290 bp, primarily due to lower costs.

 

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2015 vs. 2014

Cost of sales of $6,939.0 decreased $690.9, or 9%, primarily due to a favorable currency impact of $368, lower energy costs of $313, and lower operating costs of $102, partially offset by costs attributable to higher sales volumes of $92. Operating costs included favorable impacts from cost reduction actions of $48 and lower other costs, including maintenance, of $115, partially offset by higher incentive compensation of $61.

Gross margin of 29.9% increased 300 bp, due to lower costs of 120 bp, higher price, net of raw materials, of 100 bp, and higher volumes of 80 bp.

Selling and Administrative Expense

2016 vs. 2015

Selling and administrative expense of $849.3 decreased $90.0, or 10%, primarily due to the benefits of cost reduction actions of $68 and favorable currency effects of $28, partially offset by higher other costs of $6. Selling and administrative expense as a percent of sales decreased to 8.9% from 9.5%.

2015 vs. 2014

Selling and administrative expense of $939.3 decreased $115.4, or 11%, primarily due to the benefits of cost reduction actions of $122 and favorable currency effects of $62, partially offset by higher other costs of $69, driven by higher incentive compensation. Selling and administrative expense as a percent of sales decreased to 9.5% from 10.1%.

Research and Development

2016 vs. 2015

Research and development expense of $132.0 decreased $5.1, or 4%. Fiscal year 2016 and 2015 research and development expense as a percent of sales was 1.4%.

2015 vs. 2014

Research and development expense of $137.1 decreased $2.7, or 2%. Fiscal year 2015 and 2014 research and development expense as a percent of sales was 1.4% and 1.3%, respectively.

Business Separation Costs

On 16 September 2015, the Company announced plans to separate its Materials Technologies business, which contains two divisions, Electronic Materials (EMD) and Performance Materials (PMD), into an independent publicly traded company and distribute to Air Products shareholders all of the shares of the new public company in a tax free distribution (a “spin-off”). Versum Materials, LLC, or Versum, was formed as the new company to hold the Materials Technologies business subject to the spin-off. On 6 May 2016, the Company entered into an agreement to sell certain subsidiaries and assets comprising the PMD division to Evonik Industries AG for $3.8 billion in cash and the assumption of certain liabilities. As a result, the Company moved forward with the planned spin-off of Versum containing only the EMD division.

On 1 October 2016, Air Products completed the separation of its EMD division through the spin-off of Versum. As a result, the historical results of EMD will be presented as a discontinued operation beginning in fiscal year 2017. We continue to evaluate the progress of the sale of the PMD division to determine when it should be presented as a discontinued operation.

In fiscal year 2016, we incurred separation costs of $52.2 ($48.3 after-tax, or $.22 per share), primarily related to legal, advisory, and indirect tax costs associated with these transactions. The costs are reflected on the consolidated income statements as “Business separation costs.” A significant portion of these costs were not tax deductible because they were directly related to the plan for the tax-free spin-off of Versum. Our income tax provision includes additional tax expense related to the separation of $51.8 ($.24 per share), of which $45.7 resulted from a dividend declared during the third quarter of 2016 to repatriate $443.8 from a subsidiary in South Korea to the U.S. Previously, most of these foreign earnings were considered to be indefinitely reinvested.

We expect to incur additional legal and advisory fees in fiscal 2017.

On 30 September 2016, in anticipation of the spin-off, Versum entered into certain financing transactions to allow for a cash distribution of $550.0 and a distribution in-kind of notes issued by Versum with an aggregate principal amount of $425.0 to Air Products. Air Products then exchanged these notes with certain financial institutions for

 

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$418.3 of Air Products’ outstanding commercial paper. The exchange resulted in a loss of $6.9 ($4.3 after-tax, or $.02 per share) and has been reflected on the consolidated income statements as “Loss on extinguishment of debt.” This loss is deductible for tax purposes.

Business Restructuring and Cost Reduction Actions

We recorded charges in 2016, 2015, and 2014 for business restructuring and cost reduction actions. The charges for these actions are excluded from segment operating income.

Cost Reduction Actions

In fiscal year 2016, we recognized an expense of $33.9 ($24.0 after-tax, or $.11 per share) for severance and other benefits related to cost reduction actions resulting from the elimination of approximately 700 positions. The expense related primarily to the Industrial Gases – Americas and the Industrial Gases – EMEA segments.

Business Realignment and Reorganization

On 18 September 2014, we announced plans to reorganize the Company, including realignment of our businesses in new reporting segments and other organizational changes, effective as of 1 October 2014, which at the time resulted in the largest transformational change in the history of the Company. As a result of this reorganization, we incurred severance and other charges.

In fiscal year 2015, we recognized an expense of $207.7 ($153.2 after-tax, or $.71 per share). Severance and other benefits totaled $151.9 and related to the elimination of approximately 2,000 positions. Asset and associated contract actions totaled $55.8 and related primarily to a plant shutdown in the Corporate and other segment and the exit of product lines within Industrial Gases – Global and Materials Technologies segments.

During the fourth quarter of 2014, an expense of $12.7 ($8.2 after-tax, or $.04 per share) was incurred relating to the elimination of approximately 50 positions.

Refer to Note 5, Business Restructuring and Cost Reduction Actions, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details on these actions.

Pension Settlement Loss

Certain of our pension plans provide for a lump sum benefit payment option at the time of retirement, or for corporate officers, six months after the retirement date. Pension settlements are recognized when cash payments exceed the sum of the service and interest cost components of net periodic pension cost of the plan for the fiscal year. We recognized $6.4 ($4.1 after-tax, or $.02 per share), $21.2 ($13.7 after-tax, or $.06 per share), and $5.5 ($3.6 after-tax, or $.02 per share) of settlement charges in 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. The settlement accelerated the recognition of a portion of actuarial losses deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss primarily related to our U.S. Supplementary Pension Plan.

Goodwill and Intangible Asset Impairment Charge

During the fourth quarter of 2014, we concluded that the goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets (primarily acquired trade names) associated with our Latin America reporting unit of our Industrial Gases – Americas segment were impaired and recorded a noncash impairment charge of $310.1 ($275.1 attributable to Air Products after-tax, or $1.27 per share).

Gain on Previously Held Equity Interest

On 30 December 2014, we acquired our partner’s equity ownership interest in a liquefied atmospheric industrial gases production joint venture in North America for $22.6 which increased our ownership from 50% to 100%. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination, and subsequent to the acquisition, the results are consolidated within our Industrial Gases – Americas segment. The assets acquired, primarily plant and equipment, were recorded at their fair value as of the acquisition date.

The acquisition date fair value of the previously held equity interest was determined using a discounted cash flow analysis under the income approach. During the first quarter of 2015, we recorded a gain of $17.9 ($11.2 after-tax, or $.05 per share) as a result of revaluing our previously held equity interest to fair value as of the acquisition date.

 

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Other Income (Expense), Net

Items recorded to other income (expense), net arise from transactions and events not directly related to our principal income earning activities. The detail of other income (expense), net is presented in Note 24, Supplemental Information, to the consolidated financial statements.

2016 vs. 2015

Other income (expense), net of $58.1 increased $10.8 primarily due to lower foreign exchange losses, favorable contract settlements, and receipt of a government subsidy. The prior year included a gain of $33.6 ($28.3 after-tax, or $.13 per share) resulting from the sale of two parcels of land. No other individual items were significant in comparison to the prior year.

2015 vs. 2014

Other income (expense), net of $47.3 decreased $5.5 and included a gain of $33.6 ($28.3 after-tax, or $.13 per share) resulting from the sale of two parcels of land. The gain was partially offset by unfavorable foreign exchange impacts and lower gains on other sales of assets and emissions credits. No other individual items were significant in comparison to fiscal year 2014.

Interest Expense

      2016      2015      2014  

Interest incurred

     $148.4         $152.6         $158.1   

Less: Capitalized interest

     32.9         49.1         33.0   

Interest Expense

     $115.5         $103.5         $125.1   

2016 vs. 2015

Interest incurred decreased $4.2. The decrease primarily resulted from a stronger U.S. dollar on the translation of foreign currency interest of $6, partially offset by a higher average debt balance of $2. The change in capitalized interest was driven by a decrease in the carrying value of projects under construction, primarily as a result of our exit from the Energy-from-Waste business.

2015 vs. 2014

Interest incurred decreased $5.5. The decrease was driven by the impact of a stronger U.S. dollar on the translation of foreign currency interest of $12, partially offset by a higher average debt balance of $7. The change in capitalized interest was driven by a higher carrying value in construction in progress.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

On 30 September 2016, in anticipation of the Versum spin-off, Versum issued $425.0 of notes to Air Products, who then exchanged these notes with certain financial institutions for $418.3 of Air Products’ outstanding commercial paper. The exchange resulted in a loss of $6.9 ($4.3 after-tax, or $.02 per share).

In September 2015, we made a payment of $146.6 to redeem 3,000,000 Unidades de Fomento (“UF”) Series E 6.30% Bonds due 22 January 2030 that had a carrying value of $130.0 and resulted in a net loss of $16.6 ($14.2 after-tax, or $.07 per share).

Effective Tax Rate

The effective tax rate equals the income tax provision divided by income from continuing operations before taxes. Refer to Note 23, Income Taxes, to the consolidated financial statements for details on factors affecting the effective tax rate.

2016 vs. 2015

On a GAAP basis, the effective tax rate was 27.5% and 24.0% in 2016 and 2015, respectively. The change included a 240 bp impact from tax costs associated with business separation, primarily resulting from a dividend declared in 2016 to repatriate cash from a foreign subsidiary, as discussed above in “Business Separation Costs.” The remaining 110 bp change was primarily due to the increase in mix of income in jurisdictions with a higher effective tax rate and the impact of business separation costs for which a tax benefit was not available. On a non-GAAP basis, the effective tax rate increased from 24.2% in 2015 to 24.8% in 2016, primarily due to the increase in and mix of income in jurisdictions with a higher effective tax rate.

 

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2015 vs. 2014

On a GAAP basis, the effective tax rate was 24.0% and 27.1% in 2015 and 2014, respectively. The effective tax rate was higher in fiscal year 2014 primarily due to the goodwill impairment charge of $305.2, which was not deductible for tax purposes, and the Chilean tax reform enacted in September 2014 which increased income tax expense by $20.6. These impacts were partially offset by an income tax benefit of $51.6 associated with losses from transactions and a tax election in a non-U.S. subsidiary. Refer to Note 10, Goodwill, and Note 23, Income Taxes, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information. On a non-GAAP basis, the effective tax rate was 24.2% and 24.1% in 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Discontinued Operations

On 29 March 2016, the Board of Directors approved the Company’s exit of its Energy-from-Waste (EfW) business. As a result, efforts to start up and operate its two EfW projects located in Tees Valley, United Kingdom, have been discontinued. The decision to exit the business and stop development of the projects was based on continued difficulties encountered and the Company’s conclusion, based on testing and analysis completed during the second quarter of fiscal year 2016, that significant additional time and resources would be required to make the projects operational. In addition, the decision allows the Company to execute its strategy of focusing resources on its core Industrial Gases business. The EfW segment has been presented as a discontinued operation. Prior year EfW business segment information has been reclassified to conform to current year presentation.

In fiscal 2016, our loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, of $884.2 primarily resulted from the write down of assets to their estimated net realizable value and to record a liability for plant disposition and other costs. Income tax benefits related only to one of the projects, as the other did not qualify for a local tax deduction. The loss from discontinued operations also includes land lease costs, commercial and administrative costs, and costs incurred for ongoing project exit activities.

We expect additional exit costs of $50 to $100 to be recorded in future periods.

In fiscal 2015, our loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, related to EfW was $6.8. This resulted from costs for land leases and commercial and administrative expenses.

In fiscal 2014, our loss from discontinued operations, net of tax, was $2.9. This included a loss, net of tax, of $7.5 for the cost of EfW land leases and commercial and administrative expenses. This loss was partially offset by a gain of $3.9 for the sale of the remaining Homecare business and settlement of contingencies related to a sale of a separate portion of the business to The Linde Group in 2012.

Refer to Note 4, Discontinued Operations, for additional details.

Segment Analysis

Industrial Gases – Americas

      2016     2015     2014  

Sales

     $3,343.6         $3,693.9         $4,078.5    

Operating income

     895.2         808.4         762.6    

Operating margin

     26.8      21.9      18.7 

Equity affiliates’ income

     52.7         64.6         60.9    

Adjusted EBITDA

     1,390.4         1,289.9         1,237.9    

Adjusted EBITDA margin

     41.6      34.9      30.4 

 

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Industrial Gases – Americas Sales

 

     % Change from Prior Year  
      2016     2015  

Underlying business

    

Volume

     (2 )%     

Price

                 1                 2

Energy and raw material cost pass-through

     (6 )%      (8 )% 

Currency

     (2 )%      (3 )% 

Total Industrial Gases – Americas Change

     (9 )%      (9 )% 

2016 vs. 2015

Underlying sales decreased 1% from lower volumes of 2%, partially offset by higher pricing of 1%. Volumes were down due to weakness in Latin America and lower steel demand in North America. Pricing was higher due to the benefit of pricing actions, mainly the recovery of inflationary and power cost increases in Latin America. Lower energy contractual cost pass-through to customers, primarily natural gas, decreased sales by 6%. Currency decreased sales by 2% primarily due to the impacts of the Chilean Peso, Brazilian Real, and Canadian Dollar.

Operating income of $895.2 increased 11%, or $86.8, due to lower operating costs of $108 and higher pricing, net of energy and fuel costs, of $26, partially offset by lower volumes of $33 and unfavorable currency impacts of $14. Operating costs were lower due to benefits from cost reduction actions. Operating margin increased 490 bp from the prior year, primarily due to the lower costs, with additional benefits from lower energy pass-through and higher pricing.

Equity affiliates’ income of $52.7 decreased $11.9 primarily due to unfavorable currency impacts and higher maintenance expense.

2015 vs. 2014

Underlying sales increased 2% from higher pricing. Volumes were flat as growth in liquid oxygen and nitrogen and gaseous hydrogen were offset by lower helium and gaseous oxygen demand. Pricing was higher due to strength in helium and price increases to recover higher costs. Currency decreased sales by 3% primarily due to the impacts of the Chilean Peso, Brazilian Real, and Canadian Dollar. Lower energy contractual cost pass-through to customers, primarily natural gas, decreased sales by 8%.

Operating income of $808.4 increased 6%, or $45.8, due to higher pricing net of energy and fuel costs of $65 and favorable volume mix impacts of $6, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts of $21 and higher costs of $4 mainly due to higher incentive compensation mostly offset by the benefits of our recent restructuring actions. Operating margin increased 320 bp from the prior year, primarily due to the higher pricing and lower energy contractual cost pass-through to customers.

Equity affiliates’ income of $64.6 increased $3.7 due to improved performance in our Mexican equity affiliate.

Industrial Gases – EMEA

      2016     2015     2014  

Sales

     $1,700.3        $1,864.9        $2,150.7   

Operating income

     382.8        330.7        351.2   

Operating margin

     22.5  %      17.7  %      16.3  % 

Equity affiliates’ income

     36.5        42.4        44.1   

Adjusted EBITDA

     605.0        567.4        615.5   

Adjusted EBITDA margin

     35.6  %      30.4  %      28.6  % 

 

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Industrial Gases – EMEA Sales

       
            % Change from Prior Year  
              2016     2015  

Underlying business

       

Volume

        (2 )%                  —

Price

                        1     1

Energy and raw material cost pass-through

        (4 )%      (1 )% 

Currency

              (4 )%      (13 )% 

Total Industrial Gases – EMEA Change

              (9 )%      (13 )% 

2016 vs. 2015

Underlying sales decreased 1% as lower volumes of 2% were partially offset by higher pricing of 1%. Volumes decreased primarily due to continued weakness in the European economy. Lower energy and natural gas contractual cost pass-through to customers decreased sales by 4%. Unfavorable currency effects from the Euro and the British Pound Sterling reduced sales by 4%. Other than the impact on currency, the Brexit vote did not have a notable impact on our business.

Operating income of $382.8 increased 16%, or $52.1, primarily due to favorable operating costs of $59 and higher pricing, net of energy and fuel costs, of $20, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts of $18 and lower volumes of $9. Operating margin increased 480 bp from the prior year primarily due to favorable cost performance, higher pricing, and lower energy pass-through.

Equity affiliates’ income of $36.5 decreased $5.9 primarily due to unfavorable currency impacts.

As a result of our exit from the Energy-from-Waste segment, the Company is evaluating the disposition of an air separation unit in the Industrial Gases – EMEA segment that was constructed primarily to provide oxygen to one of the Tees Valley plants. The current value of this asset is approximately £40 million ($52 million).

2015 vs. 2014

Underlying sales increased 1% from pricing improvement in both packaged gas and liquid bulk. Volumes were flat as higher liquid oxygen and nitrogen volumes were offset by lower cylinder and helium volumes. Unfavorable currency effects, primarily from the Euro, the British Pound Sterling, and the Polish Zloty, reduced sales by 13%. Lower energy contractual cost pass-through to customers decreased sales by 1%.

Operating income of $330.7 decreased 6%, or $20.5, due to unfavorable currency impacts of $44, partially offset by lower costs of $13 resulting from restructuring actions, favorable volume mix impacts of $5, and higher pricing, net of energy and fuel costs, of $5. Operating margin increased 140 bp from 2014 primarily due to the lower costs.

Equity affiliates’ income of $42.4 decreased $1.7.

Industrial Gases – Asia

      2016     2015     2014  

Sales

     $1,716.1         $1,637.5         $1,527.0    

Operating income

     449.1         380.5         310.4    

Operating margin

     26.2      23.2      20.3 

Equity affiliates’ income

     57.8         46.1         38.0    

Adjusted EBITDA

     704.0         629.5         553.7    

Adjusted EBITDA margin

     41.0      38.4      36.3 

Industrial Gases – Asia Sales

      
           % Change from Prior Year  
             2016     2015  

Underlying business

      

Volume

       11     12

Price

       (1)     (2)

Energy and raw material cost pass-through

                       1

Currency

             (5)     (4)

Total Industrial Gases – Asia Change

             5     7

 

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2016 vs. 2015

Underlying sales increased by 10% from higher volumes of 11%, partially offset by lower pricing of 1%. Volumes were higher primarily from new plants in China and higher merchant volumes across Asia. Pricing was down due to continued pricing pressure on merchant products in China and helium oversupply into Asia. Unfavorable currency impacts, primarily from the Chinese Renminbi, Korean Won, and Taiwanese Dollar decreased sales by 5%.

Operating income of $449.1 increased 18%, or $68.6, primarily due to higher volumes of $66 and lower operating costs of $34, partially offset by an unfavorable currency impact of $19 and unfavorable pricing, net of energy and fuel costs, of $12. The lower operating costs were driven by our operational improvements. Operating margin increased 300 bp, due to favorable cost performance and higher volumes.

Equity affiliates’ income of $57.8 increased $11.7 primarily due to favorable contract and insurance settlements, higher volumes, and improved cost performance.

2015 vs. 2014

Underlying sales increased by 10% from higher volumes of 12%, partially offset by lower pricing of 2%. Volumes were higher primarily from new plants, and in particular, a large on-site project in China. Pricing was down due to continued pricing pressure on merchant products in China. Unfavorable currency impacts decreased sales by 4%. Higher energy contractual cost-pass through to customers increased sales by 1%.

Operating income of $380.5 increased 23%, or $70.1, primarily due to higher volumes of $76 and lower costs of $42 resulting from restructuring and underlying productivity, partially offset by lower pricing, net of energy and fuel costs, of $35 and an unfavorable currency impact of $13. Operating margin increased 290 bp, primarily due to favorable cost performance and higher volumes, partially offset by lower pricing.

Equity affiliates’ income of $46.1 increased $8.1 primarily due to higher volumes and favorable cost performance.

Industrial Gases – Global

      2016     2015     2014  

Sales

     $498.8        $286.8        $296.0   

Operating loss

     (21.3     (51.6     (57.3

Adjusted EBITDA

     (13.5     (35.9     (44.4

The Industrial Gases – Global segment includes sales of cryogenic and gas processing equipment for air separation and centralized global costs associated with management of all the Industrial Gases segments.

2016 vs. 2015

Sales of $498.8 increased $212.0, or 74%. The increase in sales was driven by a sale of equipment contract for multiple air separation units that will serve Saudi Aramco’s Jazan oil refinery and power plant in Saudi Arabia which more than offset the decrease in small equipment and other air separation unit sales. In 2016, we recognized approximately $300 of sales related to the Jazan project.

Operating loss of $21.3 decreased 59%, or $30.3, primarily from income on the Jazan project and benefits from the cost reduction actions, partially offset by lower other sale of equipment project activity and a gain associated with the cancellation of a sale of equipment contract that was recorded in the prior year.

2015 vs. 2014

Sales of $286.8 decreased $9.2, or 3%, due to unfavorable currency impacts. Operating loss of $51.6 decreased 10%, or $5.7, primarily due to benefits of cost reduction actions and a gain associated with the cancellation of a sale of equipment contract, partially offset by less profitable business mix, unfavorable project costs, and bad debt expense.

Materials Technologies

       2016        2015        2014   

Sales

     $2,019.5        $2,087.1        $2,064.6   

Operating income

     530.2        476.7        379.0   

Operating margin

     26.3  %      22.8  %      18.4  % 

Adjusted EBITDA

     609.3        571.7        480.7   

Adjusted EBITDA margin

     30.2  %      27.4  %      23.3  % 

 

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Materials Technologies Sales

 

     % Change from Prior Year  
                  2016                 2015  

Underlying business

    

Volume

     (2 )%      3

Price

                     –                 2

Currency

     (1 )%      (4 )% 

Total Materials Technologies Change

     (3 )%      1

2016 vs. 2015

Underlying sales decreased by 2% from lower volumes. Electronic Materials underlying sales decreased 2% primarily from lower delivery systems volumes, partially offset by higher pricing. Performance Materials underlying sales decreased 2% primarily due to lower price, which was down due to lower raw material costs, partially offset by higher volumes. Unfavorable currency impacts decreased sales by 1%.

Operating income of $530.2 increased 11%, or $53.5, as higher pricing, net of raw material costs, of $51 and lower costs of $15 were partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts of $11. The lower costs include the benefits of business restructuring and cost reduction actions.

Operating margin increased 350 bp, primarily from favorable pricing, net of raw material costs, and improved cost performance.

2015 vs. 2014

Underlying sales increased by 5% from higher volumes of 3% and positive pricing of 2%. Unfavorable currency impacts decreased sales by 4%. Electronic Materials underlying sales increased 10% from positive volume and price from new products and memory market demand, partially offset by lower delivery systems activity. Performance Materials underlying sales were flat as higher volumes of 1% were offset by lower pricing of 1%.

Operating income of $476.7 increased 26%, or $97.7, due to favorable price and mix, net of raw material costs, of $70, higher volumes of $40, and lower costs of $13, partially offset by unfavorable currency impacts of $25. The cost improvement came primarily from optimization of production and supply chain networks and benefits of cost reduction actions. Operating margin increased 440 bp, from higher pricing, higher volumes, and lower operating costs.

Corporate and other

 

      2016     2015     2014  

Sales

     $246.1        $324.7        $322.2   

Operating loss

     (37.5     (51.5     (78.5

Adjusted EBITDA

     (22.2     (38.5     (67.7

The Corporate and other segment consists of our liquefied natural gas (LNG) and helium container businesses, as well as corporate costs which are not business-specific.

2016 vs. 2015

Sales of $246.1 decreased $78.6, or 24%, primarily due to lower LNG sale of equipment activity.

Operating loss of $37.5 decreased 27%, or $14.0, due to benefits from our recent cost reduction actions and lower foreign exchange losses, partially offset by lower LNG activity.

2015 vs. 2014

Sales of $324.7 increased $2.5, or 1%, primarily due to higher LNG project activity, mostly offset by lower helium container sales and the impact of exiting our PUI business which was completed as of the end of the first quarter of 2014. Operating loss of $51.5 decreased 34%, or $27.0, primarily due to higher LNG project activity and the benefits of our cost reduction actions.

 

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RECONCILIATION OF NON-GAAP FINANCIAL MEASURES

(Millions of dollars unless otherwise indicated, except for share data)

The Company has presented certain financial measures on a non-GAAP (“adjusted”) basis and has provided a reconciliation to the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP. These financial measures are not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the most directly comparable financial measure calculated in accordance with GAAP. The Company believes these non-GAAP measures provide investors, potential investors, securities analysts, and others with useful information to evaluate the performance of the business because such measures, when viewed together with our financial results computed in accordance with GAAP, provide a more complete understanding of the factors and trends affecting our historical financial performance and projected future results.

In many cases, our non-GAAP measures are determined by adjusting the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to exclude certain disclosed items (“non-GAAP adjustments”) that we believe are not representative of the underlying business performance. For example, Air Products is currently executing its strategic plan to restructure the Company and to focus on the Company’s core Industrial Gases businesses, which has and will continue to result in significant disclosed items that we believe are important for investors to understand separately from the performance of the underlying business. The tax impact of our non-GAAP adjustments reflects the expected current and deferred income tax expense impact of the transactions and is impacted primarily by the statutory tax rate of the various relevant jurisdictions and the taxability of the adjustments in those jurisdictions. In evaluating these financial measures, the reader should be aware that we may incur expenses similar to those eliminated in this presentation in the future. Investors should also consider the limitations associated with these non-GAAP measures, including the potential lack of comparability of these measures from one company to another.

Presented below are reconciliations of the reported GAAP results to the non-GAAP measures:

 

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CONSOLIDATED RESULTS

 

     Continuing Operations  
      
 
Operating
Income
  
  
   
 
Operating
Margin
  
(A) 
   
 
Income Tax
Provision
  
(B) 
   
 
Net
Income
  
  
   
 
Diluted
EPS
  
  

2016 GAAP

     $2,106.0        22.1     $586.5        $1,515.3        $6.94   

2015 GAAP

     1,708.3        17.3     418.3        1,284.7        5.91   

Change GAAP

     $397.7        480bp        $168.2        $230.6        $1.03   

% Change GAAP

     23             40     18     17

2016 GAAP

     $2,106.0        22.1     $586.5        $1,515.3        $6.94   

Business separation costs(C)

     52.2        .5     3.9        48.3        .22   

Tax costs associated with business separation(C)

                   (51.8     51.8        .24   

Business restructuring and cost reduction actions

     33.9        .4     9.9        24.0        .11   

Pension settlement loss

     6.4        .1     2.3        4.1        .02   

Loss on extinguishment of debt(D)

                   2.6        4.3        .02   

2016 Non-GAAP Measure

     $2,198.5        23.1     $553.4        $1,647.8        $7.55   

2015 GAAP

     $1,708.3        17.3     $418.3        $1,284.7        $5.91   

Business separation costs(C)

     7.5        .1            7.5        .03   

Business restructuring and cost reduction actions

     207.7        2.1     54.5        153.2        .71   

Pension settlement loss

     21.2        .2     7.5        13.7        .06   

Gain on previously held equity interest

     (17.9     (.2 )%      (6.7     (11.2     (.05

Gain on land sales(E)

     (33.6     (.4 )%      (5.3     (28.3     (.13

Loss on extinguishment of debt(D)

                   2.4        14.2        .07   

2015 Non-GAAP Measure

     $1,893.2        19.1     $470.7        $1,433.8        $6.60   
                                          

Change Non-GAAP Measure

     $305.3        400bp        $82.7        $214.0        $.95   

% Change Non-GAAP Measure

     16             18     15     14
     Continuing Operations  
      
 
Operating
Income
  
  
   
 
Operating
Margin
  
(A) 
   
 
Income Tax
Provision
  
(B) 
   
 
Net
Income
  
  
   
 
Diluted
EPS
  
  

2015 GAAP

     $1,708.3        17.3     $418.3        $1,284.7        $5.91   

2014 GAAP

     1,339.1        12.8     369.4        994.6        4.62   

Change GAAP

     $369.2        450bp        $48.9        $290.1        $1.29   

% Change GAAP

     28             13     29     28

2015 GAAP

     $1,708.3        17.3     $418.3        $1,284.7        $5.91   

Business separation costs(C)

     7.5        .1            7.5        .03   

Business restructuring and cost reduction actions

     207.7        2.1     54.5        153.2        .71   

Pension settlement loss

     21.2        .2     7.5        13.7        .06   

Gain on previously held equity interest

     (17.9     (.2 )%      (6.7     (11.2     (.05

Gain on land sales(E)

     (33.6     (.4 )%      (5.3     (28.3     (.13

Loss on extinguishment of debt(D)

                   2.4        14.2        .07   

2015 Non-GAAP Measure

     $1,893.2        19.1     $470.7        $1,433.8        $6.60   

2014 GAAP

     $1,339.1        12.8     $369.4        $994.6        $4.62   

Business restructuring and cost reduction actions

     12.7        .1     4.5        8.2        .04   

Pension settlement loss

     5.5        .1     1.9        3.6        .02   

Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge(F)

     310.1        3.0     1.3        275.1        1.27   

Chilean tax rate change

                   (20.6     20.6        .10   

Tax election benefit

                   51.6        (51.6     (.24

2014 Non-GAAP Measure

     $1,667.4        16.0     $408.1        $1,250.5        $5.81   
                                          

Change Non-GAAP Measure

     $225.8        310bp        $62.6        $183.3        $.79   

% Change Non-GAAP Measure

     14             15     15     14

 

(A) 

Operating margin is calculated by dividing operating income by sales.

 

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(B)  The tax impact of our non-GAAP adjustments reflects the expected current and deferred income tax expense impact of the transactions and is impacted primarily by the statutory tax rate of the various relevant jurisdictions and the taxability of the adjustments in those jurisdictions.
(C)  Refer to Note 3, Materials Technologies Separation, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.
(D)  Income from continuing operations before taxes impact of $6.9 and $16.6 in 2016 and 2015, respectively.
(E)  Reflected on the consolidated income statements in “Other income (expense), net.”
(F)  Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests impact of $33.7.

ADJUSTED EBITDA

We define Adjusted EBITDA as income from continuing operations (including noncontrolling interests) excluding certain disclosed items, which the Company does not believe to be indicative of underlying business trends, before interest expense, income tax provision, and depreciation and amortization expense. Adjusted EBITDA provides a useful metric for management to assess operating performance.

Below is a reconciliation of Income from Continuing Operations on a GAAP basis to Adjusted EBITDA:

 

       2016        2015        2014        2013        2012   

Income from Continuing Operations(A)

     $1,545.7        $1,324.4        $996.0        $1,047.6        $1,025.2   

Add: Interest expense

     115.5        103.5        125.1        141.8        123.7   

Add: Income tax provision

     586.5        418.3        369.4        310.2        287.3   

Add: Depreciation and amortization

     925.9        936.4        956.9        907.0        840.8   

Add: Business separation costs

     52.2        7.5                        

Add: Business restructuring and cost reduction actions

     33.9        207.7        12.7        231.6        327.4   

Add: Pension settlement loss

     6.4        21.2        5.5                 

Add: Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge

                   310.1                 

Less: Gain on previously held equity interest

            17.9                      85.9   

Add: Advisory costs

                          10.1          

Add: Customer bankruptcy

                                 9.8   

Less: Gain on land sales(B)

            33.6                        

Add: Loss on early retirement of debt

     6.9        16.6                        

Adjusted EBITDA

     $3,273.0        $2,984.1        $2,775.7        $2,648.3        $2,528.3   

Change GAAP

          

Income from continuing operations change

     $221.3        $328.4        $(51.6     $22.4     

Income from continuing operations % change

     17     33     (5 )%      2        

Change Non-GAAP

          

Adjusted EBITDA change

     $288.9        $208.4        $127.4        $120.0     

Adjusted EBITDA % change

     10     8     5     5        

(A) Includes net income attributable to noncontrolling interests.

(B) Reflected on the consolidated income statements in “Other income (expense), net.”

 

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Below is a summary of segment operating income:

 

     
 

 

Industrial
Gases–

Americas

  
  

  

   
 

 

Industrial
Gases–

EMEA

  
  

  

   
 

 

Industrial
Gases–

Asia

  
  

  

   
 

 

Industrial
Gases–

Global

  
  

  

   
 
Materials
Technologies
  
  
   
 
Corporate
and other
  
  
   
 
Segment
Total
  
  

GAAP Measure

             

Twelve Months Ended 30 September 2016

             

Operating income (loss)

    $895.2        $382.8        $449.1        $(21.3     $530.2        $(37.5     $2,198.5   

Operating margin

    26.8     22.5     26.2             26.3             23.1

Twelve Months Ended 30 September 2015

             

Operating income (loss)

    $808.4        $330.7        $380.5        $(51.6     $476.7        $(51.5     $1,893.2   

Operating margin

    21.9     17.7     23.2             22.8             19.1

Twelve Months Ended 30 September 2014

             

Operating income (loss)

    $762.6        $351.2        $310.4        $(57.3     $379.0        $(78.5     $1,667.4   

Operating margin

    18.7     16.3     20.3             18.4             16.0

2016 vs. 2015

             

Operating income (loss) change

    $86.8        $52.1        $68.6        $30.3        $53.5        $14.0        $305.3   

Operating income (loss) % change

    11     16     18     59     11     27     16

Operating margin change

    490bp        480bp        300bp                350bp                400bp   

2015 vs. 2014

             

Operating income (loss) change

    $45.8        $(20.5     $70.1        $5.7        $97.7        $27.0        $225.8   

Operating income (loss) % change

    6     (6 )%      23     10     26     34     14

Operating margin change

    320bp        140bp        290bp                440bp                310bp   

 

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Below is a reconciliation of segment operating income to adjusted EBITDA:

 

    

Industrial
Gases–

Americas

   

Industrial
Gases–

EMEA

   

Industrial
Gases–

Asia

   

Industrial
Gases–

Global

    Materials
Technologies
    Corporate
and other
    Segment
Total
 

Non-GAAP Measure

             

Twelve Months Ended 30 September 2016

             

Operating income (loss)

    $895.2        $382.8        $449.1        $(21.3     $530.2        $(37.5     $2,198.5   

Add: Depreciation and amortization

    442.5        185.7        197.1        7.9        77.4        15.3        925.9   

Add: Equity affiliates’ income (loss)

    52.7        36.5        57.8        (.1     1.7               148.6   

Adjusted EBITDA

    $1,390.4        $605.0        $704.0        $(13.5     $609.3        $(22.2     $3,273.0   

Adjusted EBITDA margin(A)

    41.6     35.6     41.0             30.2             34.4

Twelve Months Ended 30 September 2015

             

Operating income (loss)

    $808.4        $330.7        $380.5        $(51.6     $476.7        $(51.5     $1,893.2   

Add: Depreciation and amortization

    416.9        194.3        202.9        16.5        92.8        13.0        936.4   

Add: Equity affiliates’ income

    64.6        42.4        46.1        (.8     2.2               154.5   

Adjusted EBITDA

    $1,289.9        $567.4        $629.5        $(35.9     $571.7        $(38.5     $2,984.1   

Adjusted EBITDA margin(A)

    34.9     30.4     38.4             27.4             30.2

Twelve Months Ended 30 September 2014

             

Operating income (loss)

    $762.6        $351.2        $310.4        $(57.3     $379.0        $(78.5     $1,667.4   

Add: Depreciation and amortization

    414.4        220.2        205.3        7.1        99.1        10.8        956.9   

Add: Equity affiliates’ income

    60.9        44.1        38.0        5.8        2.6               151.4   

Adjusted EBITDA

    $1,237.9        $615.5        $553.7        $(44.4     $480.7        $(67.7     $2,775.7   

Adjusted EBITDA margin(A)

    30.4     28.6     36.3             23.3             26.6

2016 vs. 2015

             

Adjusted EBITDA change

    $100.5        $37.6        $74.5        $22.4        $37.6        $16.3        $288.9   

Adjusted EBITDA % change

    8     7     12     62     7     42     10

Adjusted EBITDA margin change

    670bp        520bp        260bp                280bp                420bp   

2015 vs. 2014

             

Adjusted EBITDA change

    $52.0        $(48.1     $75.8        $8.5        $91.0        $29.2        $208.4   

Adjusted EBITDA % change

    4     (8 )%      14     19     19     43     8

Adjusted EBITDA margin change

    450bp        180bp        210bp                410bp                360bp   

(A) Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated by dividing Adjusted EBITDA by sales.

 

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INCOME TAXES

The tax impact of our non-GAAP adjustments reflects the expected current and deferred income tax expense impact of the transactions and is impacted primarily by the statutory tax rate of the various relevant jurisdictions and the taxability of the adjustments in those jurisdictions.

 

    Effective Tax Rate  
      2016        2015        2014   

Income Tax Provision—GAAP

    $586.5        $418.3        $369.4   

Income from Continuing Operations before Taxes—GAAP

    $2,132.2        $1,742.7        $1,365.4   

Effective Tax Rate—GAAP

    27.5     24.0     27.1

Income Tax Provision—GAAP

    $586.5        $418.3        $369.4   

Business separation costs

    3.9                 

Tax costs associated with business separation

    (51.8              

Business restructuring and cost reduction actions

    9.9        54.5        4.5   

Pension settlement loss

    2.3        7.5        1.9   

Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge

                  1.3   

Gain on previously held equity interest

           (6.7       

Gain on land sales

           (5.3       

Loss on extinguishment of debt

    2.6        2.4          

Chilean tax rate change

                  (20.6

Tax election benefit

                  51.6   

Income Tax Provision—Non-GAAP Measure

    $553.4        $470.7        $408.1   

Income from Continuing Operations before Taxes—GAAP

    $2,132.2        $1,742.7        $1,365.4   

Business separation costs

    52.2        7.5          

Business restructuring and cost reduction actions

    33.9        207.7        12.7   

Pension settlement loss

    6.4        21.2        5.5   

Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge

                  310.1   

Gain on previously held equity interest

           (17.9       

Gain on land sales

           (33.6       

Loss on extinguishment of debt

    6.9        16.6          

Income from Continuing Operations Before Taxes—Non-GAAP Measure

    $2,231.6        $1,944.2        $1,693.7   

Effective Tax Rate—Non-GAAP Measure

    24.8     24.2     24.1

 

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We maintained a strong financial position throughout 2016 and as of 30 September 2016 our consolidated balance sheet included cash and cash items of $1,501.3. The cash and cash items balance is higher than our historical trend and primarily results from transactions related to the anticipated spin-off of Versum and positive operating cash flows. Approximately $1,000.0 of debt was raised by Versum in September which included a $575.0 term loan that drove an increase in cash and cash items. We expect our cash balance and cash flows from operating and financing activities to meet liquidity needs for the foreseeable future.

As of 30 September 2016, we had $545.3 of foreign cash and cash items compared to a total amount of cash and cash items of $1,501.3. If the foreign cash and cash items are needed for operations in the U.S. or we otherwise elect to repatriate the funds, we may be required to accrue and pay U.S. taxes on a significant portion of these amounts. However, since we have significant current investment plans outside the U.S., it is our intent to permanently reinvest the majority of our foreign cash and cash items outside the U.S. Current financing alternatives do not require the repatriation of foreign funds.

Our cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities from continuing operations, as reflected in the consolidated statements of cash flows, are summarized in the following table:

 

       2016        2015        2014   

Cash provided by (used for)

      

Operating activities

     $2,707.4        $2,446.4        $2,190.1   

Investing activities

     (972.0     (1,250.5     (1,316.5

Financing activities

     (271.1     (945.4     (504.3

Operating Activities

For the year ended 2016, cash provided by operating activities was $2,707.4. Income from continuing operations of $1,515.3 included a loss on extinguishment of debt of $6.9. Income from continuing operations is adjusted for reconciling items that include depreciation and amortization, deferred income taxes, share-based compensation, noncurrent capital lease receivables, and undistributed earnings of unconsolidated affiliates. Other adjustments of $155.2 were primarily driven by the remeasurement of intercompany transactions as the related hedging instruments that eliminate the earnings impact are included in other receivables and payables and accrued liabilities. The working capital accounts were a use of cash of $20.1 that were primarily driven by trade receivables and other working capital partially offset by payables and accrued liabilities. The use of cash from other working capital of $57.4 was primarily driven by advances associated with the purchase of helium. The increase in payables and accrued liabilities of $57.0 was primarily related to an increase in customer advances which includes payment from our joint venture in Jazan, Saudi Arabia and was partially offset by the changes in the fair value of foreign exchange contracts that hedge intercompany loans.

For the year ended 2015, cash provided by operating activities was $2,446.4. Income from continuing operations of $1,284.7 included the write-down of long-lived assets associated with business restructuring of $47.4, a non-cash gain on the previously held equity interest of $17.9, and a loss on extinguishment of debt of $16.6. Other adjustments included pension and postretirement expense of $141.4 and contributions to our pension plans of $137.5, primarily for plans in the U.S. and U.K. Management considers various factors when making pension funding decisions, including tax, cash flow, and regulatory implications. The working capital accounts were a source of cash of $224.7. The increase of payables and accrued liabilities of $156.2 includes an increase in accrued incentive compensation of $97.0.

For the year ended 2014, cash provided by operating activities was $2,190.1. Income from continuing operations of $994.6 included the goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge of $310.1. Other adjustments included $143.2 for pension and other postretirement expense, partially offset by a use of cash of $78.2 for pension contributions. The working capital accounts were a use of cash of $250.0. Inventory was a use of cash of $23.5 primarily due to the timing of helium purchases. The reduction of payables and accrued liabilities of $237.9 includes $148.5 for payments associated with projects accounted for as capital leases and $52.5 of payments related to the 2013 business restructuring and cost reduction plan.

 

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Investing Activities

For the year ended 30 September 2016, cash used for investing activities was $972.0, driven by capital expenditures for plant and equipment of $1,055.8. Proceeds from the sale of assets and investments of $85.5 was primarily driven by the receipt of $30.0 for our rights to a corporate aircraft that was under construction, $15.9 for the sale of our 20% equity investment in Daido Air Products Electronics, Inc., and $14.9 for the sale of a wholly owned subsidiary located in Wuhu, China.

For the year ended 30 September 2015, cash used for investing activities was $1,250.5, primarily capital expenditures for plant and equipment. On 30 December 2014, we acquired our partner’s equity ownership interest in a liquefied atmospheric industrial gases production joint venture in North America which increased our ownership from 50% to 100%. Refer to Note 6, Business Combination, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

For the year ended 30 September 2014, cash used for investing activities was $1,316.5, primarily capital expenditures for plant and equipment. Refer to the Capital Expenditures section below for additional detail.

Capital Expenditures

Capital expenditures are detailed in the following table:

 

       2016         2015         2014   

Additions to plant and equipment

     $1,055.8         $1,265.6         $1,362.7   

Acquisitions, less cash acquired

             34.5           

Investments in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates

             4.3         (2.0

Capital Expenditures on a GAAP Basis

     $1,055.8         $1,304.4         $1,360.7   

Capital lease expenditures(A)

     27.2         95.6         202.4   

Purchase of noncontrolling interests in a subsidiary(A)

             278.4         .5   

Capital Expenditures on a Non-GAAP Basis

     $1,083.0         $1,678.4         $1,563.6   
(A)  We utilize a non-GAAP measure in the computation of capital expenditures and include spending associated with facilities accounted for as capital leases and purchases of noncontrolling interests. Certain contracts associated with facilities that are built to provide product to a specific customer are required to be accounted for as leases, and such spending is reflected as a use of cash within cash provided by operating activities, if the arrangement qualifies as a capital lease. Additionally, the purchase of subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interests is accounted for as a financing activity in the statement of cash flows. The presentation of this non-GAAP measure is intended to enhance the usefulness of information by providing a measure that our management uses internally to evaluate and manage our expenditures.

Capital expenditures on a GAAP basis in 2016 totaled $1,055.8, compared to $1,265.6 in 2015. The decrease of $209.8 was primarily due to the completion of major projects in 2016 and 2015. Additions to plant and equipment also included support capital of a routine, ongoing nature, including expenditures for distribution equipment and facility improvements. Spending in 2016 and 2015 included plant and equipment constructed to provide oxygen for coal gasification in China, hydrogen to the global market, oxygen to the steel industry, nitrogen to the electronic semiconductor industry, and capacity expansion for the Materials Technologies segment.

Capital expenditures on a non-GAAP basis in 2016 totaled $1,083.0 compared to $1,678.4 in 2015. The decrease of $595.4 was primarily due to the prior year purchase of the 30.5% equity interest in our Indura S.A. subsidiary from the largest minority shareholder for $277.9. Refer to Note 21, Noncontrolling Interests, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details. Additionally, capital lease expenditures of $27.2, decreased by $68.4, reflecting lower project spending.

On 19 April 2015, a joint venture between Air Products and ACWA Holding entered into a 20-year oxygen and nitrogen supply agreement to supply Saudi Aramco’s oil refinery and power plant being built in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Air Products owns 25% of the joint venture. During 2016 and 2015, we recorded noncash transactions which resulted in an increase of $26.9 and $67.5, respectively, to our investment in net assets of and advances to equity affiliates for our obligation to invest in the joint venture. These noncash transactions have been excluded from the consolidated statements of cash flows. In total, we expect to invest approximately $100 in this joint venture. Air Products has also entered into a sale of equipment contract with the joint venture to engineer, procure, and construct the industrial gas facilities that will supply the gases to Saudi Aramco.

 

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Sales backlog represents our estimate of revenue to be recognized in the future on our share of Air Products’ sale of equipment orders and related process technology that are under firm contracts. The sales backlog for the Company at 30 September 2016 was $1,057, compared to $1,535 at 30 September 2015. The decrease was driven by progress on the Jazan project and completion of LNG orders.

2017 Outlook

Excluding acquisitions, capital expenditures for new plant and equipment in 2017 are expected to be approximately $1,200. A majority of the total capital expenditures is expected to be for new plants that are currently under construction or expected to start construction. It is anticipated that capital expenditures will be funded principally with cash from continuing operations. In addition, we intend to continue to evaluate acquisition opportunities and investments in equity affiliates.

Financing Activities

For the year ended 2016, cash used for financing activities was $271.1. Our borrowings (short- and long-term proceeds, net of repayments) were a net source of cash (issuance) of $331.2 and included debt proceeds from the issuance of a .375% Eurobond of 350 million ($386.9) on 1 June 2016 and the issuance of a $575.0 term loan by Versum in anticipation of the spin-off, partially offset by the repayment of long-term debt, including the 2.0% Senior Note of $350.0 million on 2 August 2016, and a $144.2 use of cash for net commercial paper and other short-term debt borrowings. Versum distributed in-kind notes with an aggregate principal amount of $425.0 to Air Products. However, since Air Products exchanged these notes with certain financial institutions for $418.3 of Air Products’ outstanding commercial paper, this non-cash debt for debt exchange was excluded from the consolidated statement of cash flows. Refer to Note 15, Debt, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details. We also used cash to pay dividends of $721.2 and received proceeds from stock option exercises of $141.3.

For the year ended 2015, cash used for financing activities was $945.4 primarily attributable to cash used to pay dividends of $677.5 and payments for subsidiary shares from noncontrolling interest of $278.4, which was partially offset by proceeds from stock option exercises of $121.3. Our borrowings were a net use of cash of $84.4 and included $284.0 of net commercial paper and other short-term debt issuances, debt proceeds from the issuance of a 1.0% Eurobond of 300 million ($335.3), repayment of a 3.875% Eurobond of 300 million ($335.9), repayment of Industrial Revenue Bonds totaling $147.2, and repayment of 3,000,000 Unidades de Fomento (“UF”) Series E 6.30% Bonds totaling $146.6. Refer to Note 15, Debt, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.

For the year ended 2014, cash used for financing activities was $504.3 primarily attributable to cash used to pay dividends of $627.7 which was partially offset by proceeds from stock options exercised of $141.6. Our borrowings were a net use of cash (issuance) of $3.5 and included $148.7 of net commercial paper and other short-term debt issuances, debt proceeds from the issuance of a $400 senior fixed-rate 3.35% note on 31 July 2014 and $61.0 of other, primarily international, debt issuances and debt repayments of a 3.75% Eurobond of 300 million ($401.0) in November 2013 and $207.6 of other, primarily international, debt.

Discontinued Operations

For the year ended 2016, discontinued operations primarily includes the Energy-from-Waste business which the Company decided to exit in the second quarter of 2016. Cash used by discontinued operations was $176.9 primarily driven by capital expenditures for plant and equipment of $97.0 and the loss from discontinued operations of $37.6. Refer to Note 4, Discontinued Operations, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

For the year ended 2015, cash used by discontinued operations was $357.8. The use of cash was primarily driven by expenditures for plant and equipment of $349.2 related to the Energy-from-Waste facilities. Refer to Note 4, Discontinued Operations, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

For the year ended 2014, cash used by discontinued operations was $471.8. The use of cash was driven by capital expenditures of $321.5 for our Energy-from-Waste facilities and a payment made to the Linde Group for contingent proceeds we were obligated to return from the sale of our Homecare business of $157.1. Refer to Note 4, Discontinued Operations, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

 

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Financing and Capital Structure

Capital needs in 2016 were satisfied primarily with cash from operations. At the end of 2016, total debt outstanding was $6,225.2 compared to $5,879.0 at the end of 2015, and cash and cash items were $1,501.3 compared to $206.4 at the end of 2015. Total debt at 30 September 2016 and 2015, expressed as a percentage of total capitalization (total debt plus total equity), was 46.3% and 44.3%, respectively.

During fiscal 2013, we entered into a five-year $2,500.0 revolving credit agreement maturing 30 April 2018 with a syndicate of banks (the “2013 Credit Agreement”), under which senior unsecured debt is available to both the Company and certain of its subsidiaries. There have been subsequent amendments to the 2013 Credit Agreement, and as of 30 September 2016, the maximum borrowing capacity was $2,690.0. The 2013 Credit Agreement provides a source of liquidity for the Company and supports its commercial paper program. This credit facility includes a financial covenant for a maximum ratio of total debt to total capitalization no greater than 70%. No borrowings were outstanding under the 2013 Credit Agreement as of 30 September 2016.

During September 2016, in anticipation of the Versum spin-off, Versum entered into certain financing transactions to allow for a cash distribution of $550.0 and a distribution in-kind of notes issued by Versum with an aggregate principal amount of $425.0 to Air Products. Air Products then exchanged these notes with certain financial institutions for $418.3 of Air Products’ outstanding commercial paper. Since Versum debt was issued in September but Versum did not become a separate entity until 1 October 2016, Air Products’ consolidated balance sheet includes the Versum debt. The $575.0 term loan and the $425.0 of notes were included in the Versum spin-off transaction and do not represent obligation of the Company in the future. In addition, Versum entered into a senior secured first lien revolving credit facility (Versum Revolving Facility) in an aggregate principal amount of $200.0 that matures on 30 September 2021. Lenders under the Revolving Facility have a maximum first lien net leverage ratio covenant (total debt net of cash on hand to total adjusted EBITDA) of 3.25:1.00 and certain other customary covenants. No borrowings were outstanding on the Versum Revolving Facility as of 30 September 2016. Refer to Note 3, Materials Technologies Separation, to the consolidated financial statements for additional details.

Commitments totaling $51.3 are maintained by our foreign subsidiaries, all of which was borrowed and outstanding at 30 September 2016.

As of 30 September 2016, we are in compliance with all of the financial and other covenants under our debt agreements.

On 15 September 2011, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $1,000 of our outstanding common stock. We did not purchase any of our outstanding shares during fiscal years 2016, 2015 or 2014. At 30 September 2016, $485.3 in share repurchase authorization remains.

2017 Outlook

Cash flows from operations and financing activities are expected to meet liquidity needs for the foreseeable future and our working capital balance was $1,034.0 at 30 September 2016. We expect that we will continue to be in compliance with all of our financial covenants.

We expect to utilize the proceeds from the distribution from Versum to pay down debt, largely commercial paper, in the first quarter of fiscal 2017.

Dividends

Dividends are declared by the Board of Directors and are usually paid during the sixth week after the close of the fiscal quarter. During 2016, the Board of Directors increased the quarterly dividend from $.81 per share to $.86 per share.

 

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CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS

We are obligated to make future payments under various contracts, such as debt agreements, lease agreements, unconditional purchase obligations, and other long-term obligations. The following table summarizes our obligations as of 30 September 2016:

 

      Total        2017        2018        2019        2020        2021        Thereafter   

Long-term debt obligations

             

Debt maturities

    $5,289        $371        $419        $407        $353        $417        $3,322   

Contractual interest

    880        131        119        117        99        91        323   

Capital leases

    31        2        1        2        2        3        21   

Operating leases

    355        71        62        50        38        32        102   

Pension obligations

    1,211        67        50        51        52        56        935   

Unconditional purchase obligations

    5,331        942        525        307        298        276        2,983   

Obligation for future contribution to an equity affiliate

    100                             100                 

Total Contractual Obligations

    $13,197        $1,584        $1,176        $934        $942        $875        $7,686   

Long-Term Debt Obligations

The long-term debt obligations include the maturity payments of long-term debt, including current portion, and the related contractual interest obligations. Refer to Note 15, Debt, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on long-term debt.

Contractual interest is the interest we are contracted to pay on the long-term debt obligations without taking into account the interest impact of interest rate swaps related to any of this debt, which at current interest rates would slightly decrease contractual interest. We had $1,396 of long-term debt subject to variable interest rates at 30 September 2016, excluding fixed-rate debt that has been swapped to variable-rate debt. The rate assumed for the variable interest component of the contractual interest obligation was the rate in effect at 30 September 2016. Variable interest rates are primarily determined by interbank offer rates and by U.S. short-term tax-exempt interest rates.

Consistent with the debt maturities table within Note 15, Debt, the long-term debt obligations reflect financing entered into in anticipation of the spin-off of EMD as Versum Materials, Inc. The spin-off was completed on 1 October 2016 and the related debt of $997.2 was maintained by Versum.

Leases

Refer to Note 12, Leases, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on capital and operating leases.

Pension Obligations

The amounts in the table above represent the current estimated cash payments to be made by us that in total equal the recognized pension liabilities. Refer to Note 16, Retirement Benefits, to the consolidated financial statements. These payments are based upon the current valuation assumptions and regulatory environment.

The total accrued liability for pension benefits is impacted by interest rates, plan demographics, actual return on plan assets, continuation or modification of benefits, and other factors. Such factors can significantly impact the amount of the liability and related contributions.

Unconditional Purchase Obligations

Approximately $4,000 of our unconditional purchase obligations relate to helium purchases, which include crude feedstock supply to multiple helium refining plants in North America as well as refined helium purchases from sources around the world. As a rare byproduct of natural gas production in the energy sector, these helium sourcing agreements are medium- to long-term and contain take-or-pay provisions. The refined helium is distributed globally and sold as a merchant gas, primarily under medium-term requirements contracts. While contract terms in the energy sector are longer than those in merchant, helium is a rare gas used in applications with few or no substitutions because of its unique physical and chemical properties.

Approximately $330 of our long-term unconditional purchase obligations relate to feedstock supply for numerous HyCO (hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and syngas) facilities. The price of feedstock supply is principally related to

 

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the price of natural gas. However, long-term take-or-pay sales contracts to HyCO customers are generally matched to the term of the feedstock supply obligations and provide recovery of price increases in the feedstock supply. Due to the matching of most long-term feedstock supply obligations to customer sales contracts, we do not believe these purchase obligations would have a material effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Refer to Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information on our unconditional purchase obligations.

The unconditional purchase obligations also include other product supply and purchase commitments and electric power and natural gas supply purchase obligations, which are primarily pass-through contracts with our customers.

Purchase commitments to spend approximately $350 for additional plant and equipment are included in the unconditional purchase obligations in 2017. In addition, we have purchase commitments totaling approximately $500 in 2017 and 2018 relating to our long-term sale of equipment project for Saudi Aramco’s Jazan oil refinery.

We also purchase materials, energy, capital equipment, supplies, and services as part of the ordinary course of business under arrangements that are not unconditional purchase obligations. The majority of such purchases are for raw materials and energy, which are obtained under requirements-type contracts at market prices.

Obligation for Future Contribution to an Equity Affiliate

On 19 April 2015, a joint venture between Air Products and ACWA Holding entered into a 20-year oxygen and nitrogen supply agreement to supply Saudi Aramco’s oil refinery and power plant being built in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Air Products owns 25% of the joint venture and guarantees the repayment of its share of an equity bridge loan. In total, we expect to invest approximately $100 in this joint venture. As of 30 September 2016, we recorded a noncurrent liability of $94.4 for our obligation to make future equity contributions based on our proportionate share of the advances received by the joint venture under the loan.

Income Tax Liabilities

Noncurrent deferred income tax liabilities as of 30 September 2016 were $767.1. Tax liabilities related to unrecognized tax benefits as of 30 September 2016 were $106.9. These tax liabilities were excluded from the Contractual Obligations table, as it is impractical to determine a cash impact by year given that payments will vary according to changes in tax laws, tax rates, and our operating results. In addition, there are uncertainties in timing of the effective settlement of our uncertain tax positions with respective taxing authorities. Refer to Note 23, Income Taxes, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

PENSION BENEFITS

The Company and certain of its subsidiaries sponsor defined benefit pension plans and defined contribution plans that cover a substantial portion of its worldwide employees. The principal defined benefit pension plans are the U.S. salaried pension plan and the U.K. pension plan. These plans were closed to new participants in 2005 and were replaced with defined contribution plans. Over the long run, the shift to defined contribution plans is expected to reduce volatility of both plan expense and contributions.

The fair market value of plan assets for our defined benefit pension plans as of the 30 September 2016 measurement date increased to $4,116.4 from $3,916.4 at the end of fiscal year 2015. The projected benefit obligation for these plans was $5,327.3 and $4,787.8 at the end of the fiscal years 2016 and 2015, respectively. The net unfunded liability increased by approximately $340 from $871 to $1,211 due primarily to lower discount rates. Refer to Note 16, Retirement Benefits, to the consolidated financial statements for comprehensive and detailed disclosures on our postretirement benefits.

 

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Pension Expense

 

       2016        2015        2014   

Pension expense

     $68.1        $135.6        $135.9   

Special terminations, settlements, and curtailments (included above)

     7.3        35.2        5.8   

Weighted average discount rate(A)

     4.1     4.0     4.6

Weighted average expected rate of return on plan assets

     7.5     7.4     7.7

Weighted average expected rate of compensation increase

     3.5     3.5     3.9
(A) Effective in 2016, the Company began to measure the service cost and interest cost components of pension expense by applying spot rates along the yield curve to the relevant projected cash flows, as we believe this provides a better measurement of these costs. The Company has accounted for this as a change in accounting estimate and, accordingly has accounted for it on a prospective basis. This change does not affect the measurement of the total benefit obligation.

2016 vs. 2015

Pension expense, excluding special items, decreased from the prior year due to the adoption of the spot rate approach which reduced service cost and interest cost, the impact from expected return on assets and demographic gains, partially offset by the impact of the adoption of new mortality tables for our major plans. Special items of $7.3 included pension settlement losses of $6.4, special termination benefits of $2.0, and curtailment gains of $1.1. These resulted primarily from our recent business restructuring and cost reduction actions.

2015 vs. 2014

The decrease in pension expense, excluding special items, was due to the impact from expected return on assets, a 40 bp reduction in the weighted average compensation increase assumption, and lower service cost and interest cost. The decrease was partially offset by the impact of higher amortization of actuarial losses, which resulted primarily from a 60 bp decrease in weighted average discount rate. Special items of $35.2 included pension settlement losses of $21.2, special termination benefits of $8.7, and curtailment losses of $5.3. These resulted primarily from our recent business restructuring and cost reduction actions.

2017 Outlook

In 2017, pension expense, excluding special items, is estimated to be approximately $70 to $75, an increase of $10 to $15 from 2016, resulting primarily from a decrease in discount rates, offset by favorable asset experience, effects of the Versum spin-off and the adoption of new mortality tables. Pension settlement losses of $10 to $15 are expected, dependent on the timing of retirements. In 2017, we expect pension expense to include approximately $164 for amortization of actuarial losses compared to $121 in 2016. Net actuarial losses of $484 were recognized in accumulated other comprehensive income in 2016, primarily attributable to lower discount rates and improved mortality projections. Actuarial gains/losses are amortized into pension expense over prospective periods to the extent they are not offset by future gains or losses. Future changes in the discount rate and actual returns on plan assets different from expected returns would impact the actuarial gains/losses and resulting amortization in years beyond 2017.

During the first quarter of 2017, the Company expects to record a curtailment loss estimated to be $5 to $10 related to employees transferring to Versum. The loss will be reflected in the results from discontinued operations on the consolidated income statements. We continue to evaluate opportunities to manage the liabilities associated with our pension plans.

Pension Funding

Pension funding includes both contributions to funded plans and benefit payments for unfunded plans, which are primarily non-qualified plans. With respect to funded plans, our funding policy is that contributions, combined with appreciation and earnings, will be sufficient to pay benefits without creating unnecessary surpluses.

In addition, we make contributions to satisfy all legal funding requirements while managing our capacity to benefit from tax deductions attributable to plan contributions. With the assistance of third party actuaries, we analyze the liabilities and demographics of each plan, which help guide the level of contributions. During 2016 and 2015, our cash contributions to funded plans and benefit payments for unfunded plans were $79.3 and $137.5, respectively.

For 2017, cash contributions to defined benefit plans are estimated to be $65 to $85. The estimate is based on expected contributions to certain international plans and anticipated benefit payments for unfunded plans, which

 

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are dependent upon the timing of retirements and future cost reduction actions. Actual future contributions will depend on future funding legislation, discount rates, investment performance, plan design, and various other factors. Refer to the Contractual Obligations discussion on page 45 for a projection of future contributions.

ENVIRONMENTAL MATTERS

We are subject to various environmental laws and regulations in the countries in which we have operations. Compliance with these laws and regulations results in higher capital expenditures and costs. In the normal course of business, we are involved in legal proceedings under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA: the federal Superfund law); Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); and similar state and foreign environmental laws relating to the designation of certain sites for investigation or remediation. Our accounting policy for environmental expenditures is discussed in Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements, and environmental loss contingencies are discussed in Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements.

The amounts charged to income from continuing operations related to environmental matters totaled $27.0, $28.3, and $35.1 in 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. These amounts represent an estimate of expenses for compliance with environmental laws and activities undertaken to meet internal Company standards. Future costs are not expected to be materially different from these amounts. Refer to Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Although precise amounts are difficult to determine, we estimate that we spent $7 and $4 in 2016 and 2015, respectively, on capital projects to control pollution. Capital expenditures to control pollution in future years are estimated to be approximately $3 in both 2017 and 2018.

We accrue environmental investigatory and remediation costs for identified sites when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The potential exposure for such costs is estimated to range from $81 to a reasonably possible upper exposure of $95 as of 30 September 2016. The consolidated balance sheets at 30 September 2016 and 2015 included an accrual of $81.4 and $80.6, respectively. The accrual for the environmental obligations includes amounts for the Pace, Florida; Piedmont, South Carolina; and Pasadena, Texas, locations which were a part of previously divested chemicals businesses. Refer to Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements for further details on these facilities.

Actual costs to be incurred at identified sites in future periods may vary from the estimates, given inherent uncertainties in evaluating environmental exposures. Subject to the imprecision in estimating future environmental costs, we do not expect that any sum we may have to pay in connection with environmental matters in excess of the amounts recorded or disclosed above would have a material adverse impact on our financial position or results of operations in any one year.

Some of our operations are within jurisdictions that have or are developing regulations governing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). These include existing and expanding coverage under the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme, California’s cap and trade scheme, South Korea’s Emission Trading Scheme, Alberta’s Specified Gases Emitter Regulation and, beginning in 2017, the Ontario cap and trade scheme and China National Emission Trading Scheme. Where these regulations impose compliance costs on our hydrogen production facilities (California, Alberta, and Ontario), we have been able to mitigate the majority of such costs through our contractual terms.

Increased public awareness and concern may result in more international, U.S. federal, and/or regional requirements to reduce or mitigate the effects of GHG. Although uncertain, these developments could increase our costs related to consumption of electric power, hydrogen production, and fluorinated gases production. We believe we will be able to mitigate some of the potential costs through our contractual terms, but the lack of definitive legislation or regulatory requirements in some of the jurisdictions where we operate prevents accurate prediction of the long-term impact on us. Any legislation that limits or taxes GHG emissions from our facilities could impact our growth by increasing our operating costs or reducing demand for certain of our products.

Regulation of GHG may also produce new opportunities for us. We continue to develop technologies to help our facilities and our customers lower energy consumption, improve efficiency, and lower emissions. We are also developing a portfolio of technologies that capture carbon dioxide from power and chemical plants before it reaches the atmosphere, enable cleaner transportation fuels, and facilitate alternate fuel source development. In

 

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addition, the potential demand for clean coal and our carbon capture solutions could increase demand for oxygen, one of our main products, and our proprietary technology for delivering low-cost oxygen.

OFF-BALANCE SHEET ARRANGEMENTS

We have entered into certain guarantee agreements as discussed in Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements. We are not a primary beneficiary in any material variable interest entity. Our off-balance sheet arrangements are not reasonably likely to have a material impact on financial condition, changes in financial condition, results of operations, or liquidity.

RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Our principal related parties are equity affiliates operating in the industrial gas business. In 2015, we entered into a long-term sale of equipment contract to engineer, procure, and construct industrial gas facilities with a 25% owned joint venture for Saudi Aramco’s Jazan oil refinery and power plant in Saudi Arabia. The agreement included terms that are consistent with those that we believe would have been negotiated at an arm’s length with an independent party. Sales related to this contract are included in the results of our Industrial Gases – Global segment and were approximately $300 during fiscal year 2016 and were not material during fiscal year 2015.

INFLATION

We operate in many countries that experience volatility in inflation and foreign exchange rates. The ability to pass on inflationary cost increases is an uncertainty due to general economic conditions and competitive situations. It is estimated that the cost of replacing our plant and equipment today is greater than its historical cost. Accordingly, depreciation expense would be greater if the expense were stated on a current cost basis.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements describes our major accounting policies. Judgments and estimates of uncertainties are required in applying our accounting policies in many areas. However, application of the critical accounting policies discussed below requires management’s significant judgments, often as the result of the need to make estimates of matters that are inherently uncertain. If actual results were to differ materially from the estimates made, the reported results could be materially affected. Our management has reviewed these critical accounting policies and estimates and related disclosures with our audit committee.

Depreciable Lives of Plant and Equipment

Net plant and equipment at 30 September 2016 totaled $8,852.7, and depreciation expense totaled $893.0 during 2016. Plant and equipment is recorded at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method, which deducts equal amounts of the cost of each asset from earnings every year over its estimated economic useful life.

Economic useful life is the duration of time an asset is expected to be productively employed by us, which may be less than its physical life. Assumptions on the following factors, among others, affect the determination of estimated economic useful life: wear and tear, obsolescence, technical standards, contract life, market demand, competitive position, raw material availability, and geographic location.

The estimated economic useful life of an asset is monitored to determine its appropriateness, especially in light of changed business circumstances. For example, changes in technology, changes in the estimated future demand for products, or excessive wear and tear may result in a shorter estimated useful life than originally anticipated. In these cases, we would depreciate the remaining net book value over the new estimated remaining life, thereby increasing depreciation expense per year on a prospective basis. Likewise, if the estimated useful life is increased, the adjustment to the useful life decreases depreciation expense per year on a prospective basis.

The regional Industrial Gases segments have numerous long-term customer supply contracts for which we construct an on-site plant adjacent to or near the customer’s facility. These contracts typically have initial contract terms of 10 to 20 years. Depreciable lives of the production assets related to long-term contracts are matched to the contract lives. Extensions to the contract term of supply frequently occur prior to the expiration of the initial term. As contract terms are extended, the depreciable life of the remaining net book value of the production assets is adjusted to match the new contract term, as long as it does not exceed the remaining physical life of the asset.

Our regional Industrial Gases segments also have contracts for liquid or gaseous bulk supply and, for smaller customers, packaged gases. The depreciable lives of production facilities associated with these contracts are

 

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generally 15 years. The depreciable lives of production facilities within the Materials Technologies segment, where there is not an associated long-term supply agreement, range from 10 to 15 years. These depreciable lives have been determined based on historical experience combined with judgment on future assumptions such as technological advances, potential obsolescence, competitors’ actions, etc. Management monitors its assumptions and may potentially need to adjust depreciable life as circumstances change.

A change in the weighted average remaining depreciable life by one year for assets associated with our regional Industrial Gases segments and Materials Technologies segment would impact annual depreciation expense as summarized below:

 

     Decrease Life         Increase Life   
       By 1 Year         By 1 Year   

Industrial Gases – Regional

     $36         $(31)   

Materials Technologies

     $4         $(3)   

Impairment of Assets

Plant and Equipment

Plant and equipment held for use is grouped for impairment testing at the lowest level for which there is identifiable cash flows. Impairment testing of the asset group occurs whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Such circumstances would include a significant decrease in the market value of a long-lived asset grouping, a significant adverse change in the manner in which the asset grouping is being used or in its physical condition, an accumulation of costs significantly in excess of the amount originally expected for the acquisition or construction of the long-lived asset, a history of operating or cash flow losses associated with the use of the asset grouping, or changes in the expected useful life of the long-lived assets.

If such circumstances are determined to exist, an estimate of undiscounted future cash flows produced by that asset group is compared to the carrying value to determine whether impairment exists. If an asset group is determined to be impaired, the loss is measured based on the difference between the asset group’s fair value and its carrying value. An estimate of the asset group’s fair value is based on the discounted value of its estimated cash flows. Assets that meet the held for sale criteria are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell.

The assumptions underlying the undiscounted future cash flow projections require significant management judgment. Factors that management must estimate include industry and market conditions, sales volume and prices, costs to produce, inflation, etc. The assumptions underlying the cash flow projections represent management’s best estimates at the time of the impairment review. Changes in key assumptions or actual conditions that differ from estimates could result in an impairment charge. We use reasonable and supportable assumptions when performing impairment reviews and cannot predict the occurrence of future events and circumstances that could result in impairment charges.

On 29 March 2016, the Board of Directors approved the Company’s exit of its Energy-from-Waste business. Accordingly, we assessed the recoverability of capital costs for the two projects associated with this business and recorded an impairment charge of $913.5 to reduce the carrying values of plant assets to their estimated net realizable value of $20. We estimated the net realizable value of the projects assuming an orderly liquidation of assets capable of being marketed on a secondary equipment market based on market quotes and our experience with selling similar equipment. An asset’s orderly liquidation value is the amount that could be realized from a liquidation sale, given a reasonable period of time to find a buyer, selling the asset in the existing condition where it is located, and assuming the highest and best use of the asset by market participants. The valuation includes inputs that are unobservable and therefore considered Level 3 inputs in the fair value hierarchy. The loss was measured as the difference between the orderly liquidation value of the assets and the net book value of the assets. Refer to Note 4, Discontinued Operations, for additional information. There have been no significant changes in the estimated net realizable value as of 30 September 2016.

Goodwill

The acquisition method of accounting for business combinations requires us to make use of estimates and judgments to allocate the purchase price paid for acquisitions to the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable

 

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intangible assets. Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price over the fair value of identifiable net assets of an acquired entity. Goodwill was $1,150.2 as of 30 September 2016. Disclosures related to goodwill are included in Note 10, Goodwill, to the consolidated financial statements.

We review goodwill for impairment annually in the fourth quarter of the fiscal year and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the need for more frequent testing. The tests are done at the reporting unit level, which is defined as being equal to or one level below the operating segment for which discrete financial information is available and whose operating results are reviewed by segment managers regularly. As of 30 September 2016, we had six business segments and thirteen reporting units. Reporting units are primarily based on products and subregions within each business segment. The majority of our goodwill is assigned to reporting units within the three regional Industrial Gases segments and the Materials Technologies segment.

As part of the goodwill impairment testing, we have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If we choose not to complete a qualitative assessment for a given reporting unit, or if the initial assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, a two-step quantitative test is required. We chose to bypass the qualitative assessment and conduct quantitative testing, as further described below.

The first step of the quantitative test requires that we compare the fair value of our reporting units to their carrying value, including assigned goodwill. To determine the fair value of a reporting unit, we initially use an income approach valuation model, representing the present value of estimated future cash flows. Our valuation model uses a discrete growth period and an estimated exit trading multiple. The income approach is an appropriate valuation method due to our capital-intensive nature, the long-term contractual nature of our business, and the relatively consistent cash flows generated by our reporting units. The principal assumptions utilized in our income approach valuation model include revenue growth rates, operating profit margins, discount rate, and exit multiple. Projected revenue growth rates and operating profit assumptions are consistent with those utilized in our operating plan and long-term financial planning process. The discount rate assumption is calculated based on an estimated market-participant risk-adjusted weighted-average cost of capital, which includes factors such as the risk-free rate of return, cost of debt, and expected equity premiums. The exit multiple is determined from comparable industry transactions and where appropriate, reflects expected long-term growth rates. If our initial review under the income approach indicates there may be impairment, we incorporate results under the market approach to further evaluate the existence of impairment. When the market approach is utilized, fair value is estimated based on market multiples of revenue and earnings derived from comparable publicly-traded industrial gases companies engaged in the same or similar lines of business as the reporting unit, adjusted to reflect differences in size and growth prospects. When both the income and market approach are utilized, we review relevant facts and circumstances and make a qualitative assessment to determine the proper weighting. Management judgment is required in the determination of each assumption utilized in the valuation model, and actual results could differ from the estimates.

If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, we perform the second step of the impairment test to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. In the second step, the reporting unit’s fair value is allocated to all of the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit, including any unrecognized intangible assets, in an analysis that calculates the implied fair value of goodwill in the same manner as if the reporting unit were being acquired in a business combination. If the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill is less than the carrying value, the difference is recorded as an impairment loss.

In 2014, we conducted our annual goodwill impairment testing as of 1 July 2014 and concluded that the goodwill associated with the Latin America reporting unit was impaired and recorded a non-cash impairment charge of $305.2. The Latin America reporting unit is composed predominately of our Indura business with business units in Chile, Colombia, and other Latin America countries, which the Company acquired in 2012.

During the fourth quarter of 2016, we conducted our annual goodwill impairment testing noting no indications of impairment. The fair value of all of our reporting units substantially exceeded their carrying value.

The excess of fair value over carrying value for our reporting units ranged from approximately 30% to approximately 350%. Management judgment is required in the determination of each assumption utilized in the valuation model, and actual results could differ from the estimates. In order to evaluate the sensitivity of the fair value calculation on the goodwill impairment test, we applied a hypothetical 10% decrease to the fair value of

 

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these reporting units. In this scenario, the fair value of our reporting units continued to exceed their carrying value by a range of approximately 15% to 300%.

Future events that could have a negative impact on the level of excess fair value over carrying value of the reporting units include, but are not limited to: long-term economic weakness, decline in market share, pricing pressures, inability to successfully implement cost improvement measures, increases to our cost of capital, and changes to the structure of our business as a result of future reorganizations or divestitures of assets or businesses. Negative changes in one or more of these factors, among others, could result in impairment charges.

We will continue to evaluate goodwill on an annual basis as of the beginning of our fourth fiscal quarter and whenever there are indicators of potential impairment, such as significant adverse changes in business climate or operating results or changes in management’s business outlook or strategy.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets with determinable lives at 30 September 2016 totaled $425.3 and consisted primarily of customer relationships, purchased patents and technology, and land use rights. These intangible assets are tested for impairment as part of the long-lived asset grouping impairment tests. Impairment testing of the asset group occurs whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. See the impairment discussion above under Plant and Equipment for a description of how impairment losses are determined.

Indefinite-lived intangible assets at 30 September 2016 totaled $62.7 and consisted of trade names and trademarks. Indefinite-lived intangibles are subject to impairment testing at least annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that potential impairment exists. The impairment test for indefinite-lived intangible assets encompasses calculating the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets and comparing the fair value to their carrying value. If the fair value is less than the carrying value, the difference is recorded as an impairment loss. To determine fair value, we utilize the royalty savings method, a form of the income approach. This method values an intangible asset by estimating the royalties avoided through ownership of the asset.

In the fourth quarter of 2014, we conducted our annual impairment test and determined that our indefinite-lived intangible assets were impaired. Refer to Note 11, Intangible Assets, to the consolidated financial statements for additional information.

In the fourth quarter of 2016, we conducted our annual impairment test of indefinite-lived intangibles and found no indications of impairment.

Equity Investments

Investments in and advances to equity affiliates totaled $1,288.1 at 30 September 2016. The majority of our investments are non-publicly traded ventures with other companies in the industrial gas business. Summarized financial information of equity affiliates is included in Note 8, Summarized Financial Information of Equity Affiliates, to the consolidated financial statements. Equity investments are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment may not be recoverable.

In the event that a decline in fair value of an investment occurs, and the decline in value is considered to be other than temporary, an impairment loss would be recognized. Management’s estimate of fair value of an investment is based on estimated discounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the investee. Changes in key assumptions about the financial condition of an investee or actual conditions that differ from estimates could result in an impairment charge.

Revenue Recognition- Percentage-of-Completion Method

Revenue from equipment sale contracts is recorded primarily using the percentage-of-completion method. Under this method, revenue from the sale of major equipment, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) heat exchangers and large air separation units, is recognized based on labor hours or costs incurred to date compared with total estimated labor hours or costs to be incurred, depending on the nature of the project and the best measure of progress toward completion. We estimate the profit on a contract as the difference between the total estimated revenue and expected costs to complete the contract and recognize the profit over the life of the contract.

Accounting for contracts using the percentage-of-completion method requires management judgment relative to assessing risks and their impact on the estimate of revenues and costs. Our estimates are impacted by factors

 

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such as the potential for incentives or penalties on performance, schedule and technical issues, labor productivity, the complexity of work performed, the cost and availability of materials, and performance of subcontractors. When adjustments in estimated total contract revenues or estimated total costs or labor hours are required, any changes in the estimated profit from prior estimates are recognized in the current period for the inception-to-date effect of such change. When estimates of total costs to be incurred on a contract exceed estimates of total revenues to be earned, a provision for the entire estimated loss on the contract is recorded in the period in which the loss is determined.

Our Jazan large air separation unit sale of equipment project within our Industrial Gases – Global segment spans several years. In addition to the typical risks associated with underlying performance of project procurement and construction activities, this project requires monitoring of risks associated with schedule, geography, and other aspects of the contract and their effects on our estimates of total revenues and total costs to complete the contract. Given the revenue and cost uncertainties associated with these risks, we recognized revenue and cost with no estimated profit through the third quarter of 2016. During the fourth quarter of 2016, as a result of progress toward completion and a reassessment of revenue and cost risks, we changed our estimated profit on the project and recognized the inception-to-date effect of that change associated with approximately $300 of revenue.

Changes in estimates on projects accounted for under the percentage-of-completion method, including the Jazan project, favorably impacted operating income by approximately $20 in fiscal year 2016, primarily during the fourth quarter. Our changes in estimates would not have significantly impacted amounts recorded in prior years. Changes in estimates during fiscal years 2015 and 2014 were not significant.

We assess the performance of our sale of equipment projects as they progress. Our earnings could be positively or negatively impacted by changes to our forecast of revenues and costs on these projects.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the tax effects of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to be recovered or settled. At 30 September 2016, accrued income taxes and net deferred tax liabilities amounted to $146.6 and $574.4, respectively. Tax liabilities related to uncertain tax positions as of 30 September 2016 were $106.9, excluding interest and penalties. Income tax expense for the year ended 30 September 2016 was $586.5. Disclosures related to income taxes are included in Note 23, Income Taxes, to the consolidated financial statements.

Management judgment is required concerning the ultimate outcome of tax contingencies and the realization of deferred tax assets.

Actual income taxes paid may vary from estimates, depending upon changes in income tax laws, actual results of operations, and the final audit of tax returns by taxing authorities. Tax assessments may arise several years after tax returns have been filed. We believe that our recorded tax liabilities adequately provide for these assessments.

Deferred tax assets are recorded for operating losses and tax credit carryforwards. However, when we do not expect sufficient sources of future taxable income to realize the benefit of the operating losses or tax credit carryforwards, these deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance. A valuation allowance is recognized if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is considered more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization include forecasted future taxable income and available tax planning strategies that could be implemented to realize or renew net deferred tax assets in order to avoid the potential loss of future tax benefits. The effect of a change in the valuation allowance is reported in the income tax expense.

A 1% point increase/decrease in our effective tax rate would decrease/increase net income by approximately $21.

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits

The amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements for pension and other postretirement benefits are determined on an actuarial basis utilizing numerous assumptions. The discussion that follows provides information on the significant assumptions and expense associated with the defined benefit plans.

 

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Actuarial models are used in calculating the expense and liability related to the various defined benefit plans. These models have an underlying assumption that the employees render service over their service lives on a relatively consistent basis; therefore, the expense of benefits earned should follow a similar pattern.

Several assumptions and statistical variables are used in the models to calculate the expense and liability related to the plans. We determine assumptions about the discount rate, the expected rate of return on plan assets, and the rate of compensation increase. Note 16, Retirement Benefits, to the consolidated financial statements includes disclosure of these rates on a weighted-average basis for both the domestic and international plans. The actuarial models also use assumptions about demographic factors such as retirement age, mortality, and turnover rates. We believe the actuarial assumptions are reasonable. However, actual results could vary materially from these actuarial assumptions due to economic events and different rates of retirement, mortality, and turnover. In fiscal year 2016, the beginning-of-year projected benefit obligation and benefit costs for the U.S. plans reflect the adoption of the new Society of Actuaries RP-2014 mortality table projected with Scale BB-2D. As of 30 September 2016, the projected benefit obligation reflects the adoption of the new mortality projection scale MP-2016 for the U.S. plans. Our mortality assumptions will differ from the IRS mortality assumptions used to determine funding valuations, as the IRS is not expected to adopt the new tables until 2018 or later.

One of the assumptions used in the actuarial models is the discount rate used to measure benefit obligations. This rate reflects the prevailing market rate for high-quality, fixed-income debt instruments with maturities corresponding to the expected timing of benefit payments as of the annual measurement date for each of the various plans. Effective in 2016, the Company began to measure the service cost and interest cost components of pension expense by applying spot rates along the yield curve to the relevant projected cash flows, as we believe this provides a better measurement of these costs. The Company has accounted for this as a change in accounting estimate and, accordingly has accounted for it on a prospective basis. This change does not affect the measurement of the total benefit obligation. The rate is used to discount the future cash flows of benefit obligations back to the measurement date. This rate will change from year-to-year based on market conditions that affect corporate bond yields. A higher discount rate decreases the present value of the benefit obligations and results in lower pension expense. A 50 bp increase/decrease in the discount rate decreases/increases pension expense by approximately $33 per year.

The expected rate of return on plan assets represents an estimate of the average rate of return to be earned by plan assets over the period that the benefits included in the benefit obligation are to be paid. The expected return on plan assets assumption is based on a weighted average of estimated long-term returns of major asset classes and the historical performance of plan assets. In determining estimated asset class returns, we take into account historical and future expected long-term returns and the value of active management, as well as the interest rate environment. Asset allocation is determined based on long-term return, volatility and correlation characteristics of the asset classes, the profiles of the plans’ liabilities, and acceptable levels of risk. Lower returns on the plan assets result in higher pension expense. A 50 bp increase/decrease in the estimated rate of return on plan assets decreases/increases pension expense by approximately $19 per year.

We use a market-related valuation method for recognizing certain investment gains or losses for our significant pension plans. Investment gains or losses are the difference between the expected return and actual return on plan assets. The expected return on plan assets is determined based on a market-related value of plan assets. For equities, this is a calculated value that recognizes investment gains and losses in fair value related to equities over a five-year period from the year in which they occur and reduces year-to-year volatility. The market-related value for fixed income investments equals the actual fair value. Expense in future periods will be impacted as gains or losses are recognized in the market-related value of assets.

The expected rate of compensation increase is another key assumption. We determine this rate based on review of the underlying long-term salary increase trend characteristic of labor markets and historical experience, as well as comparison to peer companies. A 50 bp increase/decrease in the expected rate of compensation increases/decreases pension expense by approximately $16 per year.

Loss Contingencies

In the normal course of business we encounter contingencies, i.e., situations involving varying degrees of uncertainty as to the outcome and effect on us. We accrue a liability for loss contingencies when it is considered probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. When only a range of possible loss can be established, the most probable amount in the range is accrued. If no amount within

 

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this range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the minimum amount in the range is accrued.

Contingencies include those associated with litigation and environmental matters, for which our accounting policy is discussed in Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, to the consolidated financial statements, and particulars are provided in Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies, to the consolidated financial statements. Significant judgment is required in both determining probability and whether the amount of loss associated with a contingency can be reasonably estimated. These determinations are made based on the best available information at the time. As additional information becomes available, we reassess probability and estimates of loss contingencies. Revisions in the estimates associated with loss contingencies could have a significant impact on our results of operations in the period in which an accrual for loss contingencies is recorded or adjusted. For example, due to the inherent uncertainties related to environmental exposures, a significant increase to environmental liabilities could occur if a new site is designated, the scope of remediation is increased, or our proportionate share is increased. Similarly, a future charge for regulatory fines or damage awards associated with litigation could have a significant impact on our net income in the period in which it is recorded.

NEW ACCOUNTING GUIDANCE

As of the first quarter of fiscal year 2016, we adopted guidance on the presentation of deferred income taxes that resulted in all deferred tax liabilities and assets being classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. Accordingly, prior year amounts were reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. The guidance, which did not change the existing requirement to net deferred tax assets and liabilities within a jurisdiction, resulted in a reclassification adjustment that increased noncurrent deferred tax assets by $13.7 and decreased noncurrent deferred tax liabilities by $99.9 as of 30 September 2015.

See Note 2, New Accounting Guidance, to the consolidated financial statements for information concerning the implementation and impact of new accounting guidance.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis contains “forward-looking statements” within the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including statements about business outlook. These forward-looking statements are based on management’s reasonable expectations and assumptions as of the date of this report. Actual performance and financial results may differ materially from projections and estimates expressed in the forward-looking statements because of many factors not anticipated by management, including, without limitation, global or regional economic conditions and supply and demand dynamics in market segments into which the Company sells; significant fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currencies from that currently anticipated; future financial and operating performance of major customers; unanticipated contract terminations or customer cancellations or postponement of projects and sales; asset impairments due to economic conditions or specific customer or other events; the impact of competitive products and pricing; ability to protect and enforce the Company’s intellectual property rights; unexpected changes in raw material supply and markets; the impact of price fluctuations in natural gas and disruptions in markets and the economy due to oil price volatility; the ability to recover increased energy and raw material costs from customers; costs and outcomes of litigation or regulatory investigations; the success of productivity and cost reduction programs; the timing, impact, and other uncertainties of future acquisitions or divestitures; political risks, including the risks of unanticipated government actions; acts of war or terrorism; the impact of changes in environmental, tax or other legislation and regulatory activities in jurisdictions in which the Company and its affiliates operate; and other risk factors described in Section 1A, Risk Factors. The Company disclaims any obligation or undertaking to disseminate any updates or revisions to any forward-looking statements contained in this document to reflect any change in the Company’s assumptions, beliefs or expectations or any change in events, conditions, or circumstances upon which any such forward-looking statements are based.

 

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Our earnings, cash flows, and financial position are exposed to market risks relating to fluctuations in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. It is our policy to minimize our cash flow exposure to adverse changes in currency exchange rates and to manage the financial risks inherent in funding with debt capital.

We address these financial exposures through a controlled program of risk management that includes the use of derivative financial instruments. We have established counterparty credit guidelines and generally enter into

 

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transactions with financial institutions of investment grade or better, thereby minimizing the risk of credit loss. All instruments are entered into for other than trading purposes. For details on the types and use of these derivative instruments and the major accounting policies, see Note 1, Major Accounting Policies, and Note 13, Financial Instruments, to the consolidated financial statements, for additional information. Additionally, we mitigate adverse energy price impacts through our cost pass-through contracts with customers and price increases.

Our derivative and other financial instruments consist of long-term debt (including current portion), interest rate swaps, cross currency interest rate swaps, and foreign exchange-forward contracts. The net market value of these financial instruments combined is referred to below as the net financial instrument position and is disclosed in Note 14, Fair Value Measurements, to the consolidated financial statements.

At 30 September 2016 and 2015, the net financial instrument position was a liability of $5,187.7 and $4,452.0, respectively. The increase in the net financial instrument position was primarily due to the issuance of long-term debt by Versum, which included senior unsecured notes ($425.0) and a fully drawn term loan facility ($575.0).

The analysis below presents the sensitivity of the market value of our financial instruments to selected changes in market rates and prices. Market values are the present value of projected future cash flows based on the market rates and prices chosen. The market values for interest rate risk and foreign currency risk are calculated by us using a third-party software model that utilizes standard pricing models to determine the present value of the instruments based on market conditions (interest rates, spot and forward exchange rates, and implied volatilities) as of the valuation date.

Interest Rate Risk

Our debt portfolio as of 30 September 2016, including the effect of currency swap agreements, primarily comprised debt denominated in U.S. dollars (37%) and Euros (33%). This debt portfolio is composed of 53% fixed-rate debt and 47% variable-rate debt. Changes in interest rates have different impacts on the fixed- and variable-rate portions of our debt portfolio. A change in interest rates on the fixed portion of the debt portfolio impacts the net financial instrument position but has no impact on interest incurred or cash flows. A change in interest rates on the variable portion of the debt portfolio impacts the interest incurred and cash flows but does not impact the net financial instrument position.

The sensitivity analysis related to the interest rate risk on the fixed portion of our debt portfolio assumes an instantaneous 100 bp move in interest rates from the level at 30 September 2016, with all other variables held constant. A 100 bp increase in market interest rates would result in a decrease of $161 and $139 in the net liability position of financial instruments at 30 September 2016 and 2015, respectively. A 100 bp decrease in market interest rates would result in an increase of $178 and $151 in the net liability position of financial instruments at 30 September 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Based on the variable-rate debt included in our debt portfolio, including the interest rate swap agreements, a 100 bp increase in interest rates would result in an additional $29 and $30 of interest incurred per year at the end of 30 September 2016 and 2015, respectively. A 100 bp decline in interest rates would lower interest incurred by $29 and $30 per year at 30 September 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

The sensitivity analysis related to foreign currency exchange rates assumes an instantaneous 10% change in the foreign currency exchange rates from their levels at 30 September 2016 and 2015, with all other variables held constant. A 10% strengthening or weakening of the functional currency of an entity versus all other currencies would result in a decrease or increase, respectively, of $438 and $421 in the net liability position of financial instruments at 30 September 2016 and 2015, respectively.

The primary currency pairs for which we have exchange rate exposure are Euros and U.S. dollars and British Pound Sterling and U.S. dollars. Foreign currency debt, cross currency interest rate swaps, and foreign exchange-forward contracts are used in countries where we do business, thereby reducing our net asset exposure. Foreign exchange-forward contracts and cross currency interest rate swaps are also used to hedge our firm and highly anticipated foreign currency cash flows. Thus, there is either an asset/liability or cash flow exposure related to all of the financial instruments in the above sensitivity analysis for which the impact of a movement in exchange rates would be in the opposite direction and materially equal to the impact on the instruments in the analysis.

 

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The majority of the Company’s sales are derived from outside of the United States and denominated in foreign currencies. Financial results therefore will be affected by changes in foreign currency rates. The Euro and the Chinese Renminbi represent the largest exposures in terms of our foreign earnings. We estimate that a 10% reduction in either the Euro or the Chinese Renminbi versus the U.S. dollar would lower our annual operating income by approximately $20 and $15, respectively.

 

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Air Products’ management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Our internal control over financial reporting, which is defined in the following sentences, is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that:

 

(i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company;

 

(ii) provide reasonable assurance that the transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and

 

(iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting can only provide reasonable assurance and may not prevent or detect misstatements. Further, because of changes in conditions, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting may vary over time. Our processes contain self-monitoring mechanisms, and actions are taken to correct deficiencies as they are identified.

Management has evaluated the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Based on this evaluation, management concluded that, as of 30 September 2016, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective.

KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has issued their opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of 30 September 2016 as stated in their report which appears herein.

 

/s/ Seifi Ghasemi

    

/s/ M. Scott Crocco

Seifi Ghasemi      M. Scott Crocco
Chairman, President, and      Executive Vice President and
Chief Executive Officer      Chief Financial Officer
21 November 2016      21 November 2016

 

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

The Board of Directors and Shareholders of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the Company) as of 30 September 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated income statements, consolidated comprehensive income statements, consolidated statements of cash flows, and equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended 30 September 2016. In connection with our audits of the consolidated financial statements, we also have audited the financial statement schedule referred to in Item 15(a)(2) in this Form 10-K. We have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of 30 September 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. The Company’s management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying “Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting.” Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements and financial statement schedule and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries as of 30 September 2016 and 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended 30 September 2016, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Also in our opinion, the related financial statement schedule, when considered in relation to the basic consolidated financial statements taken as a whole, presents fairly, in all material respects, the information set forth therein. Also in our opinion, Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of 30 September 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

21 November 2016

 

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The Consolidated Financial Statements

Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries

CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS

 

Year ended 30 September (Millions of dollars, except for share data)   2016     2015     2014  

Sales

    $9,524.4        $9,894.9        $10,439.0   

Cost of sales

    6,402.7        6,939.0        7,629.9   

Selling and administrative

    849.3        939.3        1,054.7   

Research and development

    132.0        137.1        139.8   

Business separation costs

    52.2        7.5          

Business restructuring and cost reduction actions

    33.9        207.7        12.7   

Pension settlement loss

    6.4        21.2        5.5   

Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge

                  310.1   

Gain on previously held equity interest

           17.9          

Other income (expense), net

    58.1        47.3        52.8   

Operating Income

    2,106.0        1,708.3        1,339.1   

Equity affiliates’ income

    148.6        154.5        151.4   

Interest expense

    115.5        103.5        125.1   

Loss on extinguishment of debt

    6.9        16.6          

Income From Continuing Operations Before Taxes

    2,132.2        1,742.7        1,365.4   

Income tax provision

    586.5        418.3        369.4   

Income From Continuing Operations

    1,545.7        1,324.4        996.0   

Loss from Discontinued Operations, net of tax

    (884.2     (6.8     (2.9

Net Income

    661.5        1,317.6        993.1   

Less: Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests

    30.4        39.7        1.4   

Net Income Attributable to Air Products

    $631.1        $1,277.9        $991.7   

Net Income Attributable to Air Products

     

Income from continuing operations

    $1,515.3        $1,284.7        $994.6   

Loss from discontinued operations

    (884.2     (6.8     (2.9

Net Income Attributable to Air Products

    $631.1        $1,277.9        $991.7   

Basic Earnings Per Common Share Attributable to Air Products

     

Income from continuing operations

    $7.00        $5.98        $4.68   

Loss from discontinued operations

    (4.08     (.03     (.02

Net Income Attributable to Air Products

    $2.92        $5.95        $4.66   

Diluted Earnings Per Common Share Attributable to Air Products

     

Income from continuing operations

    $6.94        $5.91        $4.62   

Loss from discontinued operations

    (4.05     (.03     (.01

Net Income Attributable to Air Products

    $2.89        $5.88        $4.61   

Weighted Average Common Shares — Basic (in millions)

    216.4        214.9        212.7   

Weighted Average Common Shares — Diluted (in millions)

    218.3        217.3        215.2   

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

 

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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries

CONSOLIDATED COMPREHENSIVE INCOME STATEMENTS

 

Year ended 30 September (Millions of dollars)    2016     2015     2014  

Net Income

     $661.5        $1,317.6        $993.1   

Other Comprehensive Loss, net of tax:

      

Translation adjustments, net of tax of ($19.8), $45.2, and $36.5

     9.9        (699.3     (213.1

Net gain (loss) on derivatives, net of tax of $9.1, ($16.0), and ($13.6)

     13.7        (35.0     (15.2

Pension and postretirement benefits, net of tax of ($157.4), ($148.5),
and ($28.0)

     (335.1     (278.5     (74.2

Reclassification adjustments:

      

Currency translation adjustment

     2.7                 

Derivatives, net of tax of ($9.4), $7.0, and ($1.9)

     (36.0     20.8        (9.1

Pension and postretirement benefits, net of tax of $43.0, $47.7,
and $40.0

     87.2        97.0        84.7   

Total Other Comprehensive Loss

     (257.6     (895.0     (226.9

Comprehensive Income

     403.9        422.6        766.2   

Net Income Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests

     30.4        39.7        1.4   

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests

     4.8        (11.0     (5.6

Comprehensive Income Attributable to Air Products

     $368.7        $393.9        $770.4   

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

 

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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

 

30 September (Millions of dollars, except for share data)   2016     2015  

Assets

               

Current Assets

   

Cash and cash items

    $1,501.3        $206.4   

Trade receivables, net

    1,439.9        1,406.2   

Inventories

    619.9        657.8   

Contracts in progress, less progress billings

    81.6        110.8   

Prepaid expenses

    99.6        67.0   

Other receivables and current assets

    555.6        343.5   

Current assets of discontinued operations

    19.4        1.8   

Total Current Assets

    4,317.3        2,793.5   

Investment in net assets of and advances to equity affiliates

    1,288.1        1,265.7   

Plant and equipment, net

    8,852.7        8,745.1   

Goodwill, net

    1,150.2        1,131.3   

Intangible assets, net

    488.0        508.3   

Noncurrent capital lease receivables

    1,221.7        1,350.2   

Other noncurrent assets

    737.3        648.6   

Noncurrent assets of discontinued operations

           891.8   

Total Noncurrent Assets

    13,738.0        14,541.0   

Total Assets

    $18,055.3        $17,334.5   

Liabilities and Equity

               

Current Liabilities

   

Payables and accrued liabilities

    $1,810.6        $1,641.7   

Accrued income taxes

    146.6        55.8   

Short-term borrowings

    935.8        1,494.3   

Current portion of long-term debt

    371.3        435.6   

Current liabilities of discontinued operations

    19.0        17.0   

Total Current Liabilities

    3,283.3        3,644.4   

Long-term debt

    4,918.1        3,949.1   

Other noncurrent liabilities

    1,873.4        1,554.0   

Deferred income taxes

    767.1        803.4   

Noncurrent liabilities of discontinued operations

           2.5   

Total Noncurrent Liabilities

    7,558.6        6,309.0   

Total Liabilities

    10,841.9        9,953.4   

Commitments and Contingencies – See Note 17

   

Air Products Shareholders’ Equity

   

Common stock (par value $1 per share; issued 2016 and 2015 – 249,455,584 shares)

    249.4        249.4   

Capital in excess of par value

    970.0        904.7   

Retained earnings

    10,475.5        10,580.4   

Accumulated other comprehensive loss

    (2,388.3     (2,125.9

Treasury stock, at cost (2016–32,104,759 shares; 2015–34,096,471 shares)

    (2,227.0     (2,359.6

Total Air Products Shareholders’ Equity

    7,079.6        7,249.0   

Noncontrolling Interests

    133.8        132.1   

Total Equity

    7,213.4        7,381.1   

Total Liabilities and Equity

    $18,055.3        $17,334.5   

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

 

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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

 

Year ended 30 September (Millions of dollars)    2016     2015     2014  

Operating Activities

      

Net Income

     $661.5        $1,317.6        $993.1   

Less: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests

     30.4        39.7        1.4   

Net income attributable to Air Products

     631.1        1,277.9        991.7   

Loss from discontinued operations

     884.2        6.8        2.9   

Income from continuing operations attributable to Air Products

     1,515.3        1,284.7        994.6   

Adjustments to reconcile income to cash provided by operating activities:

      

Depreciation and amortization

     925.9        936.4        956.9   

Deferred income taxes

     62.9        2.9        125.5   

Loss on extinguishment of debt

     6.9        16.6          

Gain on previously held equity interest

            (17.9       

Undistributed earnings of unconsolidated affiliates

     (51.8     (102.6     (76.0

(Gain) Loss on sale of assets and investments

     (10.0     (30.1     4.3   

Share-based compensation

     37.6        45.7        44.0   

Noncurrent capital lease receivables

     85.5        (9.5     20.0   

Goodwill and intangible asset impairment charge

                   310.1   

Write-down of long-lived assets associated with restructuring

            47.4          

Other adjustments

     155.2        48.1        60.7   

Working capital changes that provided (used) cash, excluding effects of acquisitions and

      

divestitures:

      

Trade receivables

     (61.7     (29.7     (2.7

Inventories

     32.9        8.3        (23.5

Contracts in progress, less progress billings

     21.3        36.4        (5.6

Other receivables

     (12.2     57.6        (33.0

Payables and accrued liabilities

     57.0        156.2        (237.9

Other working capital

     (57.4     (4.1     52.7   

Cash Provided by Operating Activities

     2,707.4        2,446.4        2,190.1   

Investing Activities

      

Additions to plant and equipment

     (1,055.8     (1,265.6     (1,362.7

Acquisitions, less cash acquired

            (34.5       

Investment in and advances to unconsolidated affiliates

            (4.3     2.0   

Proceeds from sale of assets and investments

     85.5        55.3        45.6   

Other investing activities

     (1.7     (1.4     (1.4

Cash Used for Investing Activities

     (972.0     (1,250.5     (1,316.5

Financing Activities

      

Long-term debt proceeds

     960.4        340.3        463.4   

Payments on long-term debt

     (485.0     (708.7     (608.6

Net (decrease) increase in commercial paper and short-term borrowings

     (144.2     284.0        148.7   

Debt issuance costs

     (11.7     (2.2     (2.4

Dividends paid to shareholders

     (721.2     (677.5     (627.7

Proceeds from stock option exercises

     141.3        121.3        141.6   

Excess tax benefit from share-based compensation

     33.2        31.9        28.3   

Payment for subsidiary shares to noncontrolling interests

            (278.4     (.5

Other financing activities

     (43.9     (56.1     (47.1

Cash Used for Financing Activities

     (271.1     (945.4     (504.3

Discontinued Operations

      

Cash used for operating activities

     (79.9     (8.6     (3.0

Cash used for investing activities

     (97.0     (349.2     (311.7

Cash used for financing activities

                   (157.1

Cash Used for Discontinued Operations

     (176.9     (357.8     (471.8

Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Cash

     7.5        (22.9     (11.3

Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Items

     1,294.9        (130.2     (113.8

Cash and Cash Items – Beginning of Year

     206.4        336.6        450.4   

Cash and Cash Items – End of Period

     $1,501.3        $206.4        $336.6   

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

 

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Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and Subsidiaries

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

 

Year ended 30 September

(Millions of dollars)

  Common
Stock
    Capital
in Excess
of Par
Value
    Retained
Earnings
    Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss
    Treasury
Stock
    Air Products
Shareholders’
Equity
    Non-
controlling
Interests
    Total
Equity
 

Balance 30 September 2013

    $249.4        $799.2        $9,646.4        $(1,020.6     $(2,632.3     $7,042.1        $156.8        $7,198.9   

Net income

        991.7            991.7        28.8        1,020.5   

Other comprehensive loss

          (221.3       (221.3     (5.6     (226.9

Cash dividends ($3.02 per share)

        (641.8         (641.8       (641.8

Share-based compensation expense

      44.0              44.0          44.0   

Issuance of treasury shares for stock
option and award plans

      (30.0         155.4        125.4          125.4   

Tax benefit of stock option and award plans

      29.3              29.3          29.3   

Dividends to noncontrolling interests

                (24.4     (24.4

Purchase of noncontrolling interests

      (.5           (.5       (.5

Other

                    (3.1                     (3.1             (3.1

Balance 30 September 2014

    $249.4        $842.0        $9,993.2        $(1,241.9     $(2,476.9     $7,365.8        $155.6        $7,521.4   

Net income

        1,277.9            1,277.9        28.2        1,306.1   

Other comprehensive loss

          (884.0       (884.0     (11.0     (895.0

Cash dividends ($3.20 per share)

        (687.9         (687.9       (687.9

Share-based compensation expense

      43.7              43.7          43.7   

Issuance of treasury shares for stock
option and award plans

      (15.1         117.3        102.2          102.2   

Tax benefit of stock option and award plans

      32.0              32.0          32.0   

Dividends to noncontrolling interests

                (38.0     (38.0

Purchase of noncontrolling interests

      (.3           (.3     (.2     (.5

Other

            2.4        (2.8                     (.4     (2.5     (2.9

Balance 30 September 2015

    $249.4        $904.7        $10,580.4        $(2,125.9     $(2,359.6     $7,249.0        $132.1        $7,381.1   

Net income

        631.1            631.1        30.4        661.5   

Other comprehensive income (loss)

          (262.4       (262.4     4.8        (257.6

Cash dividends ($3.39 per share)

        (733.7         (733.7       (733.7

Share-based compensation expense

      37.6              37.6          37.6   

Issuance of treasury shares for stock
option and award plans

      (5.5         132.6        127.1          127.1   

Tax benefit of stock option and award plans

      33.2              33.2          33.2   

Dividends to noncontrolling interests

                (33.6     (33.6

Other

                    (2.3                     (2.3     .1        (2.2

Balance 30 September 2016

    $249.4        $970.0        $10,475.5        $(2,388.3     $(2,227.0     $7,079.6        $133.8        $7,213.4   

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these statements.

 

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Millions of dollars, except for share data)

 

1.

    Major Accounting Policies     65   

2.

    New Accounting Guidance     71   

3.

    Materials Technologies Separation     72   

4.

    Discontinued Operations     73   

5.

    Business Restructuring and Cost Reduction Actions     75   

6.

    Business Combination     76   

7.

    Inventories     76   

8.

    Summarized Financial Information of Equity Affiliates     77   

9.

    Plant and Equipment, net     78   

10.

    Goodwill     78   

11.

    Intangible Assets     79   

12.

    Leases     80   

13.

    Financial Instruments     81   

14.

    Fair Value Measurements     84   

15.

    Debt     86   

16.

    Retirement Benefits     88   

17.

    Commitments and Contingencies     96   

18.

    Capital Stock     99   

19.

    Share-Based Compensation     100   

20.

    Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss     103   

21.

    Noncontrolling Interests     103   

22.

    Earnings per Share     104   

23.

    Income Taxes     105   

24.

    Supplemental Information     108   

25.

    Summary by Quarter (Unaudited)     110   

26.

    Business Segment and Geographic Information     112   

1.  MAJOR ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation Principles

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and include the accounts of Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. and those of its controlled subsidiaries (“we,” “our,” “us,” the “Company,” “Air Products,” or “registrant”), which are generally majority owned. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.

We consolidate all entities that we control. The general condition for control is ownership of a majority of the voting interests of an entity. Control may also exist in arrangements where we are the primary beneficiary of a variable interest entity (VIE). An entity that has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of a VIE and the obligation to absorb the losses or receive the benefits significant to the VIE is considered the primary beneficiary of that entity. We have determined that we are not a primary beneficiary in any material VIE.

Certain prior year information has been reclassified to conform to the 2016 presentation.

Estimates and Assumptions

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition

Revenue from product sales is recognized as risk and title to the product transfer to the customer (which generally occurs at the time shipment is made), the sales price is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured. Sales returns and allowances are not a business practice in the industry.

 

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Revenue from equipment sale contracts is recorded primarily using the percentage-of-completion method. Under this method, revenue from the sale of major equipment, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG) heat exchangers and large air separation units, is recognized based on labor hours or costs incurred to date compared with total estimated labor hours or costs to be incurred. When adjustments in estimated total contract revenues or estimated total costs or labor hours are required, any changes in the estimated profit from prior estimates are recognized in the current period for the inception-to-date effect of such change. Changes in estimates on projects accounted for under the percentage-of-completion method favorably impacted operating income by approximately $20 in fiscal year 2016, primarily during the fourth quarter. Our changes in estimates would not have significantly impacted amounts recorded in prior years. Changes in estimates during fiscal years 2015 and 2014 were not significant.

Certain contracts associated with facilities that are built to provide product to a specific customer are required to be accounted for as leases. In cases where operating lease treatment is necessary, there is no difference in revenue recognition over the life of the contract as compared to accounting for the contract as product sales. In cases where capital lease treatment is necessary, the timing of revenue and expense recognition is impacted. Revenue and expense are recognized up front for the sale of equipment component of the contract as compared to revenue recognition over the life of the arrangement under contracts not qualifying as capital leases. Additionally, a portion of the revenue representing interest income from the financing component of the lease receivable is reflected as sales over the life of the contract. Allowances for credit losses associated with capital lease receivables are recorded using the specific identification method. As of 30 September 2016 and 2015, the credit quality of capital lease receivables did not require an allowance for credit losses.

If an arrangement involves multiple deliverables, the delivered items are considered separate units of accounting if the items have value on a stand-alone basis. Revenues are allocated to each deliverable based upon relative selling prices derived from company specific evidence.

Amounts billed for shipping and handling fees are classified as sales in the consolidated income statements.

Amounts billed for sales and use taxes, value-added taxes, and certain excise and other specific transactional taxes imposed on revenue-producing transactions are presented on a net basis and excluded from sales in the consolidated income statements. We record a liability until remitted to the respective taxing authority.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales predominantly represents the cost of tangible products sold. These costs include labor, raw materials, plant engineering, power, depreciation, production supplies and materials packaging costs, and maintenance costs. Costs incurred for shipping and handling are also included in cost of sales.

Depreciation

Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method, which deducts equal amounts of the cost of each asset from earnings every year over its expected economic useful life. The principal lives for major classes of plant and equipment are summarized in Note 9, Plant and Equipment, net.

Selling and Administrative

The principal components of selling and administrative expenses are compensation, advertising, and promotional costs.

Postemployment Benefits

We provide termination benefits to employees as part of ongoing benefit arrangements and record a liability for termination benefits when probable and estimable. These criteria are met when management, with the appropriate level of authority, approves and commits to its plan of action for termination; the plan identifies the employees to be terminated and their related benefits; and the plan is to be completed within one year. We do not provide one-time benefit arrangements of significance.

Fair Value Measurements

We are required to measure certain assets and liabilities at fair value, either upon initial measurement or for subsequent accounting or reporting. For example, fair value is used in the initial measurement of net assets acquired in a business combination; on a recurring basis in the measurement of derivative financial instruments; and on a nonrecurring basis when long-lived assets are written down to fair value when held for sale or determined to be impaired. Refer to Note 14, Fair Value Measurements, for information on the methods and assumptions used in our fair value measurements.

 

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Financial Instruments

We address certain financial exposures through a controlled program of risk management that includes the use of derivative financial instruments. The types of derivative financial instruments permitted for such risk management programs are specified in policies set by management. Refer to Note 13, Financial Instruments, for further detail on the types and use of derivative instruments into which we enter.

Major financial institutions are counterparties to all of these derivative contracts. We have established counterparty credit guidelines and generally enter into transactions with financial institutions of investment grade or better. Management believes the risk of incurring losses related to credit risk is remote, and any losses would be immaterial to the consolidated financial results, financial condition, or liquidity.

We recognize derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. On the date the derivative instrument is entered into, we generally designate the derivative as either (1) a hedge of a forecasted transaction or of the variability of cash flows to be received or paid related to a recognized asset or liability (cash flow hedge), (2) a hedge of a net investment in a foreign operation (net investment hedge), or (3) a hedge of the fair value of a recognized asset or liability (fair value hedge).

The following details the accounting treatment of our cash flow, fair value, net investment, and non-designated hedges:

 

    Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated as and meets the cash flow hedge criteria are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss (AOCL) to the extent effective and then recognized in earnings when the hedged items affect earnings.

 

    Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated as and meets all the required criteria for a fair value hedge, along with the gain or loss on the hedged asset or liability that is attributable to the hedged risk, are recorded in current period earnings.

 

    Changes in the fair value of a derivative and foreign currency debt that are designated as and meet all the required criteria for a hedge of a net investment are recorded as translation adjustments in AOCL.

 

    Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is not designated as a hedge are recorded immediately in earnings.

We formally document the relationships between hedging instruments and hedged items, as well as our risk management objective and strategy for undertaking various hedge transactions. This process includes relating derivatives that are designated as fair value or cash flow hedges to specific assets and liabilities on the balance sheet or to specific firm commitments or forecasted transactions. We also formally assess, at the inception of the hedge and on an ongoing basis, whether derivatives are highly effective in offsetting changes in fair values or cash flows of the hedged item. If it is determined that a derivative is not highly effective as a hedge, or if a derivative ceases to be a highly effective hedge, we will discontinue hedge accounting with respect to that derivative prospectively.

Foreign Currency

Since we do business in many foreign countries, fluctuations in currency exchange rates affect our financial position and results of operations.

In most of our foreign operations, the local currency is considered the functional currency. Foreign subsidiaries translate their assets and liabilities into U.S. dollars at current exchange rates in effect at the end of the fiscal period. The gains or losses that result from this process are shown as translation adjustments in AOCI in the equity section of the balance sheet.

The revenue and expense accounts of foreign subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates that prevail during the period. Therefore, the U.S. dollar value of these items on the income statement fluctuates from period to period, depending on the value of the dollar against foreign currencies. Some transactions are made in currencies different from an entity’s functional currency. Gains and losses from these foreign currency transactions are generally included in other income (expense), net on our consolidated income statements as they occur.

Environmental Expenditures

Accruals for environmental loss contingencies are recorded when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. Remediation costs are capitalized if the costs improve the

 

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Company’s property as compared with the condition of the property when originally constructed or acquired, or if the costs prevent environmental contamination from future operations. We expense environmental costs related to existing conditions resulting from past or current operations and from which no current or future benefit is discernible. The amounts charged to income from continuing operations related to environmental matters totaled $27.0 in fiscal 2016, $28.3 in 2015, and $35.1 in 2014.

The measurement of environmental liabilities is based on an evaluation of currently available information with respect to each individual site and considers factors such as existing technology, presently enacted laws and regulations, and prior experience in remediation of contaminated sites. An environmental liability related to cleanup of a contaminated site might include, for example, a provision for one or more of the following types of costs: site investigation and testing costs, cleanup costs, costs related to soil and water contamination resulting from tank ruptures, post-remediation monitoring costs, and outside legal fees. These liabilities include costs related to other potentially responsible parties to the extent that we have reason to believe such parties will not fully pay their proportionate share. They do not take into account any claims for recoveries from insurance or other parties and are not discounted.

As assessments and remediation progress at individual sites, the amount of projected cost is reviewed, and the liability is adjusted to reflect additional technical and legal information that becomes available. Management has an established process in place to identify and monitor the Company’s environmental exposures. An environmental accrual analysis is prepared and maintained that lists all environmental loss contingencies, even where an accrual has not been established. This analysis assists in monitoring the Company’s overall environmental exposure and serves as a tool to facilitate ongoing communication among the Company’s technical experts, environmental managers, environmental lawyers, and financial management to ensure that required accruals are recorded and potential exposures disclosed.

Given inherent uncertainties in evaluating environmental exposures, actual costs to be incurred at identified sites in future periods may vary from the estimates. Refer to Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information on the Company’s environmental loss contingencies.

The accruals for environmental liabilities are reflected in the consolidated balance sheets, primarily as part of other noncurrent liabilities.

Litigation

In the normal course of business, we are involved in legal proceedings. We accrue a liability for such matters when it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. When only a range of possible loss can be established, the most probable amount in the range is accrued. If no amount within this range is a better estimate than any other amount within the range, the minimum amount in the range is accrued. The accrual for a litigation loss contingency includes estimates of potential damages and other directly related costs expected to be incurred. Refer to Note 17, Commitments and Contingencies, for additional information on our current legal proceedings.

Share-Based Compensation

We have various share-based compensation programs, which include deferred stock units, stock options, and restricted stock. We expense the grant-date fair value of these awards over the vesting period during which employees perform related services. Expense recognition is accelerated for retirement-eligible individuals who would meet the requirements for vesting of awards upon their retirement. We utilize a Black Scholes model to value stock option awards. The grant-date fair value of the deferred stock units tied to a market condition is estimated using a Monte Carlo simulation model.

Income Taxes

We account for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the tax effects of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to be recovered or settled. A principal temporary difference results from the excess of tax depreciation over book depreciation because accelerated methods of depreciation and shorter useful lives are used for income tax purposes. The cumulative impact of a change in tax rates or regulations is included in income tax expense in the period that includes the enactment date. We recognize deferred tax assets net of existing valuation allowance to the extent we believe that these assets are more likely than not to be realized considering all available evidence.

 

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A tax benefit for an uncertain tax position is recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination based on its technical merits. This position is measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized as a component of income tax expense. For additional information regarding our income taxes, refer to Note 23, Income Taxes.

Cash and Cash Items

Cash and cash items include cash, time deposits, and certificates of deposit acquired with an original maturity of three months or less.

Trade Receivables, net

Trade receivables comprise amounts owed to us through our operating activities and are presented net of allowances for doubtful accounts. The allowances for doubtful accounts represent estimated uncollectible receivables associated with potential customer defaults on contractual obligations. A provision for customer defaults is made on a general formula basis when it is determined that the risk of some default is probable and estimable but cannot yet be associated with specific customers. The assessment of the likelihood of customer defaults is based on various factors, including the length of time the receivables are past due, historical experience, and existing economic conditions. The allowance also includes amounts for certain customers where a risk of default has been specifically identified, considering factors such as the financial condition of the customer and customer disputes over contractual terms and conditions. Allowance for doubtful accounts were $56.8 and $48.5 as of fiscal year end 30 September 2016 and 2015, respectively. Provisions to the allowance for doubtful accounts charged against income were $22.8, $26.3 and $16.4 in 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or market. We write down our inventories for estimated obsolescence or unmarketable inventory based upon assumptions about future demand and market conditions.

We utilize the last-in, first-out (LIFO) method for determining the cost of inventories in the United States for the Industrial Gases and the Materials Technologies segments. Inventories for these segments outside of the United States are accounted for on the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method, as the LIFO method is not generally permitted in the foreign jurisdictions where these segments operate. The inventories of the Industrial Gases – Global and the Corporate and other segments on a worldwide basis, as well as all other inventories, are accounted for on the FIFO basis.

At the business segment level, inventories are recorded at FIFO and the LIFO pool adjustments are not allocated to the business segments.

Equity Investments

The equity method of accounting is used when we exercise significant influence but do not have operating control, generally assumed to be 20% – 50% ownership. Under the equity method, original investments are recorded at cost and adjusted by our share of undistributed earnings or losses of these companies. Equity investments are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment may not be recoverable.

Plant and Equipment

Plant and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Construction costs, labor, and applicable overhead related to installations are capitalized. Expenditures for additions and improvements that extend the lives or increase the capacity of plant assets are capitalized. The costs of maintenance and repairs of plant and equipment are charged to expense as incurred.

Fully depreciated assets are retained in the gross plant and equipment and accumulated depreciation accounts until they are removed from service. In the case of disposals, assets and related depreciation are removed from the accounts, and the net amounts, less proceeds from disposal, are included in income. Refer to Note 9, Plant and Equipment, net, for further detail.

Computer Software

We capitalize costs incurred to purchase or develop software for internal use. Capitalized costs include purchased computer software packages, payments to vendors/consultants for development and implementation or modification to a purchased package to meet our requirements, payroll and related costs for employees directly

 

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involved in development, and interest incurred while software is being developed. Capitalized computer software costs are included in the balance sheet classification plant and equipment, net and depreciated over the estimated useful life of the software, generally a period of three to ten years.

Capitalized Interest

As we build new plant and equipment, we include in the cost of these assets a portion of the interest payments we make during the year. The amount of capitalized interest was $32.9, $49.1, and $33.0 in 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets are grouped for impairment testing at the lowest level for which there are identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities and are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset group may not be recoverable. We assess recoverability by comparing the carrying amount of the asset group to estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset group. If an asset group is considered impaired, the impairment loss to be recognized is measured as the amount by which the asset group’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value. Long-lived assets to be sold are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell.

Asset Retirement Obligations

The fair value of a liability for an asset retirement obligation is recognized in the period in which it is incurred. The fair value of the liability is measured using discounted estimated cash flows and is adjusted to its present value in subsequent periods as accretion expense is recorded. The corresponding asset retirement costs are capitalized as part of the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset and depreciated over the asset’s useful life. Our asset retirement obligations are primarily associated with Industrial Gases on-site long-term supply contracts, under which we have built a facility on land owned by the customer and are obligated to remove the facility at the end of the contract term. Our asset retirement obligations totaled $119.9 and $109.4 at 30 September 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Goodwill

Business combinations are accounted for using the acquisition method. The purchase price is allocated to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their estimated fair market values. Any excess purchase price over the fair market value of the net assets acquired, including identified intangibles, is recorded as goodwill. Preliminary purchase price allocations are made at the date of acquisition and finalized when information needed to affirm underlying estimates is obtained, within a maximum allocation period of one year.

Goodwill is subject to impairment testing at least annually. In addition, goodwill is tested more frequently if a change in circumstances or the occurrence of events indicates that potential impairment exists. Refer to Note 10, Goodwill, for further detail.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets with determinable lives primarily consist of customer relationships, purchased patents and technology, and land use rights. The cost of intangible assets with determinable lives is amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated period of economic benefit. No residual value is estimated for these intangible assets. Indefinite-lived intangible assets consist of trade names and trademarks. Indefinite-lived intangibles are subject to impairment testing at least annually. In addition, intangible assets are tested more frequently if a change in circumstances or the occurrence of events indicates that potential impairment exists.

Customer relationships are generally amortized over periods of five to twenty-five years. Purchased patents and technology and other are generally amortized over periods of five to twenty years. Land use rights, which are included in other intangibles, are generally amortized over a period of fifty years. Amortizable lives are adjusted whenever there is a change in the estimated period of economic benefit. Refer to Note 11, Intangible Assets, for further detail.

Retirement Benefits

The cost of pension benefits is recognized over the employees’ service period. We are required to use actuarial methods and assumptions in the valuation of defined benefit obligations and the determination of expense. Differences between actual and expected results or changes in the value of obligations and plan assets are not recognized in earnings as they occur but, rather, systematically and gradually over subsequent periods. Refer to Note 16, Retirement Benefits, for disclosures related to our pension and other postretirement benefits.

 

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2.  NEW ACCOUNTING GUIDANCE

Accounting Guidance Implemented in 2016

Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes

In November 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued guidance to simplify the presentation of deferred income taxes by requiring that all deferred tax liabilities and assets be classified as noncurrent on the balance sheet. As of the first quarter of fiscal year 2016, we adopted this guidance on a retrospective basis. Accordingly, prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. The guidance, which did not change the existing requirement to net deferred tax assets and liabilities within a jurisdiction, resulted in a reclassification adjustment that increased noncurrent deferred tax assets by $13.7 and decreased noncurrent deferred tax liabilities by $99.9 as of 30 September 2015.

Discontinued Operations

In April 2014, the FASB issued an update to change the criteria for determining which disposals qualify as a discontinued operation and to expand related disclosure requirements. Under the new guidance, a disposal is required to be reported in discontinued operations if the disposal represents a strategic shift that has or will have a major effect on operations and financial results. We adopted this guidance prospectively for new disposals and new disposal groups classified as held for sale beginning in the first quarter of fiscal year 2016. This guidance had no impact on our consolidated financial statements upon adoption. As a result of actions taken during the second quarter of 2016, our Energy-from-Waste segment has been reported as a discontinued operation. Refer to Note 4, Discontinued Operations, for additional information.

New Accounting Guidance to be Implemented

Revenue Recognition

In May 2014, the FASB issued guidance based on the principle that revenue is recognized in an amount expected to be collected and to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for the transfer of goods or services. As originally issued, this guidance was effective for us beginning in fiscal year 2018. In August 2015, the FASB deferred the effective date by one year while providing the option to early adopt the standard on the original effective date. Accordingly, we will have the option to adopt the standard in either fiscal year 2018 or 2019. The guidance can be adopted either retrospectively or as a cumulative-effect adjustment as of the date of adoption.

We are in the initial stages of evaluating the adoption alternatives allowed by the new standard and the impact the standard is expected to have on our consolidated financial statements. As the new standard will supersede substantially all existing revenue guidance affecting us under U.S. GAAP, it could impact the timing of revenue and cost recognition across all of our business segments, in addition to our business processes and our information technology systems. As a result, our evaluation of the effect of the new standard will extend over future periods.

Consolidation Analysis

In February 2015, the FASB issued an update to amend current consolidation guidance. The guidance impacts the analysis an entity must perform in determining if it should consolidate certain legal entities such as limited partnerships, limited liability corporations, and securitization structures. The guidance is effective beginning fiscal year 2017, with early adoption permitted. The guidance may be applied retrospectively or using a modified retrospective approach by recording a cumulative-effect adjustment to equity as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. This guidance will not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Debt Issuance Costs

In April 2015, the FASB issued guidance requiring that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debt instead of as a separate deferred asset. In August 2015, the FASB issued an update to incorporate the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Staff guidance which allows debt issuance costs associated with a line-of-credit arrangement to be presented as a deferred asset that is subsequently amortized over the term of the arrangement, regardless of whether there are any outstanding borrowings. This change in accounting principle will be adopted retrospectively beginning in fiscal year 2017. This guidance will not have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

 

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Leases

In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance which requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases, including operating leases, with a term in excess of 12 months. The guidance also expands the quantitative and qualitative disclosure requirements. The guidance is effective in fiscal year 2020, with early adoption permitted, and must be applied using a modified retrospective approach. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this new guidance on the consolidated financial statements, and we have started the assessment process by evaluating the population of leases under the revised definition of what qualifies as a leased asset. The Company is the lessee under various agreements for real estate, distribution equipment, aircraft, and vehicles that are currently accounted for as operating leases as discussed in Note 12, Leases. The new guidance requires the lessee to record operating leases on the balance sheet with a right-of-use asset and corresponding liability for future payment obligations.

Share-Based Compensation

In March 2016, the FASB issued an update to simplify the accounting for employee share-based payments, including the income tax impacts, the classification on the statement of cash flows, and forfeitures. The amendments are effective for fiscal year 2018, with early adoption permitted. We continue to evaluate the impact of this guidance on our consolidated financial statements and the timing of adoption. Upon adoption, we currently anticipate a greater degree of volatility in the income tax provision and effective income tax rate as a result of the new guidance, which requires excess tax benefits and deficiencies to be recognized in the income statement rather than in additional paid-in capital on the balance sheet.

Derivative Contract Novations

In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance to clarify that a change in the counterparty to a derivative instrument that has been designated as a hedging instrument does not, in and of itself, require re-designation of that hedging relationship provided that all other hedge accounting criteria continue to be met. This guidance is effective in fiscal year 2018, with early adoption permitted. We do not expect adoption of this guidance to have a significant impact on our consolidated financial statements.

Credit Losses on Financial Instruments

In June 2016, the FASB issued an update on the measurement of credit losses, which requires measurement and recognition of expected credit losses for financial assets, including trade receivables and capital lease receivables, held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. The method to determine a loss is different from the existing guidance, which requires a credit loss to be recognized when it is probable. The guidance is effective beginning fiscal year 2021, with early adoption permitted beginning fiscal year 2020. We are currently evaluating the impact this update will have on our consolidated financial statements.

Cash Flow Statement Classification

In August 2016, the FASB issued guidance to reduce diversity in practice on how certain cash receipts and cash payments are classified in the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective beginning fiscal year 2019, with early adoption permitted, and should be applied retrospectively. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this new guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

3.  MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES SEPARATION

On 16 September 2015, the Company announced plans to separate its Materials Technologies business, which contains two divisions, Electronic Materials (EMD) and Performance Materials (PMD), into an independent publicly traded company and distribute to Air Products shareholders all of the shares of the new public company in a tax-free distribution (a “spin-off”). Versum Materials, Inc., or Versum, was formed as the new company to hold the Materials Technologies business subject to spin-off. On 6 May 2016, the Company entered into an agreement to sell certain subsidiaries and assets comprising the PMD division to Evonik Industries AG for $3.8 billion in cash and the assumption of certain liabilities. As a result, the Company moved forward with the planned spin-off of Versum containing only the EMD division.

As further discussed below, Air Products completed the separation of its EMD division through the spin-off of Versum on 1 October 2016. As a result, the historical results of the EMD division will be presented as a

 

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discontinued operation beginning in fiscal year 2017. The historical results of the PMD division will be reflected as a discontinued operation when it becomes probable for the sale to occur and actions required to meet the plan of sale indicate that it is unlikely that significant changes will occur. The PMD division is not classified as held for sale due to certain conditions of the sale, including regulatory and anti-trust requirements. We continue to evaluate the progress of the sale of the PMD division to determine when it should be presented as a discontinued operation.

In fiscal year 2016, we incurred separation costs of $52.2 ($48.3 after-tax, or $.22 per share), primarily related to legal, advisory, and indirect tax costs associated with these transactions. The costs are reflected on the consolidated income statements as “Business separation costs.” A significant portion of these costs were not tax deductible because they were directly related to the plan for the tax-free spin-off of Versum. Our income tax provision includes additional tax expense related to the separation of $51.8 ($.24 per share), of which $45.7 resulted from a dividend declared during the third quarter of 2016 to repatriate $443.8 from a subsidiary in South Korea to the U.S. due to the intended separation of the EMD division from the industrial gases business in South Korea. Previously, most of these foreign earnings were considered to be indefinitely reinvested.

On 30 September 2016, in anticipation of the spin-off, Versum entered into certain financing transactions to allow for a cash distribution of $550.0 and a distribution in-kind of notes issued by Versum with an aggregate principal amount of $425.0 to Air Products. Air Products then exchanged these notes with certain financial institutions for $418.3 of Air Products’ outstanding commercial paper. The exchange resulted in a loss of $6.9 ($4.3 after-tax, or $.02 per share) and has been reflected on the consolidated income statements as “Loss on extinguishment of debt.” This loss is deductible for tax purposes. This non-cash exchange was excluded from the consolidated statements of cash flows. Refer to Note 15, Debt, for additional information on the Versum financing.

Subsequent Event

On 1 October 2016 (the distribution date), Air Products completed the spin-off of Versum into a separate and independent public company by way of a distribution to the Air Products’ stockholders of all of the then issued and outstanding shares of common stock of Versum on the basis of one share of Versum common stock for every two shares of Air Products’ common stock held as of the close of business on 21 September 2016 (the record date for the distribution). Fractional shares of Versum common stock were not distributed to Air Products common stockholders. Air Products’ stockholders received cash in lieu of fractional shares. As a result of the distribution, Versum Materials, Inc. is now an independent public company and its common stock is listed under the symbol “VSM” on the New York Stock Exchange.

4.  DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS

Energy-from-Waste (EfW)

On 29 March 2016, the Board of Directors approved the Company’s exit of its EfW business. As a result, efforts to start up and operate the two EfW projects located in Tees Valley, United Kingdom, have been discontinued. The decision to exit the business and stop development of the projects was based on continued difficulties encountered and the Company’s conclusion, based on testing and analysis completed during the second quarter of fiscal year 2016, that significant additional time and resources would be required to make the projects operational. The EfW segment is presented as a discontinued operation. Prior year EfW business segment information has been reclassified to conform to current year presentation.

During the second quarter of fiscal year 2016, we recorded a loss of $945.7 ($846.6 after-tax) for the disposal of the business. Income tax benefits related only to one of the projects, as the other did not qualify for a local tax deduction. This loss included $913.5 to write down plant assets, previously recorded as construction in progress, to their estimated net realizable value of $20.0 and $32.2 to record a liability for plant disposition and other costs. We estimated the net realizable value of the projects as of 31 March 2016 assuming an orderly liquidation of assets capable of being marketed on a secondary equipment market based on market quotes and our experience with selling similar equipment. An asset’s orderly liquidation value is the amount that could be realized from a liquidation sale, given a reasonable period of time to find a buyer, selling the asset in the existing condition where it is located, and assuming the highest and best use of the asset by market participants. There have been no significant changes in the estimated net realizable value as of 30 September 2016. A valuation allowance of $58.0 and unrecognized tax benefits of $7.9 were recorded relating to deferred tax assets on capital assets generated from the loss.

 

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The following table summarizes the carrying amount of the accrual for our actions to dispose of the EfW business at 30 September 2016, which is included in current liabilities of discontinued operations:

 

      Asset
Impairment
    Contract
Actions/Other
    Total  

Loss on disposal of business

     $913.5        $32.2        $945.7    

Noncash expenses

     (913.5            (913.5)   

Cash expenditures

            (18.6     (18.6)   

Currency translation adjustment

            (1.4     (1.4)   

30 September 2016

     $—        $12.2        $12.2    

The results of EfW discontinued operations are summarized below:

 

      2016     2015     2014  

Loss before taxes

     $(41.0   $ (9.2   $ (10.9)   

Income tax provision

     3.4        2.4        3.4    

Loss from operations of discontinued operations

     (37.6     (6.8     (7.5)   

Loss on disposal, net of tax

     (846.6            —    

Loss from Discontinued Operations, net of tax

   $ (884.2   $ (6.8   $ (7.5)   

The loss from operations of EfW discontinued operations primarily relates to land lease costs, commercial and administrative costs, and cost incurred for ongoing project exit activities.

Assets and liabilities of the EfW discontinued operations consist of the following:

 

      30 September
2016
     30 September
2015
 

Plant and equipment

     $18.2         $—   

Other current assets

     1.2         1.8   

Total Current Assets

     $19.4         $1.8   

Plant and equipment

     $—         $891.8   

Total Noncurrent Assets

     $—         $891.8   

Payables and accrued liabilities

     $19.0         $17.0   

Total Current Liabilities

     $19.0         $17.0   

Other noncurrent liabilities

     $—         $2.5   

Total Noncurrent Liabilities

     $—         $2.5   

Homecare

In 2012, the Board of Directors authorized the sale of our Homecare business. We sold the majority of our Homecare business to The Linde Group in 2012. In 2014, a gain of $3.9 was recognized for the sale of the remaining Homecare business, which was primarily in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and the settlement of contingencies related to the 2012 sale to The Linde Group.

The results of the Homecare discontinued operations are summarized below:

 

      2016      2015      2014  

Sales

     $—         $—         $8.5   

Income before taxes

     $—         $—         $.7   

Income tax provision

                       

Income from operations of discontinued operations

                     .7   

Gain on sale of business, net of tax

                     3.9   

Income (Loss) from Discontinued Operations, net of tax

     $—         $—         $4.6   

 

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As of 30 September 2016 and 2015, there were no assets or liabilities classified as discontinued operations relating to the Homecare business.

5.  BUSINESS RESTRUCTURING AND COST REDUCTION ACTIONS

The charges we record for business restructuring and cost reduction actions have been excluded from segment operating income.

Cost Reduction Actions

In fiscal year 2016, we recognized an expense of $33.9 ($24.0 after-tax, or $.11 per share) for severance and other benefits related to cost reduction actions which resulted in the elimination of approximately 700 positions. The expenses related primarily to the Industrial Gases – Americas and the Industrial Gases – EMEA segments.

The following table summarizes the carrying amount of the accrual for cost reduction actions at 30 September 2016:

 

      Severance and
Other Benefits
 

2016 Charge

     $33.9    

Amount reflected in pension liability

     (.9)   

Cash expenditures

     (20.4)   

Currency translation adjustment

     .3    

30 September 2016

     $12.9    

Business Realignment and Reorganization

On 18 September 2014, we announced plans to reorganize the Company, including realignment of our businesses in new reporting segments and other organizational changes, effective as of 1 October 2014. As a result of this reorganization, we incurred severance and other charges.

In fiscal year 2015, we recognized an expense of $207.7 ($153.2 after-tax, or $.71 per share). Severance and other benefits totaled $151.9 and related to the elimination of approximately 2,000 positions. Asset and associated contract actions totaled $55.8 and related primarily to a plant shutdown in the Corporate and other segment and the exit of product lines within the Industrial Gases – Global and Materials Technologies segments. The 2015 charges related to the segments as follows: $31.7 in Industrial Gases – Americas, $52.2 in Industrial Gases – EMEA, $10.3 in Industrial Gases – Asia, $37.0 in Industrial Gases – Global, $27.6 in Materials Technologies, and $48.9 in Corporate and other.

During the fourth quarter of 2014, an expense of $12.7 ($8.2 after-tax, or $.04 per share) was incurred relating to the elimination of approximately 50 positions. The 2014 charge related to the segments as follows: $2.9 in Industrial Gases – Americas, $3.1 in Industrial Gases – EMEA, $1.5 in Industrial Gases – Asia, $1.5 in Industrial Gases – Global, $1.6 in Materials Technologies, and $2.1 in Corporate and other.

 

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The following table summarizes the carrying amount of the accrual for the business realignment and reorganization at 30 September 2016:

 

      Severance and
Other Benefits
    Asset
Actions/Other
    Total  

2014 Charge

     $12.7        $—        $12.7   

Cash expenditures

     (2.2            (2.2

30 September 2014

     $10.5        $—        $10.5   

2015 Charge

     151.9        55.8        207.7   

Amount reflected in pension liability

     (14.0            (14.0

Noncash expenses

            (47.4     (47.4

Cash expenditures

     (113.5     (1.2     (114.7

Currency translation adjustment

     (.4            (.4

30 September 2015

     $34.5        $7.2        $41.7   

Cash expenditures

     (34.1     (3.8     (37.9

Currency translation adjustment

     (.4            (.4

30 September 2016

     $—        $3.4        $3.4   

6.  BUSINESS COMBINATION

On 30 December 2014, we acquired our partner’s equity ownership interest in a liquefied atmospheric industrial gases production joint venture in North America for $22.6, which increased our ownership from 50% to 100%. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination, and subsequent to the acquisition, the results are consolidated within our Industrial Gases – Americas segment. The assets acquired, primarily plant and equipment, were recorded at their fair market values as of the acquisition date.

The acquisition date fair value of the previously held equity interest was determined using a discounted cash flow analysis under the income approach. The twelve months ended 30 September 2015 include a gain of $17.9 ($11.2 after-tax, or $.05 per share) as a result of revaluing our previously held equity interest to fair value as of the acquisition date. This gain is reflected on the consolidated income statements as “Gain on previously held equity interest.”

7.  INVENTORIES

The components of inventories are as follows:

 

30 September    2016     2015  

Inventories at FIFO cost

    

Finished goods

     $456.7        $494.9   

Work in process

     38.2        34.4   

Raw materials, supplies and other

     204.0        229.3   
     698.9        758.6   

Less: Excess of FIFO cost over LIFO cost

     (79.0     (100.8

Inventories

     $619.9        $657.8   

Inventories valued using the LIFO method comprised 34.9% and 35.8% of consolidated inventories before LIFO adjustment at 30 September 2016 and 2015, respectively. Liquidation of LIFO inventory layers in 2016, 2015, and 2014 did not materially affect the results of operations.

FIFO cost approximates replacement cost.

 

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8.  SUMMARIZED FINANCIAL INFORMATION OF EQUITY AFFILIATES

The summarized financial information below is on a combined 100% basis and has been compiled based on financial statements of the companies accounted for by the equity method. The amounts presented include the accounts of the following equity affiliates:

 

Abdullah Hashim Industrial Gases & Equipment Co., Ltd. (25%);   INOX Air Products Limited (50%);
Air Products South Africa (Proprietary) Limited (50%);   Jazan Gas Projects Company (25%);
Bangkok Cogeneration Company Limited (49%);   Kulim Industrial Gases Sdn. Bhd. (50%);
Bangkok Industrial Gases Co., Ltd. (49%);   Sapio Produzione Idrogeno Ossigeno S.r.l. (49%);
Chengdu Air & Gas Products Ltd. (50%);   Tecnologia en Nitrogeno S. de R.L. de C.V. (50%);
Helap S.A. (50%);   Tyczka Industrie-Gases GmbH (50%);
High-Tech Gases (Beijing) Co., Ltd. (50%);   WuXi Hi-Tech Gas Co., Ltd. (50%);
INFRA Group (40%);   and principally, other industrial gas producers.

 

30 September            2016